indira Gandhi

indira Gandhi
Bhaarat ki teesari pradhaanamantri
pad bahaal 14 January 1980 – 31 October 1984
raashtrapati	neelam sanjeev Reddy gyaani jail Singh
poorva dhikaari	chaudhari charan Singh
uttara dhikaari	Rajiv gaaaindhi
pad bahaal 24 January 1966 – 24 March 1977
raashtrapati	sarvapalli Radhakrishnan jaakir husain varaahagiri veinkat giri (kaaryavaahak) mohammad hidaayatulla (kaaryavaahak) varaahagiri veinkat giri fakharuddin Ali Ahmad basappa danappa jatti (kaaryavaahak)
sahaayak	moraaraji Desai
poorva dhikaari	gulajaareelaal nanda (kaaryavaahak)
uttara dhikaari	moraaraji Desai
videsh mantri
pad bahaal 9 March 1984 – 31 October 1984
poorva dhikaari	narasinh Rao
uttara dhikaari	Rajiv gaaaindhi
pad bahaal 22 August 1967 – 14 March 1969
poorva dhikaari	mahommedaali kareem chaagala
uttara dhikaari	dinesh Singh
raksha mantri
pad bahaal 14 janavaree1980 – 15 January 1982
poorva dhikaari	chidmbaram subrahmanyam
uttara dhikaari	raamasvaami Venkatraman
pad bahaal 30 November 1975 – 20 December 1975
poorva dhikaari	sardaar svarn Singh
uttara dhikaari	banseelaal
gruhamantri
pad bahaal 27 June 1970 – 4 fravari 1973
poorva dhikaari	yashavantaraav chauhaan
uttara dhikaari	uma shankar Dixit
vitt mantri
pad bahaal 16 July 1969 – 27 June 1970
poorva dhikaari	moraaraji Desai
uttara dhikaari	yashavantaraav chauhaan
janm	19 November 1917 Allahabad, british Bhaarat
mrutyu	31 October 1984(1984-10-31) (umr 66) nai Delhi, Bhaarat
raajaneetik dal	bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress
jeevan sangi	firoj Gandhi
sambandh	javaaharalaal Nehru (pita) kamala Nehru (maata)
bachche	Rajiv sanjaya
shaikshik sambaddhata	somaravil college, Oxford
dharm	hindu
hastaakshar	indira Gandhi's signature

yuva indira Nehru aurmahaatma Gandhi ek anashan ke dauraan

indira priydarshini gaaaindhi (janm upanaam: Nehru) (19 November 1917-31 October 1984) varsh 1966 se 1977 tak lagaataar 3 paari ke liye Bhaarat ganaraajya ki pradhaanamantri raheen aur uske baad chauthi paari mein 1980 se lekar 1984 mein unki raajanaitik hatya tak Bhaarat ki pradhaanamantri raheen. ve Bhaarat ki pratham aur ab tak ekamaatr mahila pradhaanamantri raheen.

indira ka janm 19 November 1917 ko raajaneetik roop se prabhaavashaali Nehru parivaar mein hua tha. inke pita javaaharalaal Nehru aur inki maata kamala Nehru theen.

indira ko unka "Gandhi" upanaam firoj gaaaindhi se vivaah ke pashchaat mila tha.^[1] inka mohanadaas karamachand gaaaindhi se na to khoon ka aur na hi shaadi ke dvaara koi rishta tha. inke pitaamah Motilal Nehru ek pramukh bhaarateeya raashtravaadi neta the. inke pita javaaharalaal Nehru bhaarateeya svatantrata aandolan ke ek pramukh vyaktitv the aur aajaad Bhaarat ke pratham pradhaanamantri rahe.

1934–35 mein apni schooli shiksha poori karne ke pashchaat, indira ne shaantiniketan mein raveendranaath Tagore dvaara nirmit vishv-bhaarati vishvavidyaalaya mein pravesh liya. raveendranaath Tagore ne hi inhe "priydarshini" naam diya tha. iske pashchaat yeh England chali gain aur Oxford vishvavidyaalaya ki pravesh pareeksha mein baithi, parantu yeh usame vifal raheen aur Bristol ke badminton school mein kuchh maheene bitaane ke pashchaat, 1937 mein pareeksha mein safal hone ke baad inhone somaravil college, Oxford mein daakhila liya. is samay ke dauraan inki aksar firoj gaaaindhi se mulaakaat hoti thi, jinhe yeh Allahabad se jaanti theen aur jo London school of ikaunaumiks mein adhyayan kar rahe the. antat: 16 March 1942 ko aanand bhavan, Allahabad mein ek niji aadi dharm brahm-vaidik samaaroh mein inka vivaah firoj se hua.

Oxford se varsh 1941 mein Bhaarat vaapas aane ke baad ve bhaarateeya svatantrata aandolan mein shaamil ho gayeen.

