inglaind
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inglaind
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raashtravaakya: Dieu et mon droit (fraanseesi) "ishvar aur mere adhikaar" |
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| raashtragaan: aadhikaarik roop se koi naheen; yunaaided kingadam ka raashtragaan "gaud sev the kvin" hai. | ||||||
inglaind ki sthiti (orange)
the United Kingdom (camel) |
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rajdhani aur sabse badaa nagar |
London 51°a30′aN 0°a7′aW / 51.5°aN 0.117°aW |
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| raajabhaasha(eain) | angreji1 | |||||
| nivaasi | angrej | |||||
| sarkaar | samvaidhaanik raajashaahi | |||||
| - | raajashaahi | mahaaraani Elizabeth dviteeya | ||||
| - | pradhaanamantri | David Cameroon | ||||
| vidhaan mandal | United kingadam ki sansad | |||||
| ekeekaran | ||||||
| - | ethalestan se | 927 E. | ||||
| kshetrafal | ||||||
| - | kul | 1,30,395 varg kilometer 50,346 varg meal |
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| janasankhya | ||||||
| - | 2006 janaganana | 5,07,62,900 | ||||
| - | 2001 janaganana | 4,91,38,831 | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) | 2006 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | 1.9 kharab $ (-) | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | 38,000$ (-) | ||||
| mudra | paaund starling (GBP) | |||||
| samay mandal | GMT (yoo॰atee॰asee॰0) | |||||
| - | greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰) | BST (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+1) | ||||
| doorabhaash koot | 44 | |||||
| pitrunaami sant | seint jaurj | |||||
| Internet teeeladi | .uk3 | |||||
| 1. | English is established by de facto usage. Cornish is officially recognised as a Regional or Minority language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. | |||||
| 2. | National population projections (PDF) from the Office for National Statistics. | |||||
| 3. | Also .eu, as part of the European Union. ISO 3166-1 is GB, but .gb is unused. | |||||
inglaind (angreji: England), great Britain naamak taapoo ke dakshini bhaag mein sthit ek desh hai. iska kshetrafal 50,331 varg meal hai. yeh yoonaaidet kingadam ka sabse bada nirvaachak desh hai. England ke alaava Scotland, vels aur uttar Ireland bhi yoonaaidet kingadam mein shaamil hain. yeh Europe ke uttar pashchim mein avasthit hai jo mukhya bhoomi se english channel dvaara pruthakeekrut dweep ka ang hai. iski raajabhaasha angreji hai aur yeh vishv ke sabse sampann tatha shaktishaali deshon mein se ek hai.
England ke itihaas mein sabse svarnim kaal usaka aupaniveshik yug hai. athaarahaveen sadi se lekar beesaveen sadi ke madhya tak british saamraajya vishv ka sabse bada aur shakitshaali saamraajya hua karta tha jo kai mahaadveepon mein faila hua tha aur kaha jaata tha ki british saamraajya mein soorya kabhi ast naheen hota. usi samay poore vishv mein angreji bhaasha ne apni chhaap chhodi jiski vajh se yeh aaj bhi vishv ke sabse adhik logon dvaara bole va samajhe jaane waali bhaasha hai.
anukram
bhoovijnyaaan
England ke dharaatal ki sanrachana ka itihaas badi hi ulajhan ka hai. yahaaain madhyanootan (maayoseen) yug ko chhodkar pratyek yug ki chattaanein milti hain jinse spasht hai ki is bhaag ne bade bhoovaijnyaaanik uthal puthal dekhein hain. Ireland ka great Britain se alag hona apekshaakrut naveen ghatna hai. England ka dovar jaladamaroomadhya dvaara mahaadveep se alag hona aur bhi nai baat hai, jo maanav-jeevan-kaal mein ghatit kahi jaati hai.
dharaatal ki vibhinnata ke vichaar se England ko do mukhya bhaagon mein vibhaajit kiya ja sakta hai :
- ooainche pathaari bhaag.
