hindi

yeh lekh nirvaachit lekh banane ke liye parakhane hetu rakha gaya hai. adhik jaankaari ke liye nirvaachit lekh aavashyakataaeain dekhein.
hindi
hindi ya maanak hindi
Hindi.svg
shabd "hindi" devanaagari mein
uchchaaran: hindustaani uchchaaran: [ˈaamaːaanəaak ˈaaɦaain̪aad̪aaiː]
bolne ka sthaan: Bhaarat
evam Nepal, dakshin afrika, Pakistan (hindustaani)
suruvaat: 1991
maatrubhaashaaprayogakarta: 42 karod 60 lakh (2001) kul janasainkhya ka 41.03%[1]
dviteeya bhaasha: 12 karod (1999)[1]
bhaasha parivaar:
lipi devanaagari (mukhyat:), kaithi, laatin,
evain vibhinn kshetreeya lipiyaaain
raajabhaasha maanyata
aupachaarik maanyata: None
niyntrak sanstha: kendreeya hindi nideshaalaya[2]
bhaasha code:
aaiesao 639-1 hi
aaiesao 639-2 hin
aaiesao 639-3 hin
bhaashaavid soochi hin-hin
bhaashaavedhashaala 59-AAF-qf
Hindispeakers.png
Indic script
 is panne mein hindi ke alaava anya bhaarateeya lipiyaan bhi hai. paryaapt software samarthan ke abhaav mein aapko aniyamit sthiti mein svar va maatraaen tatha sanyojak dikh sakte hain. adhik...


hindi (hindi, hindustaani uchchaaran: [ˈaahɪaandi]) samvaidhaanik roop se Bhaarat ki pratham raajabhaasha aur Bhaarat ki sabse adhik boli aur samajhi jaane waali bhaasha hai. cheeni ke baad yeh vishv mein sabse adhik boli jaane waali bhaasha bhi hai.

hindi aur iski boliyaaain uttar evam madhya Bhaarat ke vividh raajyon mein boli jaati hain. Bhaarat aur anya deshon mein bhi log hindi bolte, padhte aur likhte hain. fiji, Mauritius, gayaana, sooreenaam ki aur Nepal ki janta bhi hindi bolti hai.[1] 2001 ki bhaarateeya janaganana mein Bhaarat mein 42.2 karod (422,048,642) logon ne hindi ko apni mool bhaasha bataaya.[3] Bhaarat ke baahar, hindi bolne vaale sanyukt raajya America mein 648,983[4]; maureeshas mein 685,170; dakshin Africa mein 890,292; yaman mein 232,760; yugaanda mein 147,000; Singapore mein 5,000; Nepal mein 8 lakh; New Zealand mein 20,000; Germany mein 30,000 hain.

iske alaava Bhaarat, Pakistan aur anya deshon mein 14.1 karod (141,000,000) logon dvaara boli jaane waali urdoo, maukhik roop se hindi ke kaafi saamaan hai. logon ka ek vishaal bahumat hindi aur urdoo donon ko hi samajhta hai. Bhaarat mein hindi, vibhinn bhaarateeya raajyon ki 14 aadhikaarik bhaashaaon aur kshetr ki boliyon ka upayog karne vaale lagbhag 1 arab logon mein se adhikaansh ki doosari bhaasha hai.

hindi raashtrabhaasha, raajabhaasha, sampark bhaasha, janabhaasha ke star ko paar kar vishvabhaasha banane ki or agrasar hai. bhaasha vikaas kshetr se jude vaigyaaniko ki bhavishyavaani hindi premiyon ke liye badi santoshajanak hai ki aane vaale samay mein vishvastar par antarraashtreeya mahattv ki jo chand bhaashaaeain hongi unamein hindi bhi pramukh hogi.

anukram

lipi

mukhya lekh : devanaagari

hindi ko devanaagari lipi mein likha jaata hai. ise naagari naam se bhi pukaara jaata hai. devanaagari mein 11 svar aur 33 vyanjan hote hain aur ise baaen se daayein aur likha jaata hai.