1950 ke dashak mein ve apne pita ke Bhaarat ke pratham pradhaanamantri ke roop mein kaaryakaal ke dauraan gairsarkaari taur par ek niji sahaayak ke roop mein unke seva mein raheen. apne pita ki mrutyu ke baad san 1964 mein unki niyukti ek Rajyasabha sadasya ke roop mein hui. iske baad ve laalabahaadur shaastri ke mantrimandal mein soochana aur prasaaran matri bani.^[2]

laalabahaadur shaastri ke aakasmik nidhan ke baad tatkaaleen kaaaingres party adhyaksh ke. kaamaraaj indira Gandhi ko pradhaanamantri banaane mein nirnaayak rahe. gaaaindhi ne sheegra hi chunaav jeetne ke saath-saath janapriyta ke maadhyam se virodhiyon ke oopar haavi hone ki yogyata darshaayi. vah adhik baamavargi aarthik neetiyaaain laayeen aur krushi utpaadakata ko badhaava diya. 1971 ke Bhaarat-Pak yuddh mein ek nirnaayak jeet ke baad ki avadhi mein asthirta ki sthiti mein unhonne san 1975 mein aapaatakaal laagoo kiya. unhonne evam kaaaingres party ne 1977 ke aam chunaav mein pehli baar haar ka saamana kiya. san 1980 mein satta mein lautane ke baad vah adhiktar Punjab ke alagaavavaadiyon ke saath badhte hue dvandv mein ulajhi raheen jisme aage chalakar san 1984 mein apne hi angarakshakon dvaara unki raajanaitik hatya hui.

Nehru parivaar Motilal Nehru beech mein baithe hain aur khade hain (baayein se daaeain) javaaharalaal Nehru,vijyaalakshmi pandit, Krishna hathisingh, indira aur ranjit pandit, baithe hain : svarup raani, Motilal Nehru aurkamala Nehru(lagbhag san 1927)

indira ka janm 19 November, san 1917 mein pandit javaaharalaal Nehru aur unki patni kamala Nehru ke yahaaain hua. ve unki ekamaatr santaan theen. Nehru parivaar apne purakhon ka khonj Jammu aur Kashmir tatha Delhi kebraahmanon mein kar sakte hain. indira ke pitaamah Motilal Nehru uttar pradesh ke Allahabad se ek dhani bairistar the. javaaharalaal Nehru poorv samay mein bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress ke bahut pramukh sadasyon mein se the. unke pita Motilal Nehru bhaarateeya svatantrata sangraam ke ek lokapriya neta rahe. indira ke janm ke samay mahaatma Gandhi ke netrutv mein javaaharalaal Nehru ka pravesh svatantrata aandolan mein hua.

unki paravarish apni maaain ki sampoorn dekharekh mein, jo beemaar rahane ke kaaran Nehru parivaar ke gruh sambandhi kaaryon se alag rahi, hone se indira mein majaboot surakshaatmak pravruttion ke saath saath ek ni:sang vyaktitv viksit hua. unke pitaamah aur pita ka lagaataar raashtreeya raajaneeti mein ulajhate jaane ne bhi unke liye saathion se melajol mushkil kar diya. unki apni buon (pita ki bahanon) ke saath jisme vijyaalkshmi pandit bhi theen, matavirodh rahi aur yeh raajanaitik duniya mein bhi chalti rahi.

indira ne yuva ladke-ladkiyon ke liye vaanar sena banaai, jisne virodh pradarshan aur jhanda juloos ke saath saath kaanges ke netaaon ki madad mein samvedansheel prakaashanon tatha pratibandhit saamagreeon ka parisancharan kar bhaarateeya svatantrata sangraam mein chhoti lekin ullekhaneeya bhoomika nibhaai thi. praay: doharaae jaanevaali kahaani hai ki unhonne police ki najaradaari mein rahe apne pita ke ghar se bachaakar ek mahatvapoorn dastaavej, jisme 1930 dashak ke shuruaat ki ek pramukh kraantikaari pahal ki yojana thi, ko apne skoolabaig ke maadhyam se bahaar uda liya tha.

san 1936 mein unki maaain kamala Nehru tapedik se ek lambe sangharsh ke baad antat: svargavaasi ho gain. indira tab 18 varsh ki theen aur is prakaar apne bachapan mein unhein kabhi bhi ek sthir paarivaarik jeevan ka anubhav nahi mil paaya tha. unhonne pramukh bhaarateeya, Europeeya tatha british schoolon mein adhyan kiya, jaiseshaantiniketan, badminton school aurOxford.

1930 dashak ke antim charan mein oksafrd vishvavidyaalaya, England ke somaraville college mein apni padhaai ke dauraan ve landan mein aadhaarit svatantrata ke prati kattar samarthak bhaarateeya league ki sadasya bani.^[3]

mahaadveep Europe aur Britain mein rahate samay unki mulaakaat ek paarasi Congress kaaryakarta, firoj gaaaindhi se hui aur antat: 16 March 1942 ko aanand bhavan Allahabad mein ek niji aadi dharman brahm-vaidik samaaroh mein unase vivaah kiya^[4] theekBhaarat chhodo aandolan ki shuruaat se pehle jab mahaatma Gandhi aur Congress party dvaara charam evam purajor raashtreeya vidroh shuroo ki gayi. sitmbar 1942 mein ve british adhikaariyon dvaara giraftaar ki gayeen aur bina koi aarop ke hiraasat mein daal diye gaye the. antat: 243 dinon se adhik jail mein bitaane ke baad unhein 13 May 1943 ko riha kiya gaya.^[5] 1944 mein unhonne firoj Gandhi ke saath Rajiv gaandheeaur iske do saal ke baad sanjaya gaaaindhi ko janm diya.

san 1947 ke Bhaarat vibhaajan araajakata ke dauraan unhonne sharanaarthi shiviron ko sangathit karne tatha Pakistan se aaye laakhon sharanaarthiyon ke liye chikitsa sambandhi dekhbhaal pradaan karne mein madad ki. unke liye pramukh saarvajanik seva ka yeh pehla mauka tha.