- maidaaneen bhaag.
ooainche pathaari bhaag England ke uttar pashchimi bhaag mein milte hain, jo praacheen chattaanon dvaara nirmit hain. himyug mein him se dhake rahane ke falasvaroop yahaaain ke pathaar ghiskar chikne ho gaye hain. doosari or maidaani bhaag narm chattaanon, baluaa patthar, choona patthar tatha chikni mitti (kle) ke bane hain. choona patthar ke neeche golaakaar pahaadiyaaain nirmit ho gayi hain, khadiya (chaak) ke parvateeya dhaal. neeche ke maidaani bhaag praaya: domat mitti ke bane hain.
jalavaayu
England uttar-pashchimi Europeeya pradesh ke samasheetoshn evam aardr jaleevayu ke kshetr mein padta hai. is ka vaarshik ausat taap 50 degree fa. hai, jo kramash: dakshin pashchim se uttar poorv ki or ghatata jaata hai. sheetakaal mein England ke sabhi bhaagon ka ausat taap 40 degree fa. se oopar rahata hai, pashchim se poorv ki or ghatata jaata hai. pashchimi bhaag galfastreem naamak garm jaladhaara ke prabhaav se pratyek ritu mein poorvi bhaag ki apeksha adhik garm rahata hai. varsha uttar pashchimi bhaagon tatha ooainche pathaaron par 30ff se 60ff tatha poorvi maidaani bhaagon mein 30ff se bhi kam hoti hai. London ki ausat vaarshik varsha 25.1ff hai. varsh bhar pachhuvaaain hava ki peti mein padne ke saath kaaran varsha baarahon maas hoti hai. aakaash saadhaaranataya baadalon se chhaaya rahata hai, jaade mein bahudha kuhara padta hai tatha kabhi-kabhi barf bhi padti hai.
bhoogol
bhaugolik drushti se England ko teen bhaagon mein vibhaajit kiya ja sakta hai :
(1) uttari England, (2) madhya ke desh (3) dakshin poorvi England.
uttari England
penaain tatha uske aas paas ke neeche maidaan is pradesh mein sammilit hain. penaain kata fata pathaar hai jo samudra ke dharaatal se 2,000 se 3,000 foot tak ooaincha hai. yeh pathaar England ke uttari bhaag ke madhya mein reedh ki bhaaainti uttar se dakshin 150 meal lanbaai tatha 50 meal ki chaudaai mein faila hua hai. yeh pathaari kram kaarbanaprad (kaarboniferas) yug mein chattaanon ke mudne se nirmit hua, parantu iski oopari chattaanein katakar bah gayi hain, jiske falasvaroop koyale ki tahein bhi jaati raheen. ab koyale ki khadaanein iske poorvi tatha pashchimi siron par hi milti hain. krushi evam pashupaalan ke vichaar se yeh bhaag adhik upayogi naheen hai.
penaain ke poorv naarthanbaralaind tatha daraham ki koyale ki khadaanein hain. yahaaain do prakaar ki khadaanein pai jaati hain : (1) prakat (chhichhli) khadaanein tatha (2) (aprakat (gahari) khadaanein. pratham prakaar ki khadaanein dakshin mein taain nadi ke muhaane se uttar mein kaukvet nadi ke muhaane tak penaain tatha samudratat ke beech faili hui hain. aprakat khadaanein dakshin ki or choone ke patthar ke neeche milti hain. teej nadi ke nichle bhaag mein namak ki bhi khadaanein hain. uske dakshin loha praapt hota hai.
at: in pradeshon mein lohe tatha raasaayanik vastuon ke nirmaan ke bahut se kaarkhaane ban gaye hain. yahaaain ke bane lohe evam ispaat ke adhikaansh ki khapat yahaaain ke potanirmaan (ship bilding) udyog mein ho jaati hai. taain tatha viyn nadiyon ki ghaatiyaaain potanirmaan ke liye jagatprasiddh hain. taain ke donon kinaaron par new kaisil se 14 meal ki doori tak lagaataar pot-nirmaan-praangan (ship bilding yaard) hain. new kaisil yahaaain ka mukhya nagar hai. potanirmaan ke atirikt yahaaain par kaaainch, kaagaj, cheeni tatha anek raasaayanik vastuon ke kaarkhaane hain.