'hindi' shabd ki vyutpatti

hindi shabd ka sambandh sanskrut shabd sindhu se maana jaata hai. 'sindhu' sindh nadi ko kehte the aur usi aadhaar par uske aas-paas ki bhoomi ko sindhu kehne lage. yeh sindhu shabd Irani mein jaakar 'hindu', hindi aur fir 'hind' ho gaya baad mein Irani dheere-dheere Bhaarat ke adhik bhaagon se parichit hote gaye aur is shabd ke arth mein vistaar hota gaya tatha hind shabd poore Bhaarat ka vaachak ho gaya. isi mein Irani ka ik pratyaya lagne se (hind ik) 'hindeek' bana jiska arth hai 'hind ka'. yoonaani shabd 'indika' ya angreji shabd 'indiya' aadi is 'hindeek' ke hi viksit roop hain. hindi bhaasha ke liye is shabd ka praacheenatam prayog sharafuddeen yaj+di' ke 'jafaranaama'(1424) mein milta hai.

professor mahaaveer saran jain ne apne " hindi evam urdoo ka advait " sheershak aalekh mein hindi ki vyutpatti par vichaar karte hue kaha hai ki Iran ki praacheen bhaasha avesta mein 's' dhvani naheen boli jaati thi. 's' ko 'h' roop mein bola jaata tha. jaise sanskrut ke 'asur' shabd ko vahaaain 'ahur' kaha jaata tha. afgaanistaan ke baad sindhu nadi ke is paar Hindustan ke poore ilaake ko praacheen faarasi saahitya mein bhi 'hind', 'hindush' ke naamon se pukaara gaya hai tatha yahaaain ki kisi bhi vastu, bhaasha, vichaar ko 'edajektiv' ke roop mein 'hindeek' kaha gaya hai jiska matlab hai 'hind ka'. yahi 'hindeek' shabd arabi se hota hua greek mein 'indike', 'indika', laitin mein 'indiya' tatha angreji mein 'indiya' ban gaya. arabi evain faarasi saahitya mein hindi mein boli jaane waali bhaashaaon ke liye 'jbaan-A-hindi', pad ka upayog hua hai. Bhaarat aane ke baad musalmaanon ne 'jbaan-A-hindi', 'hindi jubaan' athva 'hindi' ka prayog Delhi-Agra ke chaaron or boli jaane waali bhaasha ke arth mein kiya. Bhaarat ke gair-muslim log to is kshetr mein bole jaane vaale bhaasha-roop ko 'bhaakha' naam se pukaraate the, 'hindi' naam se naheen.

hindi evam urdoo

mukhya lekh : hindi evam urdoo

bhaashaavid hindi evam urdoo ko ek hi bhaasha samajhte hai. hindi devanaagari lipi mein likhi jaati hai aur shabdaavali ke star par adhikaanshat: sanskrut ke shabdon ka prayog karti hai. urdoo, faarasi lipi mein likhi jaati hai aur shabdaavali ke star par us par faarasi aur arabi bhaashaaon ka prabhaav adhik hai. vyaakaranik rup se urdoo aur hindi mein lagbhag shat-pratishat samaanata hai. keval kuchh vishesh kshetron mein shabdaavali ke strot (jaisa ki oopar likha gaya hai) mein antar hota hai. kuchh vishesh dhvaniyaaain urdoo mein arabi aur faarasi se li gayi hain aur isi prakaar faarasi aur arabi ki kuchh vishesh vyaakaranik sanrachana bhi prayog ki jaati hai. urdoo aur hindi ko khadi boli ki do shailiyaaain kaha ja sakta hai.

parivaar

hindi hind-Europeeya bhaasha-parivaar parivaar ke andar aati hai. ye hind Irani shaakha ki hind aarya upashaakha ke antargat vargeekrut hai. hind-aarya bhaashaaeain vo bhaashaaeain hain jo sanskrut se utpann hui hain. urdoo, Kashmiri, bangaali, udiya, punjabi, romaani, maraathi nepaali jaisi bhaashaaeain bhi hind-aarya bhaashaaeain hain.

itihaas kram

mukhya lekh : hindi bhaasha ka itihaas

hin‍aadi bhaasha ka itihaas lagbhag ek hajaar varsh puraana maana gaya hai. hin‍aadi bhaasha va saahit‍aaya ke jaankaar apabhransh ki antim avas‍aatha 'avahatth' se hin‍aadi ka udbhav s‍aaveekaar karte hain. chandradhar sharma guleri ne isi avahatth ko 'puraani hin‍aadi' naam diya.