gaandheegan baad mein Allahabad mein bas gaye, jahaaain firoj ne ek Congress party samaachaarapatr aur ek beema company ke saath kaam kiya. unka vaivaahik jeevan praarambh mein theek raha, lekin baad mein jab indira apne pita ke paas nai Delhi chali gayeen, unke pradhaanamantritv kaal mein jo akele teen moorti bhavan mein ek uchch maanasik dabaav ke maahaul mein ji rahe the, ve unki vishvast, sachiv aur nurse bani. unke bete uske saath rahate the, lekin vo antat: firoj se sthaayi roop se alag ho gayeen, yadyapi vivaahit ka tagama juta raha.

jab Bhaarat ka pehla aam chunaav 1951 mein sameepavarti hua, indira apne pita evam apne pati jo raayabareli nirvaachan kshetr se chunaav ladrahe the, donon ke prachaar prabandh mein lagi rahi. firoj apne pratidvandita chayan ke baare mein Nehru se salaah mashavira nahi kiya tha aur yaddapi vah nirvaachit hue, Delhi mein apna alag nivaas ka vikalp chuna. firoj ne bahut hi jald ek raashtreeyakrut beema udyog mein ghate pramukh ghotaale ko ujaagar kar apne raajanaitik bhrashtaachaar ke viruddh ladaakoo hone ki chhabi ko viksit kiya, jiske parinaamasvaroop Nehru ke ek sahayogi, vitt mantri, ko isteefa dena pada.

tanaav ki charam seema ki sthiti mein indira apne pati se alag huin. haalaaainki san 1958 mein up-nirvaachan ke thode samay ke baad firoj ko dil ka daura pada, jo naatakeeya dhng se unke toote hue vaivaahik vandhan ko changa kiya. Kashmir mein unhein svaasthoddhaar mein saath dete hue unki parivaar niktavarti hui. parantu 8 sitmbar,1960 ko jab indira apne pita ke saath ek videsh daure par gayeen theen, firoj ki mrutyu hui.

mahaatma gaaaindhi ke saath 1930 ke dashak mein

1959 aur 1960 ke dauraan indira chunaav ladeen aur bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress ki adhyaksh chuni gayeen. unka kaaryakaal ghatanaaviheen tha. vo apne pita ke karmachaariyon ke pramukh ki bhoomika nibha raheen theen.

Nehru ka dehaant 27 May, 1964 ko hua aur indira nae pradhaanamantri laal bahaadur shaastri ke prerana par chunaav ladeen aur tatkaal soochana aur prasaaran mantri ke liye niyukt ho, sarkaar mein shaamil huin. hindi ke raashtrabhaasha banane ke mudde par dakshin ke gair hindeebhaashi raajyon mein danga chhidne par vah chennai gain. vahaaain unhonne sarkaari adhikaariyon ke saath vichaaravimrsh kiya, samudaaya ke netaaon ke gusse ko prashamit kiya aur prabhaavit kshetron ke punarnirmaan prayaason ki dekharekh ki. shaastri evam varishth mantreegan unke is tarah ke prayaason ki kami ke liye sharminda the. mantri Gandhi ke padakshep sambhavat seedhe shaastri ke ya apne khud ke raajanaitik oonchaai paane ke uddeshya se naheen the. kathit roop se unka mantraalaya ke dainik kaamkaaj mein utsaah ka abhaav tha lekin vo sanvaadamaadhyamonmukh tatha raajaneeti aur chhabi taiyaar karne ke kala mein daksh theen.

"1965 ke baad uttaraadhikaar ke liye shreemati Gandhi aur unke pratidvandviyon, keindreeya Congress [party] netrutv ke beech sangharsh ke dauraan, bahut se raajya, pradesh Congress[party] sangathanon se uchch jaati ke netaaon ko padachyut kar pichhdi jaati ke vyaktiyon ko pratisthaapit karatehue un jaation ke vote ikaththa karne mein jutagaye taaki raajya Congress [party]mein apne vipaksh tatha virodhion ko maat diya ja sake. in hastakshepon ke parinaamon, jinmein se kuchhek ko uchit saamaajik pragatisheel upalabdhi maane ja sakte hain, tathaapi, aksar antar-jaateeya kshetreeya sangharshon ko teevratar banane ke kaaran bane...^[6]

jab 1965 ke Bhaarat-Pakistan yuddh chal raha tha, indira shreenagar seema kshetr mein upasthit thi. haalaanki sena ne chetaavani di thi ki Pakistani anupraveshakaari shahar ke bahut hi kareeb teebr gati se pahuainch chuke hain, unhonne apne ko Jammu ya Delhi mein pun:sthaapan ka prastaav naamanjoor kar diya aur ulte sthaaneeya sarkaar ka chakkar lagaati raheen aur samvaad maadhyamon ke dhyaanaakarshan ko svaagat kiya. taashakand mein soviyt madhyasthata mein Pakistan ke ayoob Khan ke saath shaanti samjhaute par hastaakshar karne ke kuchh ghante baad hi laalabahaadur shaastri ka nidhan ho gaya.

tab Congress party ke adhyaksh ke. kaamaraaj ne shaastri ke aakasmik nidhan ke baad indira Gandhi ke pradhaanamantri banaane mein mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaai thi.

