ijraail
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ijraail raajya
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raashtragaan: haatikvaah aasha |
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rajdhani aur sabse badaa nagar |
yerushalam 31°a47′aN 35°a13′aE / 31.783°aN 35.217°aE |
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| raajabhaasha(eain) | hibroo, arabi | |||||
| maanavajaateeya varg | 76% yahoodi, 19% arab, 5% anya alpasankhyak samooh | |||||
| nivaasi | ijraayali | |||||
| sarkaar | sansadeeya lokatantr | |||||
| - | raashtrapati | simon perej | ||||
| - | pradhaanamantri | beinjaamin netanyaahoo | ||||
| svatantrata filisteen ka british janaadesh se | ||||||
| - | ghoshana | 14 May 1948 (05 Iyar 5708) | ||||
| - | jal (%) | ~2% | ||||
| janasankhya | ||||||
| - | 2008 janaganana | 7,282,000 2 (96 vaan) | ||||
| - | 1995 janaganana | 5,548,523 | ||||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) | 2007 praakkalan | |||||
| - | kul | 188.936 arab $ (52 vaaain) | ||||
| - | prati vyakti | 27,146 $ (32 vaaain) | ||||
| maanav vikaas soochakaank (2013) |
 0.888[1]bahut uchch · 19vaaain |
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| mudra | ijaraayali nai shekel (ILS) | |||||
| samay mandal | imaas (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+2) | |||||
| - | greeshmakaaleen (di॰ba॰asa॰) | (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+3) | ||||
| yaataayaat chaalan disha | daaen | |||||
| doorabhaash koot | 972 | |||||
| Internet teeeladi | .il | |||||
| 1. | Excluding / Including the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem; see below. | |||||
| 2. | Includes all permanent residents in proper Israel, the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem. Also includes Israeli population in the West Bank. | |||||
ijraail raashtra (ibraani: מaaְaaדaaִaaיaaנaaַaaת יaaִaaשaaְaaׂaaרaaָaaאaaֵaaל sahaayata·soochana, medint yisra'L; دaaَaaوaaْaaلaaَaaةaaْ إaaِaaسaaْaaرaaَaaاaaئaaِaaيaaل, daulat isara'il) dakshin pashchim Asia mein sthit ek desh hai. yeh dakshinpoorv bhoomadhya saagar ke poorvi chhor par sthit hai. iske uttar mein lebanaun, poorv mein Syria aur jaurdan tatha dakshin-pashchim mein misr hai.
madhyapoorv mein sthit yeh desh vishv raajaneeti aur itihaas ki drushti se bahut mahatvapoorn hai. itihaas aur praacheen granthon ke anusaar yahoodiyon ka mool nivaas rahe is kshetr ka naam isaaiyat, islaam aur yahoodi dharmon mein pramukhata se liya jaata hai. yahoodi, madhyapoorv aur Europe ke kai kshetro mein fail gaye the. unneesavi sadi ke ant mein tatha fir beesaveen sadi ke poorvaardh mein Europe mein yahoodiyon ke upar kiye gaye atyaachaar ke kaaran Europeeya (tatha anya) yahoodi apne kshetron se bhaag kar yerooshalam aur iske aaspaas ke kshetron mein aane lage. san 1948 mein aadhunik isaraayal raashtra ki sthaapana hui.
yarooshalam isaraayal ki rajdhani hai par anya mahatvapoorn shaharon mein tel aveev ka naam pramukhata se liya ja sakta hai. yahaaain ki pramukh bhaasha ibraani (hibroo) hai, jo daahine se baaaine likhi jaati hai. yahaaain ke nivaasiyon ko isaraayali kaha jaata hai.
anukram
naam
isaraayal shabd ka prayog baaibal aur usase pehle se hota raha hai. baaibal ke anusaar ishvar ke frishte ke saath yuddh ladne ke baad Jacob ka naam isaraayal rakha gaya tha. is shabd ka prayog usi samay (ya pehle) se yahoodiyon ki bhoomi ke liye kiya jaata raha hai.
bhoogol
ijraayal dakshin pashchim Asia ka ek svatantr yahoodi raajya hai, jo 14 May 1948 E. ko pailestaain se british satta ke samaapt hone par bana. yeh raajya room saagar ke poorvi tat par sthit hai. iske uttar tatha uttar poorv mein Lebanon evam Syria, poorv mein Jordan, dakshin mein akaaba ki khaadi tatha dakshin pashchim mein misr hai (kshetrafal 20,700 varg kilometer). iski rajdhani tel aveeb evam haifa iske anya mukhya nagar hain. raajabhaasha ibraani hai.
ijraayal ke teen praakrutik bhaag hain jo ek doosare ke samaantar dakshin se uttar tak faile hain :
- (1) roomatateeya 'shairon' tatha filistiya ka maidaan, jo atyadhik urvar hai, tatha makka jo sabjiyon, santaron, angooron evam kelon ki upaj ke liye prasiddh hai.
