itaalavi bhaasha
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is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (September 2014) |
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is lekh ko vikifaai karne ki aavashyakta ho sakti hai taaki yeh vikipeediya ke gunavatta maanakon par khara utar sake. krupaya praasangik aantarik kadiyaaain jodkar, ya lekh ka leaaut sudhaar kar sahaayata pradaan karein. (May 2014) adhik jaankaari ke liye daahini or [dikhaaeain] par klik karein.
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itaalavi (athva itailiyn) bhaasha (Italiano itaaliyaano) Italy ki mukhya aur raajabhaasha hai. ye hind-Europeeya bhaasha-parivaar ki romance shaakha mein aati hai. iski janani laatini hai. iski lipi roman lipi hai. ye svitjralaind ke do kaintan ki bhi raajabhaasha hai. korsika (fraanseesi), triyeste (yoogoslaaviya) ke kuchh bhaag tatha saanamaareeno ke chhote se prajaatantr mein bhi itaalavi boli jaati hai.
Italy ki boliyaaain
Italy mein anek boliyaaain boli jaati hain jinmein se kuchh to saahityik itaalavi se bahut bhinn prateet hoti hain. in boliyon mein paraspar itna bhed hai ki uttari Italy ke lonbaard praant ka nivaasi dakshini Italy ke kaalaabriya ki boli shaayad hi samajh sakega ya rom mein rahanevaala keval saahityik itaalavi jaanane wala videshi romaano boli (rom ke traaetevere muhalle ki boli) ko shaayad hi samajh sakega. itaalavi boliyon ke naam itaalavi praanton ki seemaaon se thode bahut milte hain. svitjralaind se mile hue uttari Italy ke kuchh bhaagon mein laadeen varg ki boliyaaain boli jaati hain-jo romance boliyaaain hain; svitjralaind mein bhi laadeeni boli jaati hai. venatsiyn boliyaaain Italy ke uttari pashchimi bhaag mein boli jaati hain, venis nagar iska pratinidhi kendra kaha ja sakta hai. peemaute, ligooriya, lonbaardiya tatha emeeliya praanton mein inheen naamon ki boliyaaain boli jaati hain jo kuchh-kuchh fraanseesi boliyon se milti hain. laateeni ke antya svar ka inmein lop ho jaata hai-udaaharanaarth faatton (toskaano), fett (peemotese) otto, ot (aath). toskaana praant mein toskaana varg ki boliyaaain boli jaati hain. saahityik itaalavi ka aadhaar toskaana praant ki, visheshakar floreins ki boli (fiyoreinteebo) rahi hai. yeh laateeni keadhik sameep kahi ja sakti hai. kanthya ka mahaapraan uchchaaran iski pramukh visheshata hai-yatha kaasa, kahaasa (ghar). uttari aur dakshini boliyon ke kshetron ke beech mein hone ke kaaran bhi ismein donon vargon ki visheshataaeain kuchh-kuchh samanvit ho gain. uttari korsika ki boli toskaano se milti hai. laansiyo (rom kendra), oonbiya (peroojya kendra) tatha maarke ki boliyon ko ek varg mein rakha ja sakta hai aur dakshin ki boliyon mein abroojji, kaanpaaniya (nepals pradhaan kendra), kaalaabriya, poolya aur sisili ki boliyaaain pramukh hain-inki sabse pramukh visheshata laateeni ke sanyukt vyanjan nd ke sthaan par nn, mb ke sthaan par mm, ll ke sthaan dd ka ho jaana saardenya ki boliyaaain itaalavi se bhinn hain.
ek hi mool srot se viksit hote hue bhi inki bhinnata in boliyon mein kadaachit laateeni ke bhinn prakaar se uchchaaran karne mein aa gayi hogi. baahari aakramanon ka bhi prabhaav pada hoga. Italy ki boliyon mein sundar graamya geet hain jinka ab sangrah ho raha hai aur adhyayan bhi kiya ja raha hai. boliyon mein sajeevata aur vyanjanaashakti paryaapt hai. nopoleetaano ke lokageet to kaafi prasiddh hain.
saahityik bhaasha
naveen sadi ke aarambh ki ek pehle "indoveenello veronese" (verona ki pehle) milti hai jismein aadhunik itaalavi bhaasha ke shabdon ka prayog hua hai. uske poorv ke bhi laateeni apabhransh (laateeno bolgaare) ke prayog laateeni mein likhe gaye hisaab ke kaagajapatron mein milte hain jo aadhunik bhaasha ke praarambh ki soochana dete hain. saataveen aur aathaveen sadi mein likhit patron mein sthaanon ke naam tatha kuchh shabdon ke roop mein milte hain jo naveen bhaasha ke dyotak hain. saahityik laateeni aur janasaamaanya ki boli mein dheere-dheere antar badhta gaya aur boli ki laateeni se hi aadhunik itaalavi ka vikaas hua. is boli ke anek namoone milte hain. san 960 mein montekaasseeno ke math ki seema ke panchaayat ke prasang mein ek gavaahi ka bayaan tatkaaleen boli mein milta hai; isi prakaar ki boli tatha laateeni apabhransh mein likhit lekh rom ke sant klemeinte ke girje mein milta hai. oonbriya tatha maarke mein bhi 11veen 12veen sadi ki bhaasha ke namoone dhaarmik sveekaaroktiyon ke roop mein milte hain, kintu itaalavi bhaasha ki padyabaddh rachanaaon ke udaaharan sisili ke samraat fredarik dviteeya (13veen sadi) ke darabaari kaviyon ke milte hain. ye kavitaaeain sisili ki boli mein rachi gayi hongi. shrrungaar hi in kavitaaon ka pradhaan vishay hai. piyer della vinya, yaakopo the akveeno aadi anek padyarachayita fredarik ke darbaar mein the. vah swayam kavi tha.