videsh tatha ghareloo neeti evam raashtriya suraksha

san 1966 mein jab shreemati Gandhi pradhaanamantri bani, Congress do guton mein vibhaajit ho chuki thi, shreemati Gandhi ke netrutv mein samaajavaadi aur moraaraji Desai ke netrutv mein roodheevaadi. moraaraji Desai unhein "goongi gudiya" kaha karte the. 1967 ke chunaav mein aantarik samasyaaeain ubhari jahaan Congress lagbhag 60 seatein khokar 545 seetonvaali lok sabha mein 297 aasan praapt kiye. unhein Desai ko Bhaarat ke Bhaarat ke up pradhaanamantri aur vitt mantri ke roop mein lena pada. 1969 mein Desai ke saath anek mudadon par asahamati ke baad bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress vibhaajit ho gayi. ve samaajavaadiyon evam saamyavaadi dalon se samarthan paakar agale do varshon tak shaasan chalaai. usi varsh July 1969 ko unhonne bankon ka raashtreeyakaran kiya. 1971 mein baanglaadeshi sharanaarthi samasya hal karne ke liye unhonne poorvi Pakistan ki or se, jo apni svatantrata ke liye lad rahe the, Pakistan par yuddh ghoshit kar diya. 1971 ke yuddh ke dauraan raashtrapati richrd Nixon ke adheen America apne saatavein bede ko Bhaarat ko poorvi Pakistan se door rahane ke liye yeh vajah dikhaate hue ki pashchimi Pakistan ke khilaaf ek vyaapak hamla vishesh roop seKashmir ke seemaakshetr ke mudde ko lekar ho sakti hai, chetaavani ke roop mein Bengal ki khaadeemein bheja. yeh kadam pratham vishv se Bhaarat ko vimukh kar diya tha aur pradhaanamantri Gandhi ne ab teji ke saath ek poorv satarkataapoorn raashtreeya suraksha aur videsh neeti ko nai disha di. Bhaarat aur soviyt sangh pehle hi mitrata aur aapasi sahayog sandhi par hastaakshar kiye the, jiske parinaamasvaroop 1971 ke yuddh mein Bhaarat ki jeet mein raajanaitik aur sainya samarthan ka paryaapt yogadaan raha.

parmaanu kaaryakram

lekin,janavaadi cheen ganaraajya se parmaanu khatre tatha do pramukh mahaashaktiyon ki dakhalandaaji mein roochi Bhaarat ki sthirta aur suraksha ke liye anukool naheen mahasoos kiye jaane ke madde najar, Gandhi ka ab ek raashtreeya parmaanu kaaryakram tha. unhonne naye Pakistani raashtrapati julfikaar Ali bhutto ko ek saptaah tak chalanevaali Shimla shikhar vaarta mein aamantrit kiya tha. vaarta ke vifalta ke kareeb pahuainch donon raajya pramukh ne antat: Shimla samjhaute par hastaakshar kiye, jiske tahat Kashmir vivaad ko vaarta aur shaantipoorn dhang se mitaane ke liye donon desh anubandhit hue.

kuchh aalochakon dvaara niyantran rekha ko ek sthaayi seema nahi baanaane par indira Gandhi ki aalochna ki gayi jabki kuchh anya aalochakon ka vishvaas tha ki Pakistan ke 93,000 yuddhabandi Bhaarat ke kabje mein hote hue Pakistan prashaasit Kashmir ko Pakistan ke kabje se nikaal lena chaahiye tha. lekin yeh samjhauta sanyukt raashtra tatha kisi teesare paksh ke tatkaal hastakshep ko nirast kiya evam nikat bhavishya mein Pakistan dvaara kisi bade hamle shuroo kiye jaane ki sambhaavana ko bahut had tak ghataaya. bhutto se ek samvedansheel mudde par sampoorn aatmasamarpan ki maang naheen kar unhonne Pakistan ko sthir aur saamaanya hone ka mauka diya.

varshon se thapp pade bahut se sanparkon ke madhyam se vyaapaar sambandhon ko bhi pun: saamaanya kiya gaya.

smaailing buddha ke anaupachaarik chhaaya naam se 1974 mein Bhaarat ne safalataapoorvak ek bhoomigat parmaanu pareekshan Rajasthan ke registaan mein base gaaainv pokharan ke kareeb kiya. shaantipoorn uddeshyon ke liye pareekshan ka varnan karte hue Bhaarat duniya ki sabse naveenatam parmaanu shaktidhr ban gaya.

harit kraanti

1971 mein richrd Nixon aur indira gaaaindhi. unke bich gahra byaaktigt vidvesh tha jiska rang dwipaksheeya sambandhon mein jhalaka.

1960 ke dashak mein vishesheekrut Abhinav krushi kaaryakram aur sarkaar pradatt atirikt samarthan laagu hone par antat: Bhaarat mein hamesha se chale aa rahe khaaddyaann ki kami ko, moolat: gehoon, chaaval, kapaas aur doodh ke sandarbh mein, atirikt utpaadan mein badal diya. bajaay sanyukt raajya se khaadya sahaayata par nirbhar rahane ke - jahaaain ke ek raashtrapati jinhein shreemati Gandhi kaafi naapasand karti theen (yeh bhaavana aapasi tha: Nixon ko indira "chudail budhiya" lagti theen^[7]), desh ek khaadya niryaatak ban gaya. us upalabdhi ko apne vaanijyik fasal utpaadan ke vividheekaran ke saath harit kraanti ke naam se jaana jaata hai. isi samay dugdh utpaadan mein vruddhi se aayi shvet kraanti se khaaskar badhte hue bachchon ke beech kuposhan se nibatne mein madad mili. 'khaadya suraksha', jaise ki yeh kaaryakram jaana jaata hai, 1975 ke varshon tak shreemati Gandhi ke liye samarthan ki ek aur srot rahi.^[8]

