ishvar (bhaarateeya darshan)
ishvar shabd bhaarateeya darshan tatha adhyaatm shaastron mein jagat ki srushti, sthiti aur sanhaarakarta, jeevon ko karmafalapradaata tatha du:khamaya jagat se unke uddhaarakarta ke arth mein prayukt hota hai. kabhi-kabhi vah guru bhi maana gaya hai. nyaayavaisheshikaadi shaastron ka praaya: yahi abhipraaya hai- eko vibhu: sarvavid ekabuddhismaashraya:. shaashvat ishvaraakhya:. pramaanamishto jagato vidhaata svargaapavargaadi.
paatanjal yogashaastr mein bhi ishvar paramaguru ya vishvaguru ke roop mein maana gaya hai. is mat mein jeevon ke liye taarakajnyaaanapradaata ishvar hi hai. parantu jagat ka srushtikrta vah naheen hai. is mat mein srushti aadi vyaapaar prakrutipurush ke sanyog se svabhaavat: hote hain. ishvar ki upaadhi prakrusht satv hai. yeh shadvinshatatv (26) roop purushavishesh ke naam se prasiddh hai. avidya aadi paaainch kalesh, shubhaashubh karm, jaati, aayu aur bhog ka vipaak tatha aashay ka sanskaar ishvar ka sparsh naheen kar sakte. panchavinshatatv roop purushatatv se vah vilkshan hai. vah sada mukt aur sada hi aishvaryasanpann hai. nireeshvar saankhyon ke mat mein nityasiddhi ishvar sveekrut naheen hai, parantu us mat mein nityeshvar ko sveekaar na hone par bhi kaaryeshvar ki satta maani jaati hai. purush vivekakhyaati ka laabh kiye bina hi vairaagya ke prakarsh se jab prakrutileen ho jaata hai tab use kaivalyalaabh naheen hota aur usaka pun: udbhav Abhinav srushti mein hota hai. pralayaavastha ke anantar vah purush udbuddh hokar sarvapratham srushti ke oordhv mein buddhistharoop mein prakaash ko praapt hota hai. vah srushti ka adhikaari purush hai aur asmita samaadhi mein sthit rahata hai.
yogi, 'asmita' naamak sanprajnyaaat samaadhi mein usi ke saath taadaatmya laabh karte hain. usaka aishvarik jeevan adhikaar sanpad roopi jeevanmukti ki hi ek vishesh avastha hai. praarabdh ki samaapti par usaki kaivalyamukti ho jaati hai. naiyaayik ya vaisheshiksanmat ishvar aatmaroopi dravya hai aur vah sarvajnya tatha sarvashaktisanpann paramaatma ke naam se abhihit hai. usaki ichhaadi shaktiyaaain bhi anant hain. vah srushti ka nimitt kaaran hai. parmaanu punj srushti ke upaadaan kaaran hain.
meemaansak ishvar ka astitv sveekaar naheen karte. ve bhed ko apaurusheya maanate hain aur jagat ki saamoohik srushti tatha pralaya bhi sveekaar naheen karte. ukt mat mein ishvar ka sthaan na srushtikrta ke roop mein hai aur na jnyaaanadaata ke roop mein.
vedaant mein ishvar sagun brahm ka hi naamaantar hai. brahm vishuddh chidaanandasvaroop nirupaadhi tatha nirgun hai. maayopahit dasha mein hi chaitanya ko ishvar kaha jaata hai. chaitanya ka avidya se yog hone par vah jeev ho jaata he. vedaant mein vibhinn drushtikonon ke anusaar brahm, ishvar tatha jeevatatv ke vishay mein avachhedavaad, pratibinbavaad, aabhaasavaad aadi mat sveekaar kiye gaye hain. unke anusaar ishvarakalpana mein bhi bhed hain.