uparyukt pradesh ke dakshin mein England ki sabse badi koyale ki khadaanein yaark, darabi evam naatingham ki khadaanein hain. ye uttar mein aayar nadi ki ghaati se dakshin mein Trent ki ghaati tak 70 meal ki lanbaai mein tatha 10 se 20 meal ki chaudaai mein faili hui hain. is pradesh ke nikat hi, Lincoln tatha sameepavarti bhaagon mein, loha bhi niklata hai. at: yahaaain ke koyale ke vyavasaaya par aashrit teen vyaavasaayik pradesh hain : (1) koyale ki khadaanon ke uttar mein pashchimi reding ke ooni vastrodyog ke kshetr, (2) madhya mein lohe tatha ispaat ke pradesh tatha (3) darabi aur naatingham pradesh ke vibhinn vyavasaayavaale pradesh. ooni vastrodyog mukhyataya aayar nadi ki ghaati mein viksit hain. leeds (janasankhya 1971 mein 4,94,971) yahaaain ka mukhya nagar hai jo sile hue kapadon ka mukhya kendra hai. dafard is kshetr ka doosra mahatvapoorn nagar hai. haileefaiks kaaleen bunane ka pradhaan kendra hai. lohe evam ispaat ke vyavasaaya Sheffield (janasankhya 1971 mein 5,19,703) mein praacheen kaal se hote aa rahe hain. chaakoo, kainchi banaana yahaaain ka praacheen vyavasaaya hai. aaj Sheffield tatha daanakaistar ke beech ki daan ki ghaati ispaat ka mukhya pradesh ban gayi hai. yaark-darabi evam naatingham ki koyale ki khadaanon ke dakshini sire ki or vibhinn prakaar ke vyavasaaya hote hain jinmein sooti, ooni, reshami tatha nakali resham ka udyog mukhya hain.
penaain ke poorv mein uttari saagar ke tat tak neecha maidaan hai jismein yaark, yaarkashaayar evam linkanashaayar ke pathaar tatha ghaatiyaaain bhi sammilit hain. yaarkashaayar ghaati England ka ek bahut upajaaoo pradesh hai jismein gehooain ki achhi kheti hoti hai. yaarkashaayar ke pathaaron evam ghaateevaale pradeshon mein pashupaalan tatha kheti hoti hai. gehooain, jau tatha chukandar yahaaain ki mukhya fasalein hain. hal is pradesh ka mahatvapoorn nagar tatha England ka teesara bada bandargaah hai. yahaaain ke aayaat mein doodh, makkhan, telahan, baaltik saagari pradeshon se lakdi ke latthe aur sveedan se loha mukhya hain. niryaat ki jaanevaali vastuon mein ooni vastr aur lohe tatha ispaat ke saamaan mukhya hain. linkanashaayar ke pathaaron par bhed charaane ka kaarya aur ghaati mein kheti tatha pashupaalan donon hote hain. chukandar ki kheti par aashrit cheeni ki kai milein bhi yahaaain sthaapit ho gayi hain. Lincoln is pradesh ka mukhya nagar hai, jo krushiyantron ke nirmaan ka mukhya kendra hai.
dakshini poorvi lankaashaayar ki koyale ki khadaanon par aashrit lankaashaayar ka vishvavikhyaat vastrodyog hai. yeh vyavasaaya lankaashaayar ki seema paar kar darabeeshaayar, cheshaayar tatha yaarkashaayar pradeshon tak faila hua hai. yahaaain par sooti vastrodyog ke do prakaar ke nagar hain : ek prestan, blaikabarn, ekinragtan tatha barnale jaise nagar hain jinmein adhiktar kapde bunane ka kaarya hota hai aur doosare boltanabari, raachadel, oldham, aishtan, staileebrij, haaid tatha staakaport jaise ve nagar hain jinmein soot kaatane ka kaarya mukhya roop se hota hai. sooti vastrodyog ke pradhaan kendra mainchestar (janasankhya 1971 mein 5,41,468) ki ye nagar vibhinn dishaaon mein ghere hue hain. mainchestar—aship--kanaal dvaara livrapul (janasankhya 1971 mein 6,06,834) bandargaah se sambandhit hone ke kaaran videshon mein rui maingaakar anya nagaron ko bhejata hai tatha unke taiyaar maal ka niryaat karta hai. lankaashaayar ke anya udyogon mein kaagaj, raasaayanik padaarth tatha rabar ki vastuon ka nirmaan mukhya hai.