apabhransh ki samaapti aur aadhunik bhaarateeya bhaashaaon ke janmakaal ke samay ko sankraantikaal kaha ja sakta hai. hindi ka svaroop shauraseni aur ardhamaagadhi apabhranshon se viksit hua hai. 1000 E. ke aaspaas iski svatantr satta ka parichay milne laga tha, jab apabhransh bhaashaaeain saahityik sandarbhon mein prayog mein aa rahi theen. yahi bhaashaaeain baad mein viksit hokar aadhunik bhaarateeya aarya bhaashaaon ke roop mein abhihit huin. apabhransh ka jo bhi kathya rup tha - vahi aadhunik boliyon mein viksit hua.

apabhransh ke sambandh mein 'deshi' shabd ki bhi bahudha charcha ki jaati hai. vaastav mein 'deshi' se deshi shabd evam deshi bhaasha donon ka bodh hota hai. prashn yeh ki desheeya shabd kis bhaasha ke the ? bharat muni ne naatyashaastr mein un shabdon ko 'deshi' kaha hai 'jo sanskrut ke tatsam evam sadbhav roopon se bhinn hai. ye 'deshi' shabd janabhaasha ke prachalit shabd the, jo svabhaavataya aprabhansh mein bhi chale aae the. janabhaasha vyaakaran ke niyamon ka anusaran naheen karti, parantu vyaakaran ko janabhaasha ki pravruttiyon ka vishleshan karna padta hai, praakrut-vyaakaranon ne sanskrut ke dhaaainche par vyaakaran likhe aur sanskrut ko hi praakrut aadi ki prakruti maana. at: jo shabd unke niyamon ki pakad mein na aa sake, unako deshi sanjnyaa di gayi.

hindi ki visheshataaeain evam shakti

hindi bhaasha ke ujjval svaroop ka gyaan karaane ke liye yeh aavashyak hai ki usaki gunavatta, kshamata, shilp-kaushal aur saundarya ka sahi-sahi aakalan kiya jaae. yadi aisa kiya ja sake to sahaj hi sab ki samajh mein yeh aa jaaega ki -

  1. sansaar ki unnat bhaashaaon mein hindi sabse adhik vyavasthit bhaasha hai.
  2. vah sabse adhik saral bhaasha hai.
  3. vah sabse adhik lacheeli bhaasha hai.
  4. vah ek maatr aisi bhaasha hai jiske adhiktar niyam apavaadaviheen hai.
  5. vah sachche arthon mein vishv bhaasha banane ki poorn adhikaari hai.
  6. hindi likhne ke liye prayukt devanaagari lipi atyant vaigyaanik hai.
  7. hindi ko sanskrut shabdasanpada evam naveen shabd-rachana-saamarthya viraasat mein mili hai. vah deshi bhaashaaon evam apni boliyon aadi se shabd lene mein sankoch naheen karti. angreji ke mool shabd lagbhag 10,000 hain, jabki hindi ke mool shabdon ki sankhya dhaai lakh se bhi adhik hai.
  8. hindi bolne evam samajhne waali janta pachaas karod se bhi adhik hai.
  9. hindi ka saahitya sabhi drushtiyon se samruddh hai.
  10. hindi aam janta se judi bhaasha hai tatha aam janta hindi se judi hui hai. hindi kabhi raajaashraya ki mohataaj naheen rahi.
  11. Bhaarat ke svatantrata-sangraam ki vaahika aur vartamaan mein deshaprem ka amoort-vaahan
  12. Bhaarat ki sampark bhaasha
  13. Bhaarat ki raajabhaasha

hindi ke vikaas ki anya visheshataaeain

hindi ka maanakeekaran

mukhya lekh : hindi vartani maanakeekaran

svatantrata praapti ke baad se hindi aur devanaagari ke maanakeekaran ki disha mein nimnalikhit kshetron mein prayaas huye hain :-

hindi ki shailiyaaain

hindi kshetr tatha seemaavarti bhaashaaeain

bhaashaavidon ke anusaar hindi ke chaar pramukh roop ya shailiyaaain hain :

