inasaaiklopeedi
inasaaiklopeedi (Encyclopéadie) France mein 1751 evam 1772 ke beech prakaashit ek saamaanya vishvakosh tha. iska poora naam Encyclopéadie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des méaatiers (hindi : vishvakosh, ya vigyaan, kala aur shilp ka suniyojit kosh) tha.
inasaaiklopeedi kai drushtiyon se nayaapan liye hue thi. yeh pehla vishvakosh tha jismein bahut se naamit yogakartaaon ke lekh sammilit kiye gaye the. yeh pehla saamaanya vishvakosh tha jisne 'yaantrik kalaaon' par dhyaan diya tha. kintu in sab baaton se pare inasaaiklopeedi isliye bhi prasiddh hai ki isne ki jnyaaanodaya (inalaaitament) ka vichaar prastut kiya. denish didero ne 'insaaklopeedi' naamak lekh mein likha tha ki iska uddeshya logon ke sochane ke tareeke mein hi parivartan la dena hai. usaki ichha thi ki vishv ke saare gyaan ko inasaaiklopeedi mein samet diya jaaya aur vartamaan tatha bhaavi peedhiyon mein yeh gyaan fail jaaya.
iski rachana "chainbars saaiklopeediya" ke French anuvaad ke roop mein angrej vidvaan John mils dvaara uske France aavaasakaal mein praarambh hui, jise usane mautafi sales ki sahaayata se san 1745 mein samaapt kiya. par vah ise prakaashit na kar saka aur England vaapas chala gaya. iske sanpaadan hetu ek-ek kar kai vidvaanon ki sevaaeain praapt ki gain aur anek sangharshon ke pashchaat yeh vishvakosh prakaashit ho saka.
inasaaiklopeedi athaarahaveen shati ki mahattam saahityik upalabdhi hai. yeh maatr sandarbh granth naheen tha; yeh nirdesh bhi pradaan karta tha. yeh aastha aur anaastha ka vichitr sangam tha. isne us yug ke sarvaadhik shaktisanpann church aur shaasan par prahaar kiya. sambhavat: anya koi aisa vishvakosh naheen hai, jise itna raajaneetik mahatva praapt ho aur jisne kisi desh ke itihaas aur saahitya par kraantikaari prabhaav daala ho. par in vishishtataaon ke hote hue bhi yeh vishvakosh uchch koti ki kruti naheen hai. ismein sthal-sthal par trutiyaaain evam visangatiyaaain theen. yeh lagbhag samaan anupaat mein uchch aur nimn koti ke nibandhon ka mishran tha. is vishvakosh ki katu aalochanaaeain bhi huin.
didero aur a'lambart ne tay kiya ki unka inasaaiklopeedi samast gyaan ka dastaavejeekaran karega, sabhi tarah ki kalaaon aur hastakaushal ko gambheer adhyayan ka vishay maanate hue unke baare mein jaanakaariyaaain dega, gyaan ki vibhinn shaakhaaon ke vargeekaran aur unke antar-sambandhon par vishesh dhyaan dega aur jnyaaanodaya se udbhoot vichaaron ki roshani mein chintan-manan ki saamaanya vidhiyon ko sthaayi roop se badalne ka prayaas karega. pehle teenon lakshya to hairis aur chembars ne bhi vedhane ki koshish ki thi lekin yeh chautha maksad kuchh khaas tarah ka tha. sampaadak-dvaya chaahate the ki madhyayugeen tattvameemaansa khaarij karke indriyaanubhavavaad ki roshani mein vaigyaanik chintan ki anivaaryata sthaapit ki jaae, taaki bhavishya ki peedhiyaaain naye tarah se sochane ke liye majaboor ho jaaeain. unke liye indriyaanubhavavaad ka seedha matlab tha indriyon ko sabhi tarah ke gyaan ka ekamaatr praamaanik srot maanana aur tab tak kisi bhi daave ko gyaan ki sanjnyaa na dena jab tak vah anubhav aur prayog ki kasauti par khara na saabit ho jaae. paaainch indriyon ke maadhyam se praapt anubhav par jor dene vaale is siddhaant ke mutaabik gyaan ki pramaan- pushti bhi indriyjanit prekshaneeya anubhav se hi honi chaahiye thi. indriyaanubhavavaad ki jadein is vichaar mein nihit theen ki yeh jagat keval utana hi hai jitna vah hamein apne baare mein bataane ke liye taiyaar hai. isliye is jagat ka hamein tatasth roop se bina kisi raag-dvesh ke prekshan karna chaahiye. prekshaneeya soochana praapt karne ke raaste mein daali gayi koi bhi baadha gyaan ko vikrut karke use manamaani kalpana ka shikaar bana degi. indriyaanubhavavaad ke garbh se hi prekshan, anubhav aur prayog ke ve aagrah nikle jinhonne aage chal kar aagamanaatmak tarkapaddhati ko pramukhata dete hue vigyaan ke darshan par amit chhaap chhodi.