- (2) gailili, samaariya tatha joodiya ka pahaadi pradesh, jo tateeya maidaan ke poorv mein 25 se lekar 40 meal tak chauda hai. ijraayal ka sarvochch parvat atjmaan (ooainchaai 3,962 foot) yaheen sthit hai. jajreel ghaati gailili ke pathaar ko samaariya tatha joodiya se pruthak karti hai aur tateeya maidaan ko Jordan ki ghaati se milaati hai. gailili ka pathaar evam jajreel ghaati samruddh krushikshetr hain jahaaain gehooain, jau, jaitoon tatha tanbaakoo ki kheti hoti hai. samaariya ka kshetr jaitoon, angoor evam anjeer ke liye prasiddh hai.
- (3) Jordan rift ghaati, jo keval 10-15 meal chaudi tatha atyadhik shushk hai. iske jagat ke sthalakhand ka sabse neecha bhaag hai. Jordan nadi ke maidaan mein kele ki kheti hoti hai.
ijraayal ke dakshini bhaag mein nejev naamak marusthal hai jiske uttari bhaag mein sinchaai dvaara krushi ka vikaas kiya ja raha hai. yahaaain jau, soragham, gehooain, sooryamukhi, sabjiyaaain evam fal hote hain. san 1955 E. mein nejev ke heletj naamak sthaan par ijraayal mein sarvapratham khanij tel paaya gaya. is raajya ke anya khanij potaash, namak ityaadi hain.
praakrutik saadhanon ke abhaav mein ijraayal ki aarthik sthiti visheshat: krushi tatha vishisht evam chhote udyogon par aashrit hai. sinchaai ke dvaara sookhe kshetron ko krushiyogya banaaya gaya hai. at: krushi ka kshetrafal, san 1969-70 mein 10,58,000 ekad tha.
tel aveev ijraayal ka pramukh udyogakeindr hai jahaaain kapda, kaashth, aushadhi, peya tatha plastic aadi udyogon ka vikaas hua hai. haifa kshetr mein cement, mitti ka tel, machine, rasaayan, kaaainch evam vidyut vastuon ke kaarkhaane hain. jeroosalam hastashilp evam mudran udyog ke liye vikhyaat hai. nathanya jile mein heera taraashane ka kaam hota hai.
haifa tatha tel aveev room saagaratat ke pattan (bandargaah) hain. ilaath akaaba ki khaadi ka pattan hai. mukhya niryaat sookhe evam taaje fal, heera, motaragaadi, kapda, tyre evam tube hain. mukhya aayaat machine, ann, gaadiyaaain, kaath evam raasaayanik padaarth hain.
svatantrata aur shuruaati samay
dviteeya vishvayuddh ke baad british saamraajya ne swayam ko ek vikt paristithi mein paaya jahaaain unka vivaad yahoodi samudaaya ke saath do tarah ki maanasikta mein baaaint chuka tha. jahaaain ek taraf hagana, iragun aur lohi naam ke sangathan british ke khilaaf hinsaatmak vidroh kar rahe the vaheeain hajaaro yahoodi sharanaarthi ijaraail mein sharan maang rahe the ! tabhi san 1947 mein british saamraajya ne aisa upaaya nikalne ki ghoshana ki jis se arab aur yahoodi donon sanpradaaya ke log sahamat ho ! sanyukt raashtra sangh dvaara filisteen ke vibhaajan ko (sanyukt raashtra sangh ke 181 ghoshana patra) November 29,1947 maanyata de di gayi, jiske antargat raajya ka vibhaajan do raajyon mein hona tha ek arab aur ek yahoodi ! jabki jerusalem ko sanyukt raashtra dvaara raajya karne ki baat kaheen gayi is vyavastha mein jerusalem ko " sarpur ispektrum "(curpus spectrum) kaha gaya !
is vyavastha ko yahoodiyon dvaara turant maanyata de di gayi vaheeain arab samudaaya ne navembar 1 1947 teen deno ke band ki ghoshana ki ! isi ke saath gruh yuddh ki stithi ban gaye aur kareeb 250,000 filisteeni logo ne raajya chhod diya. 14 May 1948 ko yahoodi samudaaya ne british se pehle svatantrata ki ghoshana kar di aur ijaraail ko raashtra ghoshit kar diya, tabhi siriya, Libya tatha Iraq ne ijaraail par hamla kar diya aur tabhi se 1948 ke arab - ijaraail yuddh ki shuruaat huyi ! saudi arab ne bhi tab apni sena bhejkar aur mistr ki sahaayata se aakraman kiya aur yaman bhi yuddh mein shaamil hua, lagbhag ek varsh ke baad yuddh viraam ki ghoshana huyi aur Jordan tatha Israel ke beech seema rekha avatarit huyi jaise green line (hari rekha) kaha gaya aur mistr ne gaja patti par adhikaar kiya, kareeb 700000 filisteen is yuddh ke dauraan visthaapit hue. ijaraail ne 11 May 1949 mein sayukt raashtra ki maanyata haasil ki.
