imaanuel can't

imaanuel can't

janm	22 April 1724 Köanigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia)
nidhan	12 fravari 1804(1804-02-12) (umr 79) Köanigsberg, Prussia
nivaas	Köanigsberg, Prussia
raashtriyta	Prussian
yug	18th-century philosophy
kshetr	Western philosophy
School	Kantianism Enlightenment philosophy
abhiruchi	Epistemology Metaphysics Ethics Cosmogony
ullekhaneeya vichaar	Categorical imperative Transcendental idealism Synthetic a priori Noumenon Sapere aude Nebular hypothesis
se prabhaavit Wolff Baumgarten Plato Aristotle Empiricus Hume Smith Descartes Spinoza Leibniz Locke Rousseau Newton Swedenborg Euclid Epicurus
prabhaavit kiya Virtually all subsequent Western philosophy, notably: Fichte Schelling Jacobi Reinhold F. Schlegel A.W. Schlegel Hegel Schopenhauer Nietzsche Peirce Husserl Heidegger Cassirer Habermas Rawls Chomsky Piaget Kierkegaard T.W. Adorno Hilbert Foucault Weber Strawson Strauss McDowell Simmel Azurmendi Guyer Seung Pogge Zongsan Nozick Iqbal
hastaakshar

imaanuel can't (1724-1804) jarman vaigyaanik, neetishaastri evam daarshanik the. usaka vaigyaanik mat "can't-laaplaas parikalpana" (haaipauthesis) ke naam se vikhyaat hai. ukt parikalpana ke anusaar santapt vaashparaashi nebula se sauramandal utpann hua. can't ka naitik mat "naitik shuddhata" (maural pyorijm) ka siddhaant, "kartavya ke liye kartavya" ka siddhaant athva "kathorataavaad" (rigaurijm) kaha jaata hai. usaka daarshanik mat "aalochanaatmak darshan" (kritikl filausafi) ke naam se prasiddh hai.

imaanuel can't apne is prachaar se prasiddh huye ki manushya ko aise karm aur kathan karne chaahiyein jo agar sabhi karein to ve manushyata ke liye achhe hon.

imaanuel can't Germany ke poorvi prasha pradesh ke antargat, konigujbarg (Köanigsland) nagar mein ghode ka saadhaaran saaj banaanevaale ke ghar 22 April san 1724 E. ko paida hue the. konigujbarg shahar aaj roos mein hai aur ab iska naam kaaliningraad Kaliningrad hai. usaki praarambhik shiksha apni maata ki dekharekh mein hui thi, jo apne samay ke "pavitra maarg" (paayaatijm) naamak dhaarmik aandolan se bahut prabhaavit thi. ataev, alpaayu mein hi vah dharmaanumodit aacharan, saral, suvyavasthit evam adhyavasaayapoorn jeevan mein ruchi rakhane laga tha. 16 varsh ki aayu mein, "kaulejiym feederikiyenam" ki shiksha samaapt kar, vah konigjbarg ke vishvavidyaalaya mein pravisht hua, jahaaain chhah varsh (1746 E. tak) usane bhautikshaastr, ganit, darshan evam dharmashaastr ka adhyayan kiya.

vishvavidyaalaya chhodne ke baad can't nau varshon ke liye, konigjbarg se 60 meal door, judsken naamak gaaainv mein chala gaya. vahaaain vah do teen parivaaron mein adhyaapan kaarya kar apni jeevika chalaata aur bhautikshaastr tatha darshan mein svaadhyaaya karta raha. is beech uske bahut se lekh tatha laghugranth prakaashit hue, jinmein se do–"jeevit shaktiyon ke uchit anumaan par vichaar" (thaats upon the troo estimeshan ov living forsej, 1747 E.) tatha "saamaanya praakrutik itihaas evam aakaashasanbandhi siddhaant" (general natural history aind theory ov heven, 1755 E.) vishesh ullekh hain. inmein se pratham prakaashan mein usane reene dakaart (1596-1650 E.) tatha gautafreed vilhelm leebanits (1646-1716 E.) ke satta sambandhi vichaaron ka tatha doosare mein nyootan tatha leebanits ke yaantrik evam prayojanataavaadi vichaaron ka tatha doosare mein nyootan tatha leebanits ke yaantrik evam prayojanataavaadi vichaaron mein samanvaya karne ka prayatn kiya tha. usane "daaktar lejeins" ki upaadhi ke nimitt aavashyak prabandh bhi 1755 E. mein prastut kar diya tha aur konigjbarg vishvavidyaalaya ne use ukt upaadhi pradaan kar usaki yogyata pramaanit ki thi. kintu usaki vyaktigat samasyaaon mein koi parivartan na hua. vishvavidyaalaya ne uske nau varsh ke parishram se prasann hokar use vishisht vyaakhyaata (private dojeint) niyukt kar liya tha, kintu is kaarya ke liye use vetan kuchh bhi naheen milta tha.