venevetto ke yuddh ke pashchaat saahityik aur saanskrutik kendra sisili ke bajaay toskaana ho gaya jahaaain shrungaaravishyak geetikaavya ki rachana hui, gooittone del veeva the aarejjo (mrutyu 1294 E.) is dhaara ka pradhaan kavi tha. floreins, peesa, lookka tatha aarejjo mein is kaal mein anek kaviyon ne tatkaaleen boli mein kavitaaeain likheen. bolon (ita. bolonya) mein saahityik bhaasha ka roop sthir karne ka prayaas kiya gaya. sisili aur toskaana kaavyadhaaraaon ne saahityik itaalavi ka jo roop prastut kiya use antim aur sthir roop diya "dolche steel novo" (meethi naveen shaili) ke kaviyon ne. in kaviyon ne kalaatmak sanyam, parishkrut ruchi tatha parimaarjit samruddh bhaasha ka aisa roop rakha ki aage ki kai sadiyon ke itaalavi lekhak usako aadarsh maankar isi mein likhte rahe. daante aleemiyeri (1265-1321) ne isi naveen shaili mein, toskaana ki boli mein, apni mahaan kruti "diveena komediya" likhi. daante ne "konveevio" mein gadya ka bhi parishkrut roop prastut kiya aur gooido faaba tatha gooittone the aarejjo ki krutrim tatha saadhaaran bolachaal ki bhaasha se bhinn svaabhaavik gadya ka roop upasthit kiya. daante tatha "doche steel novo" ke anya anuyaayiyon mein agraganya hain fronchesko, petraarka aur jvovaanni bokkaachyo. petraarka ne floreins ki bhaasha ko parimaarjit roop pradaan kiya tatha use vyavasthit kiya. petraarka ki kavitaaon aur bokkaachcho ki kathaaon ne itaalavi saahityik bhaasha ka atyant suvyavasthit roop saamane rakha. peechhe ke lekhakon ne daante, petraarka aur bokkaachyo ki krutiyon se sadiyon tak prerana grahan ki.
15veen sadi mein laateeni ke praacheen saahitya ke prashansakon ne laateeni ko chalaane ki cheshta ki aur praacheen sabhyata ke adhyayanavaadiyon (maanavataavaadi-mainist) ne naveen saahityik bhaasha banaane ki cheshta ki, kintu yahi laateeni praacheen laateeni se bhinn thi. is pravrutti ke falasvaroop saahityik bhaasha ka roop kya ho, yeh samasya khadi ho gayi. ek dal vibhinn boliyon ke kuchh tatv lekar ek nai saahityik bhaasha gadhne ke paksh mein tha, ek dal toskaana, visheshakar floreins ki boli ko yeh sthaan dene ke paksh mein tha aur ek dal, jismein piyetaro beinbo (1470-1587) pramukh tha, chaahata tha ki daante, petraarka aur bokkaachyo ki bhaasha ko hi aadarsh maana jaae. maikiyaaveli ne bhi fiyoreinteeno ka hi paksh liya. toskaana ki hi boli saahityik bhaasha ke pad par pratishthit ho gayi. aage san 1612 mein krooska academy ne itaalavi bhaasha ka pratham shabdakosh prakaashit kiya jisne saahityik bhaasha ke roop ko sthir karne mein sahaayata pradaan ki.
18veen sadi mein ek nai sthiti I. itaalavi bhaasha par French ka atyadhik prabhaav padna shuroo hua. French vichaaradhaara, shaili, shabdaavali tatha vaakyaanshon se aur muhaavaron ke anuvaadon se itaalavi bhaasha ki gati rug gayi. fraanseesi buddhivaadi aandolan usaka pradhaan kaaran tha. itaalavi bhaasha ke anek lekhakon-aalgaarotti, verri, bekkaariya-ne ni:sankoch French ka anusaran kiya. shuddh itaalavi ke pakshapaati isse bahut du:khit hue. Milan ke nivaasi alessaandro maanjoni (1775-1873) ne is sthiti ko sulajhaaya. raashtra ki ekta ke liye ve ek bhaasha ka hona aavashyak maanate the aur floreins ki bhaasha ko ve us sthaan ke upayukt samajhte samajhte the. apne upanyaas "E promessi sposi" (sagaai hui) mein floreins ki bhaasha ka saahityik aadarsh roop unhonne sthaapit kiya aur is prakaar toskaana ki bhaasha hi antim roop se saahityik bhaasha ban gayi. Italy ke raajaneetik ekta praapt kar lene ke baad yeh samasya nishchit roop se hal ho gayi.