  • (1) uchch hindi - hindi ka maanakeekrut roop, jiski lipi devanaagari hai. ismein sanskrut bhaasha ke kai shabd hai, jinhonne faarasi aur arabi ke kai shabdon ki jagah le li hai. ise shuddh hindi bhi kehte hain. aajkal ismein angreji ke bhi kai shabd aa gaye hain (khaas taur par bolachaal ki bhaasha mein). yeh khadeeboli par aadhaarit hai, jo Delhi aur uske aas-paas ke kshetron mein boli jaati thi.
  • (2) dakkhini - urdoo-hindi ka vah roop jo Hyderabad aur uske aaspaas ki jagahon mein bola jaata hai. ismein faarasi-arabi ke shabd urdoo ki apeksha kam hote hain.
  • (3) rekhta - urdoo ka vah roop jo shaayari mein prayukt hota tha.
  • (4) urdoo - hindavi ka vah roop jo devanaagari lipi ke bajaay faarasi-arabi lipi mein likha jaata hai. ismein sanskrut ke shabd kam hote hain, aur faarasi-arabi ke shabd adhik. yeh bhi khadeeboli par hi aadhaarit hai.

[5]

hindi aur urdoo donon ko milaakar hindustaani bhaasha kaha jaata hai. hindustaani maanakeekrut hindi aur maanakeekrut urdoo ke bolachaal ki bhaasha hai. ismein shuddh sanskrut aur shuddh faarasi-arabi donon ke shabd kam hote hain aur tadbhav shabd adhik. uchch hindi bhaarateeya sangh ki raajabhaasha hai (anuchhed 343, bhaarateeya samvidhaan). yeh in bhaarateeya raajyon ki bhi raajabhaasha hai : uttar pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, madhya pradesh, uttaraanchal, Himachal pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Haryana aur Delhi. in raajyon ke atirikt Maharashtra, Gujarat, pashchim Bengal, Punjab aur hindi bhaashi raajyon se lagte anya raajyon mein bhi hindi bolne vaalon ki achhi sankhya hai. urdoo Pakistan ki aur bhaarateeya raajya Jammu aur Kashmir ki raajabhaasha hai, iske atirikt uttar pradesh, Bihar,telangaana aur Delhi mein dviteeya raajabhaasha hai. yeh lagbhag sabhi aise raajyon ki sah-raajabhaasha hai; jinki mukhya raajabhaasha hindi hai.

hindi ki boliyaaain

mukhya lekh : hindi ki vibhinn boliyaaain aur unka saahitya

hindi ka kshetr vishaal hai tatha hindi ki anek boliyaaain (upabhaashaaeain) hain. inmein se kuchh mein atyant uchch shreni ke saahitya ki rachana bhi hui hai. aisi boliyon mein brajabhaasha aur avadhi pramukh hain. ye boliyaaain hindi ki vividhta hain aur usaki shakti bhi. ve hindi ki jadon ko gahra banaati hain. hindi ki boliyaaain aur un boliyon ki upaboliyaaain hain jo na keval apne mein ek badi parampara, itihaas, sabhyata ko samete hue hain varan svatantrata sangraam, janasangharsh, vartamaan ke baajaaravaad ke khilaaf bhi usaka rachana sansaar sachet hai.[6]

hindi ki boliyon mein pramukh hain- avadhi, brajabhaasha, kannauji, bundeli, bagheli, Bhojpuri, harayaanavi, raajasthaani, chhatteesagadhi, maalavi, jhaarakhandi, kumaauainni, magahi aadi. kintu hindi ke mukhya do bhed hain - pashchimi hindi tatha poorvi hindi.

shabdaavali

hindi shabdaavali mein mukhyat: do varg hain-

pratham varg

  • tatsam shabd- ye vo shabd hain jinko sanskrut se bina koi roop(par hindi mein visrg lop ho jaata hai jaise sanskrut 'naam:' hindi mein keval 'naam' hai.[7]) badle le liya gaya hai. jaise agni, dugdh dant, mukh.
  • tadbhav shabd- ye vo shabd hain jinka janm sanskrut ya praakrut mein hua tha, lekin unamein kaafi aitihaasik badlaav aaya hai. jaise— aag, doodh, daaaint, muainh.