uttari staifardashaayar ki koyale ki khadaanon tatha praadeshik mitti par aashrit cheeni mitti ke vyavasaaya laangatan, feintan tatha stok mein sthaapit hain. lankaashaayar ke nichle maidaan himparvaton ki ragad evam jamaav ke kaaran bane hue hain, at: ve krushi ki apeksha gopaalan ke liye adhik upayukt hain.
madhya ka maidaan
England ke madhya mein ek tribhujaakaar neecha maidaan hai jiski teen bhujaaon ke samaantar teen mukhya nadiyaaain, uttar mein Trent, poorv mein aivaan tatha pashchim mein sevarn bahti hain. bhautik drushti se yeh maidaan laal balue patthar tatha chikni mitti (kle) ka bana hai. bhoomi ke adhiktar bhaag ka yahaaain sthaayi chaaraagaah ke roop mein upayog kiya jaata hai, falat: gopaalan mukhya udyam hai. parantu yeh pradesh udyog dhandhe ke liye adhik prasiddh hai. madhyadesheeya koyale ki khadaanon, poorvi shaapashaayar, dakshini staifardashaayar tatha vaaravikshaayar ki khadaanon par aashrit anek udyog dhandhe is pradesh mein hote hain. dakshini staifardashaayar ki koyale ki khadaanon ke nikat vyaavasaayik nagaron ka ek jaal sa bichh gaya hai jiski sammilit janansakhya 40 lakh se bhi adhik hai. is pradesh ke mukhya nagar baramingham ki janansakhya hi 10 lakh se adhik (1971 mein 10,13,366) hai. kal kaarkhaanon ki adhikta, koyale ke adhik upayog, nagaron ke lagaataar kram tatha khule sthalon ki nyoonata ke kaaran is pradesh ko praaya: "kaala pradesh" ki sanjnyaa di jaati hai. praarambh mein is pradesh mein lohe ka hi kaarya adhik hota tha, parantu ab yahaaain taaainba, seesa, jasta, ailyoomeeniym tatha peetal aadi ki bhi vastueain banane lagi hain. samudratat se door sthit hone ke kaaran is pradesh ne un vastuon ke nirmaan mein vishesh dhyaan diya hai jinmein kachche maal ki apeksha kala ki vishesh aavashyakta padti hai, udaaharanasvaroop, ghadiyaaain, bandookein, silaai ki masheenein, vaigyaanik yantr aadi. motarakaar ke udyog ke saath-saath rabar ka udyog bhi yahaaain sthaapit ho gaya hai.
anya udyog dhandhon mein pashupaalan par aashrit chamade ka udyog, bijli ki vastuon ka nirmaan aur kaanch udyog mukhya hain.
dakshin poorvi England
madhya ke maidaan ke poorv mein choone ke patthar ke pathaar tatha fen ka maidaani bhaag hai. pathaaron par pashupaalan tatha nadiyon ki ghaatiyon mein kheti hoti hai. parantu vilingabaro ki lohe ki khadaan ke kaaran yahaaain par kai nagar bas gaye hain. fen ke maidaan mein gehooain ka utpaadan mukhya hai, parantu kuchh samay se yahaaain aaloo tatha chukandar ki kheti vishesh hone lagi hai. fen ke dakshin "chaak" pradesh mein gopaalan mukhya pesha hai aur yeh bhaag London ki doodh ki maaaing ki poorti karanevaale pradeshon mein pradhaan hai.