1960 ke praarambhik kaal mein sangathit harit kraanti gahan krushi jila kaaryakram (aaiaidipi) ka anaupachaarik naam tha, jiske tahat shaharon mein rahanevaale logon ke liye, jinke samarthan par Gandhi --yooain ki, vaastav mein samast bhaarateeya raajanitik, gahre roopase nirbharasheel rahe the, prachur maatra mein saste anaaj ki nishchayata mili.^[9] yeh kaaryakram chaar charanon par aadhaarit tha:

1. nai kismon ke beej
2. sveekrut bhaarateeya krushi ke rasaayaaneekaran ki aavashyakta ko sveekruti, jaise ki urvarakon, keetanaashakon, ghaas -foos nivaarakon, ityaadi
3. nai aur behtar maujooda beej kismon ko viksit karne ke liye raashtreeya aur antararaashtreeya sahakaari anusandhaan ki pratibaddhata
4. bhoomi anudaan collegeon ke roop mein krushi sansthaanon ke vikaas ki vaigyaanik avadhaarana,^[10]

das varshon tak chali yeh kaaryakram gehoon utpaadan mein antat: teenaguna vruddhi tatha chaaval mein kam lekin aakarshaneeya vruddhi laayi; jabki vaise anaajon ke kshetr mein jaisebaajara, chana evam mote anaaj (kshetron evam janasankhya vruddhi ke liye samaayojan par dhyaan rakhate hue) kam ya koi vruddhi nahi hui--fir bhi in kshetron mein ek apekshaakrut sthir upaj barkaraar rahe.

1971 ke chunaav mein vijay aur dviteeya kaaryakaal (1971- 1975)

gaaaindhi ki sarkaar ko unki 1971 ke jabaradast janaadesh ke baad pramukh kathinaaiyon ka saamana karna pada. Congress party ki aantarik sanrachana iske asankhya vibhaajan ke falasvaroop kamjor padne se chunaav mein bhaagya nirdhaaran ke liye poori tarah se unke netrutv par nirbharasheel ho gayi thi. Gandhi ka san 1971 ki taiyaari mein naare ka vishay tha gareebi hataao. yeh naara aur prastaavit gareebi hataao kaaryakram ka khaaka, jo iske saath aaya, Gandhi ko graameen aur shahari gareebon par aadhaarit ek svatantr raashtreeya samarthan dene ke liye taiyaar kiye gaye the. is tarah unhein pramukh graameen jaatiyon ke dabadabe mein rahe raajya aur sthaaneeya sarkaaron evam shahari vyaapaari varg ko anadekha karne ki anumati rahi thi. aur, ateet mein bejubaan rahe gareeb ke hisse, kam se kam raajanaatik moolya evam raajanaatik bhaar, donon ki praapti mein vruddhi hui.

gareebi hataao ke tahat kaaryakram, haalaaainki sthaaneeya roopase chalaaye gaye, parantu unka vittaposhan, vikaas, paryavekshan evam karmikran nai Delhi tatha bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress dal dvaara kiya gaya. "ye kaaryakram keindreeya raajanaitik netrutv ko samooche deshbhar mein naye evam vishaal sansaadhanon ke vitrit karne ke maalikaana bhi prastut kiye..."^[11]'antat:,gareebi hataao gareebon ke bahut kam kaam aaye:aarthik vikaas ke liye aavantit sabhi nidhiyon ke maatr 4% teen pramukh gareebi hataao kaaryakramon ke hisse gaye aur lagbhag koibhi "gareeb se gareeb" tabake tak nahi pahuainchi. is tarah yadyapi yeh kaaryakram gareebi ghataane mein asafal rahi, isne Gandhi ko chunaav jitaaneka lakshya haasil kar liya.

ekhtravaad ki or jhukaav

gaaaindhi par pehle se hi sattaavaadi aacharan ke aarop lag chuke the. unki majaboot sansadeeya bahumat ka vyavahaar kar, unki sattaaroodh bhaarateeya raashtreeya Congress ne samvidhaan mein sanshodhan kar kendra aur raajyon ke beech ke satta santulan ko badal diya tha. unhonne do baar vipakshi dalon dvaara shaasit raajyon ko "kaanoon viheen tatha araajak" ghoshit kar samvidhaan ke dhaara 356 ke antargat raashtrapati shaasan laagu kar inke niyantran par kabja kiya tha. iske alaava,sanjaya gaaaindhi, jo nirvaachit adhikaariyon ki jagah par Gandhi ke kareebi raajanaitik salaahakaar bane the, ke badhte prabhaav par, pi.N.haksar, unki kshamata ki oonchaai par uthate samay, gaaaindhi ke poorv salaahaakaar the, ne aprasannata prakat ki. unke sattaavaad shakti ke upayog ki or naye jhukaav ko dekhte hue, jayaprakaash Narayan, satendr Narayan sinha aur aachaarya jeevataraam krupaalaani jaise naami-giraami vyaktion aur poorv-svatantrata senaaniyon ne unke tatha unke sarkaar ke viruddh sakriya prachaar karte hue bhaaratabhar ka daura kiya.