can't ne, visham paristhitiyon ke baavajood, 1766 E. tak vishvavidyaalaya ki avaitanik roop se seva ki. 1758 E. mein usane tark aur darshan ke mukhya adhyaapak pad ke liye praarthana ki thi, kintu vah asafal raha. 1766 E. mein use adhyaapan ke saath-saath sahaayak pustakaalaya prabandhak bhi niyukt kiya gaya aur ab use das pound vaarshik vetan milne laga. chaar varshon tak can't ne is roop mein bhi kaarya kiya, kintu usane adhyayan chintan aur lekhan kaarya jaari rakha. "private dojeint" niyukt hone ke baad se 1770i tak uske paaainch prakaran granth prakaashit hue–

• (1) "nyaaya ke chaar aakaaron ki mithya sookshmata" (aanai the faals satliti ov the for silojistik figrs, 1762),

• (2) "darshan mein abhaavaatmak parimaan ki dhaarana ke samaavesh ka prayatn" (ateinpt tu introdayoos the noshan ov negetiv kvaantiti intu, filausafi, *1763),

• (3) "ishvar ke astitv ka ekamaatr pramaan" (onli pausibl proof ov the egjisteins ov gaud, 1763),

• (4) "darshan ke svapnon dvaara aatmavaadi ke svapnon ki vyaakhya" (dreams ov A spirichualist baai the dreams ov metaafijik, 1766),

• (5) "desh ki vastuon ke bhed ke pratham aadhaar par" (on the frst ground ov the distinkshan ov obajekts in space, 1768).

uparyukt granthon ke sheershakon se pata chalta hai ki 1755 aur 1770 E. ke beech ka samay can't ke vichaaron ke nirmaan ka tha. san 1770 E. mein prakaashit laateeni sthaapanaalekh (dijrteshan)–"sansaar ki samajh aur buddhi ke aakaar evam siddhaant" (di mundi seinsibilis et inteleejibilis faarma et prinsipiis) se usaka chintan vyavasthit roop mein viksit hota dikhaai deta hai. isi varsh, vah konigjbarg vishvavidyaalaya mein tark aur darshan ke usi adhyaapak pad par niyukt hua, jiske liye use 12 varsh poorv niraash hona pada tha. pehle se ab vah chintaamukt bhi ho gaya tha kyonki use 60 pound vaarshik vetan milne laga tha. un dinon itna vetan sammaanit adhyaapakon ko hi diya jaata tha. granthon ke prakaashan se bhi koi badi dhanaraashi naheen praapt hoti thi. apne "kriteek ov pyor reejn" se can't ko keval 30 pound aay hui thi. kintu, bhautik sukhon ki aakaanksha na kar, 1796 E. tak vah sakriya roop se sansaar ke jnyaaanakosh ki abhivruddhi ke nimitt prayatn karta raha.

in 26 varshon mein se aadi ke 12 varsh usane keval ek pustak ""shuddh buddhi ki sameeksha" (kritik ov pyor reejn) ke likhne mein vyateet kiye. ukt granth 1781 E. mein prakaashit hua tha. can't ke praudh granthon mein yeh sarvashreshth daarshanik granth maana jaata hai. is kaal ke anya granth "pratyek bhaavi darshan ki bhoomika" (prolegomena tu evri fyoochar metaafijik, 1783), "neetidrshan ki prushthabhoomi" (the ground vark ov the metaafijiks ov maurals, 1786), "praakrutik vigyaan ke daarshanik aadhaar" (metaafijikl faaundeshans ov natural saais, 1787), "vyaavahaarik buddhi ki sameeksha" (kritok ov practical reejn, 1788), "nirnaya ki sameeksha" (kritaak ov jajameint, 1790), "keval buddhi dvaara seemit dharm" (rileejan vidin the limits ov miar reejn, 1793), tatha "shaashvat shaanti par" (aan evaralaasting pees, 1795).