maanaveeya indriyjanit anubhav ko jnyaaanameemaansak praathamikta milne ke saamaajik, raajaneetik aur naitik falitaarth hone laajmi the. manushya aur uske ihalaukik sansaar ko sabhi tarah ke chintan aur samajh ke kendra mein aa jaana tha. inasaaiklopeedi ka paathak us jijnyaaasu ke roop mein saamane aaya jo daava kar sakta tha ki usamein tathya ko mithya se alag karke jaaainchane-parakhane ki kshamata hai. yeh paathak apne is moolya-nirnaya ke liye kisi uchchatar praadhikaar dvaara thamaaye gaye pramaan ki aavashyakta se inkaar karne wala tha. svaabhaavik taur par aaainsiyeain rejeem ki numaaindagi karne waali tatkaaleen saamaajik aur raajakeeya vyavastha is naye gyaan aur uske aadhaar par banane vaale naye vyakti mein nihit sambhavaanaaon ke prati kisi kism ki gaflat mein naheen rah sakti thi. usane jaldi hi bhaaainp liya ki didero aur a'lambart jis gyaan-kosh ka khand dar khand prakaashan karte ja rahe hain, vah antat: raajashaahi ki vaidhata ke kshaya ka khaamosh aujaar saabit hoga. isi ke parinaamasvaroop keval teen saal ke bheetar 1751 mein peris ke aarkabishp ne inasaaiklopeedi ki bhartsana ki aur agale saal royal kaunsil of state ne uske prakaashan ko pratibandhit kar diya. 1759 mein peris ki sansad ne bhi gyaan- kosh rachane ki is pariyojana ki ninda ki aur ek aadesh ke jriye ve tamaam suvidhaaeain vaapas le li gayeen jo didero aur the'alambart ko mili hui theen. is tarah 1766 tak kosh rachane ka yeh project sarkaari daman ka shikaar ho kar thap pada raha.
is kosh ke lekhakon mein rooso aur kondors jaisi hastiyaaain shaamil theen. antat: satrah khandon mein poore hue is vishaal gyaan-kosh ne fraanseesi aur ameriki kraantiyon ki netrutvakaari hastiyon ke chintan par nirnaayak asar daala. beinjaamin frainkalin, John aidams aur Thomas jefrasan ne na keval vyaktigat roop se is kosh ko khreeda, balki apne raajaneetik-bauddhik daayaron mein ise padhne ki sifaarish bhi ki. agale do sau saal tak inasaaiklopeedi ki aadhaarbhoot avadhaaranaaon ne samaaj- vijnyaaanon ke vimarsh ko apni pakad mein banaaye rakha. iski pratikriya bhi hui. koi bees saal baad skautalaind mein inasaaiklopeediya britainika ka pehla sanskaran prakaashit hua, jo ghoshit roop se didero aur a'lambart ke kosh ko 'vidhrmi' aur 'apraamaanik' maan kar uske javaab ke taur par racha gaya tha. inasaaiklopeedi ko vidhrmi isliye kaha gaya tha ki vah maanaveeya gyaan ke sroton ki nayi paribhaasha karne mein laga hua tha aur vah apraamaanik isliye karaar diya gaya ki didero aur a'lambart ki lekhak-mandali fraans ki mashahoor bauddhik hastiyon se bani thi aur sampaadak-dvaya unke dvaara likhi gayi lambi-lambi pravishtiyon mein ullakhit tathyon ki sachchaai sunishchit karne ke fer mein naheen pade the.