bhrashtaachaar aarop aur chunaavi kadaachaar ka faisala

raaj Narayan (jo baar baar raayabareli sansadeeya nirvaachan kshetr se ladte aur haarate rahe the) dvaara daayar ek chunaav yaachika mein kathit taur par bhrashtaachaar aaropon ke aadhaar par12 June, 1975 ko Allahabad uchch nyaayaalaya ne indira Gandhi ke lok sabha chunaav ko radd ghoshit kar diya. is prakaar adaalat ne unke viruddh sansad ka aasan chhodne tatha chhah varshon ke liye chunaav mein bhaag lene par pratibndh ka aadesh diya. pradhaanamantreetv ke liye lok sabha (bhaarateeya sansad ke nimn sadan) ya raajya sabha (sansad ke uchch sadan) ka sadasya hona anivaarya hai. is prakaar, yeh nirnaya unhein prabhaavi roop se kaaryaalaya se padamukt kar diya.

jab Gandhi ne faisale par appeal ki, raajanaitik poonji haasil karne ko utsuk vipakshi dalon aur unke samarthak, unke isteefe ke liye, saamoohik roop se chakkar kaatne lage. dheron sankhya mein unionon aur virodhakaariyon dvaara kiye gaye harataal se kai raajyon mein janajeevan thapp pad gaya. is aandolan ko majaboot karne ke liye, jayaprakaash Narayan ne police ko nihatthe bheed par sambhabya goli chalaane ke aadesh ka ulanghan karne ke liye aahvaan kiya. kathin aarthik daur ke saath saath janta ki unke sarkaar se mohabhang hone se virodhakaarion ke vishaal bheed ne sansad bhavan tatha Delhi mein unke nivaas ko gher liya aur unke isteefe ki maang karne lage.

aapaatkaaleen sthiti (1975-1977)

gaaaindhi ne vyavastha ko punarsthaapit karne ke padakshep svarup, ashaanti machaanevaale jyaadaatar virodhiyon ke giraftaari ka aadesh de diya. tadoparaant unke mantrimandal aur sarkaar dvaara is baat ki sifaarish ki gayi ki raashtrapati fkhruddeen Ali Ahmad Allahabad uchch nyaayaalaya ke nirnaya ke baad faile avyavastha aur araajakata ko dekhte hue aapaatkaaleen sthiti ki ghoshana karein. tadanusaar, Ahmad ne aatanrik avyavastha ke maddenajar 26 June 1975 ko samvidhaan ki dhaara- 352 ke praavadhaanaanusaar aapaatkaaleen sthiti ki ghoshana kar di.

dikri dvaara shaasan / aadesh aadhaarit shaasan

kuchh hi maheene ke bheetar do vipksheedal shaasit raajyon Gujarat aur tamil naadu par raashtrapati shaasan thop diya gaya jiske falasvaroop poore desh ko pratyaksh kendreeya shaasan ke adheen le liya gaya.^[12] police ko karfyoo laagoo karne tatha naagrikon ko anishchitkaaleen rok rakhane ki kshamata saunpi gayi evam sabhi prakaashanon ko soochana tatha prasaaran mantraalaya ke paryaapt censor vyavastha ke adheen kar diya gaya. indr Kumar gujaraal, ek bhaavi pradhaanamantri, ne khud apne kaam mein sanjaya Gandhi ki dakhalandaaji ke virodh mein soochana aur prasaaran mantreepad se isteefa de diya. antat: aasann vidhaanasabha chunaav anishchitkaal ke liye sthagit kar diye gaye tatha sambandhit raajya ke raajyapaal ki sifaarish par raajya sarkaar ki barkhaastagi ke samvaidhaanik praavadhaan ke alok mein sabhi vipakshi shaasit raajya sarkaaron ko hata diya gaya.

Gandhi ne swayam ke asaadhaaran adhikaar praapti hetu aapaatkaaleen praavadhaanon ka istemaal kiya.

"unke pita Nehru ke vipreet, jo apne vidhaayi dalon aur raajya party sangathanon ke niyantran mein majaboot mukhyamantriyon se nipatna pasand karte the, shreemati Gandhi pratyek Congressi mukhyamantri ko, jinka ek svatantr aadhaar hota, hataane tatha un mantrion ko jo unke prati vyaktigat roop se vafaadaar hote, unke sthaalaabhisikt karne mein lag gain... fir bhi raajyon mein sthirta naheen rakhi ja saki..."^[13]

yeh bhi aaropit hota hai ki vah aage raashtrapati Ahmad ke samaksh vaise aadhyaadeshon ke jaari karne ka prastaav pesh ki jisme sansad mein bahas hone ki jaroorat na ho aur unhein aadesh aadhaarit shaasan ki anumati rahe.

saath hi saath, Gandhi ki sarkaar ne prativaadion ko ukhaad feinkane tatha hajaaron ke taadaad mein raajaneetik kaaryakartaaon ke giriftaari aur aatak rakhane ka ek abhiyaan praarambh kiya;jag mohan ke paryavekshan mein, jo ki baad mein Delhi ke lieutenant Governor rahe, jaama masjid ke aaspaas base bastiyon ke hataane mein sanjaya ka haath raha jisme kathit taur par hajaaron log beghar hue aur saikadon maare gaye aur is tarah desh ki rajdhani ke un bhaagon mein saampradaayik katuta paida kar di; aur hajaron purushon par balapoorvak nasabandi ka parivaar niyojan kaaryakram chalaaya gaya, jo praayash: bahut nimnastar se laagu kiya gaya tha.