1796 E. ke baad bhi vah adhyayan, chintan evam lekhan mein vyast raha kintu uske jeevan ke ye aath varsh badi dayaneeya dasha mein vyateet hue. usaki smruti itni ksheen ho gayi thi ki use chhoti-moti baatein bhi likhkar yaad rakhani padti theen. swayam apne ghar ki dekhbhaal karne ki shakti usamein naheen thi; vivaah usane kiya naheen tha, kintu 42 varsh ke adhyaapan kaal mein usane apne sahayogiyon evam vidyaarthiyon par achha prabhaav daala tha. ataev mitron evam shishyon se use apne jeevan ke antim bhaag mein kaafi sahaayata evam sahaanubhooti praapt hui. san 1801 E. ke baad to vah bahut hi ashakt ho gaya tha, kintu antim teen varshon mein vesiyaanski naamak uske shishya ne saath rahakar aharnish usaki dekhbhaal ki.

aashcharya ki baat hai ki is kaal ke likhe hue can't ke saat granth upalabdh hain–

"neetidrshan" (metaafijiks ov maurals, 1797),

"naitik gun ke siddhaant ke daarshanik aadhaar" (metaafijikl faaundeshans ov the theory ov varchoo, 1796-97),

"maanas shaktiyon ka antavirodh, (the kaunflikt ov faikalteej, 1798),

"vyaavahaarik drushti se nrushaastr" (ainthrapaulauji fraanm the practical point ov vyoo, 1798),

"tarkashaastr (laujik, 1800), "bhautik bhoogol" (1802) tatha "shikshaashaastr" (pedaugaujiks, 1802).

itna kaarya karne ke baad 12 fravari 1804 E. ko konigjbarg mein usaki mrutyu hui. can't ka vyaktigat jeevan atal niyamon se jakada hua tha. praat:kaal se sandhya tak uske sabhi kaam nishchit samay par hote the. bhojan ke samay ke sanlaap ke bhi niyam the. paashchaatya daarshanikon mein se adhikaansh bhramanasheel rahe hain, kintu can't apne nagar se jeevan bhar mein adhik se adhik saath meal gaya tha. fir bhi usaka drushtikon sankuchit na tha. vah keval bauddhik chintak na tha, usane sukaraat aur paaithaagoras ki bhaaainti jeevan mein apne daarshanik vichaaron ko sthaan diya tha. haaine naamak jarman kavi ne can't ke daarshanik jeevan ki prashansa mein aisi baatein kahi hain jo use sanaki siddh karti hain, kintu, uske vichaaron ne uttaravarti darshan ko itna prabhaavit kiya ki can't ke adhyeta use darshan mein ek naveen yug ka pravartak maanate hain.

• kaanteeya darshan

• Works by Immanuel Kant in audio format from LibriVox
• Stephen Palmquist's Glossary of Kantian Terminology
• Kant's Categories as grammatical reifications
• Kant's Ethical Theory Kantian ethics explained, applied and evaluated
• Kant & Ethics Extensive links and discussions from Lawrence Hinman at University of San Diego
• Notes on Deontology A conveniently brief survey of Kant's deontology
• Kant on the Web on Stephen Palmquist's website
• Kant Links
• Kant's Epistemology and Metaphysics according to the Friesian school
• German Idealist Foundations of Durkheim's Sociology and Teleology of Knowledge
• Several Kant's works in clickable pdf
• Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (14 sections on Kant)
• International Kant Interview - 2004
• Readable versions of Prolegomena, Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals, Critique of Pure Reason, and Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (J. Bennett translations)
• Kant's moral philosophy and the question of pre-emptive war, Revue Sens Public
• Kant in the Classroom background information for Kant's lectures
• Works: text, concordances and frequency list
• Kant's Death Mask

• The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy has several entries on Kant:
  • Kant's Philosophy of Science
  • Kant's Critique of Metaphysics
  • Kant's View of the Mind and Consciousness of Self
  • Kant's Aesthetics and Teleology
  • Kant's Philosophy of Religion
  • Kant's Philosophical Development
  • Kant's Moral Philosophy
  • Kant and Leibniz
  • Kant's Theory of Judgment