vivaad evam shaanti samajhote
arab samudaaya tatha mistr ke raashtrapati gamaal abdel naseer ne ijaraail ko maanyata naheen di aur 1966 mein ijaraail - arab yuddh hua ! 1967 mein mistr ne sanyukt raashtra ke adhikaari dal ko sanaai panisulena (1957) ko bahaar nikal diya aur laal saagar mein ijaraail ki aavaagaman band kar di ! June 5,1967 ko ijaraail ne mistr, Jordan Syria tatha Iraq ke khilaaf yuddh ghoshit kiya aur mahaj 6 dinon mein apne arab dushmanon ko paraajit kar kshetr mein apni sainik prabhusatta kaayam ki ! is yuddh ke dauraan ijaraail ko apne he raajya mein upastith falisteeni logo ka virodh jhelana pada ismein pramukh tha filisteen liberation orgaanijshan (pi .L .O) jo 1964 mein banaya gaya tha ! 1960 ke ant se 1970 tak ijaraail par kai hamle hue jisme 1972 mein ijaraail ke pratibhaagiyon par munich olanpik mein hua hamla shaamil hai !
6 October, 1973 ko siriya tatha mistr dvaara ijaraail par achaanak hamla kiya gaya jab ijaraaili yom namak tyauhaar man rahe the, jiske javaab mein siriya tatha mistr ko bahut bhari nuksaan uthaana pada !
1976 ke dauraan ijaraail ke sainiko ne badi bahaaduri se 95 bandhako ko chhudaaya!
1977 ke aam chunaavo mein lebar party ki haar huyi aur isi ke saath menaachim begin satta mein aaye tabhi arab neta Anwar saddaat ne israil ki yaatra ko jis se ijaraail-mistr samajhote (1979) ki neev padi !
March 11, 1978 mein Lebanon se aaye p .L .O ke aatankiyon ne 35 ijaraaili naagariko ki hatya kar de aur 75 ko ghaayal kar diya javaab mein ijaraail ne Lebanon par hamla kiya aur p॰aL.O ke sadasya bhaag khade hue .
1980 mein ijrail ne jerusalem ko apni rajdhani ghoshit kiya jis se arab samudaaya naaraaj ho gaya
June 7, 1981 mein ijrail ne Iraq ka sole parmaanu sayantr tabaah kar diya !
samvidhaan evam shaasan
ijraayal ek prabhusattaasanpann ganaraajya hai jiski sthaapana 14 May 1948 E. ke ghoshana ke aadhaar par hui hai. 1949 E. mein ijraayali sansad (senet) ne sankraman kaanoon paarit kiya jo samaanya shabdaavali ke maadhyam se sansad, raashtrapati tatha mantrimandal ke adhikaaron ki vyaakhya karta hai. 1950 E. mein sansad ne samay-samay par mool niyamon ko adhiniymit karne ka prastaav paarit kiya. ye hi adhiniymit mool niyam samagr roop mein ijraayal ke samvidhaan ke niyaamak hain. sansad, ijraayali raashtra tatha raashtrapati se sambaddh in mool niyamon ko kramash: 1958, 1960, tatha 1964 E. mein paarit kiya gaya.
ijraayali sansad ko sarvochch adhikaar praapt hain aur 120 sadasyonvaali is ekasadani sansad ka chunaav saarvadeshik mataadhikaar ke aadhaar par anupaati-pratinidhitv-paddhati se prati chaar varsh ke liye karaaya jaata hai. raashtrapati raashtraadhyaksh hota hai aur sansad paaainch varsh ke liye iska chunaav karti hai. pradhaanamantri ke netrutv mein gathit mantrimandal sansad ke prati uttaradaayi hota hai. mantri saamaanyat: sansad sadasyon mein se hi banaae jaata hain lekin inki niyukti sadasyetar vyaktiyon mein se bhi ki ja sati hai. poora desh chhah mandalon mein vibhkt hai. sansadeeya nirvaachan ke saath-saath sthaaneeya adhikaariyon ka chunaav bhi sampann hota hai jinka kaaryakaal chaar varsh tak rahata hai. 27 nagarapaalikaaeain (do arabon ki), 117 sthaaneeya parishdein (45 arabon tatha Syriai deshon ki) tatha 47 kshetreeya parishdein (ek arabon ki) 674 gaaainvon ka pratinidhitv karti hain.
sandarbh
- ↑ "2014 Human Development Report Summary". United Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf. abhigman tithi: 27 July 2014.