shaiv mat mein Shiv ko nityasiddh ishvar ya maheshvar kaha jaata hai. vah svaroopat: chidaatmak hain aur chit-shakti-sampann hain. unamein sab shaktiyaaain nihit hain. binduroop maaya ko upaadaan roop mein grahan kar Shiv shuddh jagat ka nirmaan karte hain. ismein saakshaatkartrutv ishvar ka hi hai. taduparaant Shiv maaya ke upaadaan se ashuddh jagat ki rachana karte hain, kintu usaki rachana saakshaat unke dvaara naheen hoti, balki anant aadi vidyeshvaron dvaara parampara se hoti hai. ye vidyeshvar saankhya ke kaaryeshvar ke sadrush hain, parameshvar ke tulya naheen. vijnyaaanaakal naamak chidnu maaya tatv ka bhed kar uske oopar videh tatha vikran dasha mein vidyamaan rahate hain. ye sabhi prakruti tatha maaya se aatmasvaroop ka bhedajnyaaan praapt kar kaivalya avastha mein vidyamaan rahate hain. parantu aanav mal ya pashutv ke nivrutt na hone ke kaaran ye maaya se mukt hokar bhi shivtvalaabh naheen kar paate. parameshvar is mal ke paripakva hone par uske anusaar shreshth adhikaariyon par anugrah ka sanchaar kar unhein baindav deh pradaan kar ishvar pad par sthaapit kar srushti aadi panchakrutyon ke sanpaadan ka adhikaar bhi pradaan karta hai. aise hi adhikaari ishvar hote hain. inmein jo pradhaan hote hain ve hi vyavahaarajagat mein ishvar kahe jaate hain. yeh ishvar maaya ko kshubdh kar maayik upaadaanon se hi ashuddh jagat ka nirmaan karta hai aur yogya jeevon ka anugrahapoorvak uddhaar karta hai. ye ishvar apna-apna adhikaar samaapt kar shivtvalaabh karte hain. nireeshvar saankhya ke samast kaaryeshvar aur yahaaain ke maayaadhishthaata ishvar praaya: ek hi prakaar ke hain. is ansh mein dvait tatha advait shaiv mat mein vishesh bhed naheen hai. bhed itna hi hai ki dvait maton mein parameshvar srushti ka nimitt ya karta hai, usaki chitshakti kaaran hai aur bindu upaadaan hai. kaaryeshvar bhi praaya: usi prakaar ka hai- ishvar nimitt roop se karta hai, vaamaadi nau shaktiyaaain usaki kaaran hain tatha maaya upaadaan hai. advait mat mein nimitt aur upaadaan donon abhinn hain, jaisa advait vedaant mein hai.
vaishnav sanpradaaya ke raamaanuj mat mein ishvar chit tatha achit do tatvon se vishisht hai. ishvar angi hai aur chit tatha achit uske ang hain. donon hi nitya hain. ishvar ka gyaan, aishvarya, mangalamaya gunaavali tatha shreevigrah sabhi nitya hain. ye sabhi apraakrut satvamaya hain. kisi mat mein vah chidaanandamaya hai. gaudeeya mat mein ishvar sachchidaanandamaya hai aur usaka vigrah bhi vaisa hi hai. usaki shaktiyaaain antarang, bahirang aur tatasth bhed se teen prakaar ki hai. antarang shakti sat, aanand ke anuroop sandhineesanvit tatha hlaadineeroopa hai. tatasth shakti jeevaroopa hai. bahirangaashakti maayaaroopa hai. usaka svaroop advaya jnyaaanatatv hai. parantu gyaani ki drushti se use avyaktashakti brahm maana jaata hai. yogi ki drushti se use paramaatma kaha jaata hai tatha bhakt ki drushti se bhagavaan kaha jaata hai, kyonki usamein sab shaktiyon ki poorn abhivyakti rahati he. is mat mein bhi kaaryamaatr ke prati ishvar nimitt tatha upaadaan donon hi maana jaata hai. ishvar chit, achit, shareeri aur vibhu hai. usaka svaroop, dharmabhoot gyaan tatha vigrah sabhi vibhu hain. desh, kaal tatha vastu ka parichhed, usamein naheen hai. vah sarvajnya tatha sarvashaktisanpann hai. vaatsalya, audaarya, kaarunya, saundarya aadi gun usamein sada vartamaan hain.
shreesanpradaaya ke anusaar ishvar ke paaainch roop hain- par, vyooh, vibhv, antaryaami aur archaavataar. paramaatma ke dvaara maaya shakti mein ikshan karne par maaya se jagat ki utpatti hoti hai. vaasudev, sankarshan, pradyumn tatha anirudv vastut: paramaatma ke hi chaar roop hain. ye chaar vyooh shreesanpradaaya ke anusaar hi gaudeeya sanpradaaya mein bhi maane jaate hain. vaasudev, shaadgunya vigrah hain parantu sankarshanaadi mein do hi gun hain. is mat ke anusaar bhagavaan ke poorn roop swayam shreekrushn hain aur unke vilaas naaraayanaroopi bhagavaan hain, parantu gunon ki nyoonata rahati hai. prakaash mein svaroop tatha gun donon hi samaan rahate hain.
geeta ke anusaar ishvar purushottam ya uttam purush kaha jaata hai. vahi paramaatma hai. kshar aur akshar purushon se vah shreshth hai. uske paramadhaam mein jiski gati hoti hai usaka fir pratyaavartan naheen hota. vah dhaam svayanprakaash hai. vahaaain chandra, soorya aadi ka prakaash kaam naheen deta. sab bhooton ke hrudaya mein vah parameshvar sthit hai aur vahi niyaamak hai.
praacheen kaal se hi ishvaratatv ke vishay mein vibhinn granthon ki rachana hoti I hai. unamein se vichaaradrushti se shreshth granthon mein udayanaachaarya ki
raamaanuj sanpradaaya mein yaamun muni ke siddhitraya mein ishvarasiddhi ek prakaran hai. lokaachaarya ke tatvatraya mein tatha