dviteeya varg

  • deshaj shabd- deshaj ka arth hai - 'jo desh mein hi upaja ya bana ho'. jo na to videshi ho aur na kisi doosari bhaasha ke shabd se bana hai. aisa shabd jo na sanskrut ho, na sanskrut ka apabhransh ho aur na kisi doosari bhaasha ke shabd se bana ho, balki kisi pradesh ke logon ne bol-chaal mein jon hi bana liya ho. jaise- khatiya, lutiya
  • videshi shabd- iske alaava hindi mein kai shabd arabi, faarasi, Turkey, angreji aadi se bhi aaye hain. inhein videshi shabd kehte hain.

jis hindi mein arabi, faarasi aur angreji ke shabd lagbhag poori tarah se hata kar tatsam shabdon ko hi prayog mein laaya jaata hai, use "shuddh hindi" ya "maanakeekrut hindi" kehte hain.

hindi ka svanimvijnyaaan

mukhya lekh : hindi svaravijnyaaan

devanaagari lipi mein hindi ki dhvaniyaaain is prakaar hain :

svar

ye svar aadhunik hindi (khadeeboli) ke liye diye gaye hain.

varnaakshar “apa” ke saath maatra aaipeee uchchaaran "p" ke saath uchchaaran IAST samatulya angreji samatulya hindi mein varnan
a p / ə / / pə / a short or long en:Schwa: as the a in above or ago beech ka madhya prasrut svar
aa pa / α: / / pα: / ā long en:Open back unrounded vowel: as the a in father deergh vivrut pashv prasrut svar
i pi / i / / pi / i short en:close front unrounded vowel: as i in bit hrasv sanvrut agr prasrut svar
E pi / i: / / pi: / ī long en:close front unrounded vowel: as i in machine deergh sanvrut agr prasrut svar
u pu / u / / pu / u short en:close back rounded vowel: as u in put hrasv sanvrut pashv vartul svar
oo poo / u: / / pu: / ū long en:close back rounded vowel: as oo in school deergh sanvrut pashv vartul svar
A pe / e: / / pe: / e long en:close-mid front unrounded vowel: as a in game (not a diphthong) deergh ardhasanvrut agr prasrut svar
ai pai / æ: / / pæ: / ai long en:near-open front unrounded vowel: as a in cat deergh lagbhag-vivrut agr prasrut svar
O po / ο: / / pο: / o long en:close-mid back rounded vowel: as o in tone (not a diphthong) deergh ardhasanvrut pashv vartul svar
au pau / ɔ: / / pɔ: / au long en:open-mid back rounded vowel: as au in caught deergh ardhavivrut pashv vartul svar
<none> <none> / ɛ / / pɛ / <none> short en:open-mid front unrounded vowel: as e in get hrasv ardhavivrut agr prasrut svar

iske alaava hindi aur sanskrut mein ye varnaakshar bhi svar maane jaate hain :

  • ri — aadhunik hindi mein "ri" ki tarah
  • an — panchacham varn - n, m, ङ, nya, n ke liye ya svar ka naasikeekaran karne ke liye (anusvaar)
  • aain — svar ka anunaasikeekaran karne ke liye (chandrabindu)
  • a: — aghosh "h" (ni:shvaas) ke liye (visrg)

vyanjan

jab kisi svar prayog naheen ho, to vahaaain par 'a' maana jaata hai. svar ke na hone ko halant‌ athva viraam se darshaaya jaata hai. jaise k‌ kh‌ g‌ gh‌.