poorvi aingliya England ka mukhya krushipradhaan kshetr hai. yahaaain gehooain, jau tatha chukandar adhik utpann hota hai. yahaaain ke udyog dhandhe yahaaain ki utpann vastuon par aashrit hai. kaintale tatha ipsavik mein chukandar ki cheeni milein vaaravik mein krushiyantr tatha sharaab banaane ke kaarkhaane sthaapit hain.
is pradesh ke dakshin pashchim mein tems droni (besin) hai. tems nadi kaatsavold ki pahaadiyon se nikalkar aaksafaard ki ghaati ko paar karti hui samudra mein girti hai. yeh ghaati "aaksaford kle vel" ke naam se prasiddh hai jahaaain krushi evam gopaalan udyog adhik viksit hain. vishvavikhyaat praacheen aaksaford vishvavidyaalaya is ghaati ke madhya mein sthit hai. aaksaford nagar ke baahari bhaagon mein motor nirmaan ka kaarya hota hai. London ki mahatta ke kaaran nichli aaksaford droni ko London droni naam diya gaya hai. London ke aaspaas ki bhoomi (keint, sare tatha saseks) rajdhani ki fal tarakaariyon tatha doodh aadi ki maang ki poorti ke liye adhik prayukt hoti hai. London nagar kadaachit romanakaal mein tems nadi ke kinaare us sthal par basaaya gaya tha jahaaain nadi saralaaparvook paar ki ja sakti thi. baad mein us sthal par pul ban jaane se nagar ka vikaas hota gaya. aaj London sansaar ke sabse bade nagaron (1971 E. mein janasankhya 73,79,014) mein hai. iski unnati ke mukhya kaaran hain tems mein jvaar ke saath bade-bade jalayaanon ka nagar ke bheetari bhaag tak pravesh karne ki suvidha, rel evam sadkon ka jaal, Europeeya mahaadveep ke sanmukh tems ke muhaane ki sthiti, jisse vyaapaar mein atyadhik suvidha hoti hai, London ka adhik kaal tak desh evam saamraajya ki rajdhani bana raha tatha anek vyavasaayon aur rojagaaron ka yahaaain khulana.
London droni ke samaan hi Hampshire droni hai jismein saauthainpatan tatha portsmaauth nagar sthit hain. pehla yaatriyon ka mahatvapoorn bandargaah tatha doosra nausena ka mukhya kendra hai.
England ke dakshin poorv mein "aail ov vaait" naam ka ek chhota sa dweep hai (kshetrafal 147 varg mi). garmi ki ritu mein yahaaain par log svaasthyalaabh aur manoranjan ke liye aate hain.
itihaas
isa ke aaspaas yeh roman saamraajya ka ansh bana par adhik dinon tak yeh roman saamraajya ke adheen naheen rah saka. keltik tatha naarmanon ka adhiptya gyaarahaveen sadi tak raha. punarjaagaran ke samay kavi tatha naatakakaar sheksapiyr ne Europeeya janamaanas ko bahut prabhaavit kiya. san 1578 mein ek angrej adhikaari ko lisban ki or jaate hue ek purtagaali jahaaj ko lootane se Bhaarat aane ke maarg ka pata chala. iske baad british naavikon mein Bhaarat ke saath vyaapaar ki ichha prabal ho gayi. 1600 mein british East India company ka sthaapana hui. iske baad vishv ke kai sthaanon par british naavik vyaapar karne pahuainche. athaarahaveen sadi ke ant tak kai jagahon par ve raajanaitik roop se sthaapit ho gaye. isi samay hui audyogik kraanti se desh ki nausena tatha sena sabal ho gayi aur apni sainik sakti ke bal par ve vibhinn sthaanon par adhikaar karne lage. beesaveen sadi ke madhya tak unke paaainv duniya ke deshon se ukhadne lage aur apne upaniveshon ko unhein svatantr karna pada.
England aaj ek parmaanu sampann desh hai tatha aarthik roop se samruddh hai. America ka sahayogi hone ke naate aur vishv ke kai deshon ki raajaneeti mein aupaniveshik kaal se sanlagn hone ke kaaran iska raajanaitik varchasv aaj bhi vidyamaan hai.