chunaav

matadaataaon ko us shaasan ko manjoori dene ka ek aur mauka dene ke liye gaaaindhi ne 1977 mein chunaav bulaae. bhaari censor lagi press unke baare mein jo likhti thi, shaayad usase Gandhi apni lokapriyta ka hisaab nihaayat glat lagaayi hongi. vajah jo bhi rahi ho, vah janta dal se buri tarah se haar gayeen. lambe samay se unke pratidvandvi rahe Desai ke netrutv tatha jaya prakaash Narayan ke aadhyaatmik maargadarshan mein janta dal ne Bhaarat ke paas "lokatantr aur taanaashaahi" ke beech chunaav ka aakhri mauka darshaate hue chunaav jeet liye. indira aur sanjaya Gandhi donon ne apni seat kho Dean aur Congress ghatkar 153 seaton mein simat gayi (pichhli Loksabha mein 350 ki tulana mein) jisme 92 dakshin se theen.

hataana, giraftaari aur vaapas lautana

Desai pradhaanamantri bane aur 1969 ke sarkaari pasand neelam sanjeev Reddy ganatantr ke raashtrapati banaaye gaye. gaaaindhi ko jabatak 1978 ke up -chunaav mein jeet naheen haasil hui, unhonne apne aap ko karmaheen, aayaheen aur gruhaheen paaya. 1977 ke chunaav abhiyaan mein Congress party ka vibhaajan ho gaya: jagajeevan Ram jaise samarthakon ne unka saath chhod diya. Congress (Gandhi) dal ab sansad mein aadhikaarik taur par vipaksh hote hue ek bahut chhota samooh rah gaya tha.

gathabandhan ke vibhinn pakshon mein aapasi ladaai mein liptata ke chalte shaasan mein asamarth janta sarkaar ke gruh mantri chaudhari charan Singh kai aaropon mein indira gaaaindhi aur sanjaya gaaaindhi ko giraftaar karne ke aadesh diye, jinme se koi ek bhi bhaarateeya adaalat mein saabit karna aasan naheen tha. is giraftaari ka matlab tha indira svat: hi sansad se nishkaasit ho gayi. parantu yeh rananeeti ulte apadaapoorn ban gayi. unki giraftaari aur lambe samay tak chal rahe mukadame se unhein bahut se vaise logon se sahaanubhooti mili jo sirf do varsh pehle unhein taanaashaah samajh dar gaye the.

janta gathabandhan sirf shreemati Gandhi (ya "vah aurat" jaisa ki kuchh logone unhein kaha) ki nafarat se ekajut hua tha. chhote chhote saadhaaran muddon par aapasi kalahon mein sarkaar fansakar rah gayi thi aur Gandhi is sthiti ka upayog apne paksh mein karne mein saksham theen. unhonne fir se, aapaatakaal ke dauraan hui "galatiyon" ke liye kaushalapoorn dhang se kshamaapraarthi hokar bhaashan dena praarambh kar diya. June 1979 mein Desai ne isteefa diya aur shreemati Gandhi dvaara vaada kiye jaane par ki Congress baahar se unke sarkaar ka samarthan karegi, Reddy ke dvaara charan Singh pradhaan mantri niyukt kiye gaye.

ek chhote antaraal ke baad, unhonne apna praarambhik samarthan vaapas le liya aur raashtrapati reddeene 1979 ki sardiyon mein sansad ko bhang kar diya. agale January mein aayojit chunaavon mein Congress pun: satta mein vaapas aa gaya tha bhooskhalan hone jaise bahumat ke saath / mahaabheeshan bahumat ke saath

indira gaaaindhi ko (1983 - 1984)lenin shaanti puraskaar se puraskrut kiya gaya tha.

1984soviyt sangh smaarak daak ticket

.

opareshan blue star aur raajanaitik hatya

Gandhi ke baad ke varsh Punjab samasyaaon se jarjar the. sitmbar 1981 mein jaranail Singh bhindaraavaale ka alagaavavaadi sikh aatankvaadi samooh sikh dharm ke pavitratam teerth, harimndir saahib parisar ke bheetar tainaat ho gaya. svarn mandir parisar mein hajaaron naagrikon ki upasthiti ke baavajood Gandhi ne aatankvaadiyon ka safaya karne ke ek prayaas mein sena ko dharmasthal mein pravesh karne ka aadesh diya. sainya aur naagrik hataahaton ki sankhya ke hisaab mein bhinnata hai. sarkaari anumaan hai chaar adhikaariyon sahit unaasi sainik aur 492 aatankvaadi; anya hisaab ke anusaar, sambhavat 500 ya adhik sainik evam anek teerthayaatriyon sahit 3000 anya log goleebaari mein fanse.^[14] jabki sateek naagrik hataahaton ki sankhya se sambandhit aankade vivaadit rahe hain, is hamle ke liye samay evam tareeke ka nirvaachan bhi vivaadaaspad hain. indira Gandhi ke bahusankhyak angarakshakon mein se do the satavant Singh aur beant Singh, donon sikh.31 October 1984 ko ve apni seva hathiyaaron ke dvaara 1, Safdarjung road, nai Delhi mein sthit pradhaanamantri nivaas ke bageeche mein indira Gandhi ki raajanaitik hatya ki. ^[15] vo british abhineta Peter usteenov ko aayarish television ke liye ek vruttachitr filmaane ke dauraan saakshaatkaar dene ke liye satavant aur beant dvaara praharaarat ek chhota gate paar karte hue aage badhi theen. is ghatna ke tatkaal baad, upalabdh soochana ke anusaar, beant Singh ne apne bagalavaale shastr ka upayog kar unapar teen baar goli chalaai aur satavant Singh ek sten kaarabaain ka upayog kar unapar baais chakkar goli daage. unke anya angarakshakon dvaara beant Singh ko goli maar di gayi aur satavant Singh ko goli maarkar giraftaar kar liya gaya.

Gandhi ko unke sarkaari car mein aspataal pahunchaate pahuainchaate raaste mein hi dam tod Dean thi, lekin ghanton tak unki mrutyu ghoshit naheen ki gayi. unhein akhil bhaarateeya aayurvigyaan sansthaan mein laaya gaya, jahaaain doctoron ne unka operation kiya. us vakt ke sarkaari hisaab 29 pravesh aur nikaas ghaavon ko darshaati hai, tatha kuchh bayaane 31 buleton ke unke shareer se nikaala jaana bataati hai. unka antim sanskaar 3 November ko raaj ghaat ke sameep hua aur yeh jagah shakti sthal ke roop mein jaani gayi. unke maut ke baad, nai Delhi ke saath saath Bhaarat ke anekon anya shaharon, jinme Kanpur, aasanasol aur Indore shaamil hain, mein saampradaayik ashaanti ghir gayi aur hajaaron sikhon ke maut darj kiye gaye. Gandhi ke mitr aur jeevaneekaar pupul jayakar, operation blue star laagoo karne se kya ghatit ho sakti hai is sabadh mein indira ke tanaav evam poorv-dhaarana par aage prakaash daaleen hain.

shuroo mein sanjaya unka vaaris chuna gaya tha, lekin ek udaan durghatana mein unki mrutyu ke baad, unki maaain ne anichhuk Rajiv Gandhi ko pilot ki naukri parityaag kar February 1981 mein raajaneeti mein pravesh ke liye prerit kiya.

indira mrutyu ke baad raajiv Gandhi pradhaanamantri banein. May 1991 mein unki bhi raajanaitik hatya, isabaar liberation taaigars of tamil ilam ke aatankvaadiyon ke haathon hui. Rajiv ki vidhva, Sonia Gandhi ne sanyukt pragatisheel gathabandhan ko 2004 ke lok sabha nirvaachan mein ek aashcharya chunaavi jeet ka netrutv diya.

Sonia Gandhi ne pradhaanamantri kaaryaalaya avsar ko asveekaar kar diya lekin Congress ki raajanaitik upakaranon par unka lagaam hai; pradhaanamantri dau॰ Manmohan Singh, jo poorv mein vitt mantri rahe, ab raashtra ke netrutv mein hain. Rajiv ke santaan, Rahul Gandhi aur Priyanka Gandhi bhi raajaneeti mein pravesh kar chuke hain. sanjaya Gandhi ki vidhva, menaka Gandhi - jinka sanjaya ki maut ke baad pradhaanamantri ke ghar se baahar nikaala jaana sarvajnyaaat hai^[16] - aur saath hi sanjaya ke putr,varun Gandhi bhi, raajaneeti mein mukhya vipakshi bhaarateeya janta party dal mein sadasya ke roop mein sakriya hain.

• unki hatya ka jikrTom klensi dvaara apne upanyaas ekjeekyootiv ordars mein kiya gaya hai.
• yadyapi kaheen bhi naam ka ullekh naheen milta hai, rohinton mistri ke ai faain baileins mein indira Gandhi hi spasht roop se pradhaanamantri hai.
• Salman rushadi ke upanyaas midnights children mein indira, jinhein saare upanyaas mein "da vido" bulaaya jaata hai, swayam jimmedaar hai apne avismaraneeya charitra ke patan ke liye. indira gaaaindhi ka yeh chitran, isame unke evam unki neetion, donon ke rookhe pradarshan se kuchh khemon mein vivaadit hai.
• shashi tharoor ki da great Indian novel mein priya duryodhan ka charitra saaf saaf indira gaaaindhi ko sandarbhit karta hai.
• "aandhi", gulajaar dvaara nirdeshit ek hindi chalachitr (feature film) hai, jo aanshik roop se indira ki jindagi ke kuchh ghatnaaon, vishesh roop se unki (suchitra sen dvaara filmaaya gaya) unke pati ke saath kathin sambandh (sanjeev Kumar dvaara filmaaya gaya), ka kaalpanik anukaran hai.
• yann maartel ke life of pai mein 1970 ke dashak ke madhya mein Bhaarat ke raajanitik maahaul ka jikr karte samay "shreemati gaaaindhi" naam se indira gaaaindhi ka kai baar ullekh kiya gaya hai.

• Bangladesh mukti yuddh
• uttar pradesh raajya banaam raaj Narayan
• aapaatakaal (Bhaarat)
• 1984 sikh virodhi dange
• operation blue star

• shakti va mukti ki prateek indira (jaagaran)
• nidhan-soochana, New York taaims, 1 November 1984" Bhaarat mein raajanaitik htya:ek neta ichhaashakti se paripoorn ; indira gaaaindhi, raajaneeti ke liye janmi aur Bhaarat par apna chhaap chhod gayeen"
• indira ki ek jhalak
• indira Gandhi ke anmol vichaar
• jab hil utha desh: indira Gandhi ki hatya

atirikt adhyayan /pathan

• ved Mehta, ek paarivaarik maamala:Bhaarat teen pradhaanamantriyon ke daur mein 1982 ISBN 0-19-503118-0
• pupul jayakaar, indira gaaaindhi:ek antarang jeevanagaatha (1992)ISBN 978-0-679-42479-6
• kaithereen Frank, indira Nehru gaaaindhi(2002) ISBN 0-395-73097-X
• mark tali, amrutasar: mises gaaaindheej laast baital

|PLACE OF BIRTH=Allahabad, uttar pradesh, Bhaarat |DATE OF DEATH=October 31, 1984 |PLACE OF DEATH=New Delhi, Bhaarat }}