sparsh (Plosives)
alpapraan
aghosh 		mahaapraan
aghosh 		alpapraan
ghosh 		mahaapraan
ghosh 		naasikya
kanthya k / kə /
 kh / khə /
 g / gə /
 gh / gɦə /
 ङ / ŋaaə /
taalavya ch / cə / ya / tʃaaə /
 chh / chə / ya /tʃhə/
 j / ɟaaə / ya / dʒaaə /
 jh / ɟɦə / ya / dʒɦə /
 nya / ɲaaə /
moordhanya t / ʈaaə /
 th / ʈhə /
 d / ɖaaə /
 dh / ɖɦə /
 n / ɳaaə /
dantya t / t̪aaə /
 th / t̪hə /
 the / d̪aaə /
 dh / d̪ɦə /
 na / nə /
oshthya p / pə /
 f / phə /
 b / bə /
 bh / bɦə /
 m / mə /
sparsharahit (Non-Plosives)
taalavya moordhanya dantya/
vartsya 		kanthoshthya/
kaakalya
antasth ya / jə /
 r / rə /
 l / lə /
 va / ʋaaə /
ooshm/
sangharshi 		sh / ʃaaə /
 sh / ʂaaə /
 s / sə /
 h / ɦaaə / ya / hə /
dhyaatavya
  • inmein se l (moordhanya paarvik antasth) ek atirikt vyanjan hai jiska prayog hindi mein naheen hota hai. maraathi aur vaidik sanskrut mein sabhi ka prayog kiya jaata hai.
  • sanskrut mein sh ka uchchaaran aise hota tha : jeebh ki nok ko moordha (muainh ki chhat) ki or uthaakar sh jaisi aavaaj karna. shukl yajurved ki maadhyandini shaakha mein kuchh vaakyaat mein sh ka uchchaaran kh ki tarah karna maanya tha. aadhunik hindi mein sh ka uchchaaran poori tarah sh ki tarah hota hai.
  • hindi mein n ka uchchaaran kabhi-kabhi dain ki tarah hota hai, yaani ki jeebh muainh ki chhat ko ek joradaar thokar maarati hai. parantu iska shuddh uchchaaran jihva ko moordha (muainh ki chhat. jahaaain se 't' ka uchchaar karte hain) par laga kar na ki tarah ka anunaasik svar nikaalkar hota hai.

nuktaayukt dhvaniyaaain

ye dhvaniyaaain mukhyat: arabi aur faarasi bhaashaaon se liye gaye shabdon ke mool uchchaaran mein hoteen hain. inka srot sanskrut naheen hai. devanaagari lipi mein ye sabse kareebi sanskrut ke varn ke neeche nukta (bindu) lagaakar likhe jaate hain kintu hindi ki maanak vartani mein videshi shabdon ko bina nukte ke hi unke deseekrut roop mein likhne ki anushansha ki gayi hai. isaliye aajkal hindi mein nukta lagaane ki pratha ko log anaavashyak maanane lage hain aur aisa maana jaane laga hai ki nukte ka prayog keval tab kiya jaaya jab arabi/urdoo/faarasi vaale apni bhaasha ko devanaagari mein likhna chaahate hon.

varnaakshar
(aaipeee uchchaaran)		 udaaharan varnan deshi uchchaaran
k (/ q /) ktl aghosh alijihveeya sparsh k (/ k /)
kh (/ x ya χ /) khaas aghosh alijihveeya ya kanthya sangharshi kh (/ kʱ /)
g (/ ɣ ya ʁ /) gair ghosh alijihveeya ya kanthya sangharshi g (/ g /)
f (/ f /) frk aghosh dantyaushthya sangharshi f (/ pʱ /)
za (/ z /) jaalim ghosh vartsya sangharshi j (/ dʒ /)
d (/ ɽ /) ped alpapraan moordhanya utkshipt d (/ ɖ /)
dh (/ ɽaaʱ /) padhna mahaapraan moordhanya utkshipt dh (/ ɖaaʱ /)

hindi mein d aur dh vyanjan faarasi ya arabi se naheen liye gaye hain, na hi ye sanskrut mein paaye jaaye hain. vaastav mein ye sanskrut ke saadhaaran d, "l" aur dh ke badle hue roop hain.

vyaakaran

mukhya lekh : hindi vyaakaran

hindi me do ling hote hain - pulling aur streeling. sanjnyaa mein teen shabd-roop ho sakte hain — pratyaksh roop, apratyaksh roop aur sambodhan roop. sarvanaam mein karm roop aur sambandh roop bhi hote hain, par sambodhan roop naheen hota. sanjnyaa aur aa-kaarant visheshan mein pratyaya dvaara roop badla jaata hai. sarvanaam mein ling-bhed naheen hota. kriya ke bhi kai roop hote hain, jo pratyaya aur sahaayak kriyaaon dvaara badle jaate hain. kriya ke roop se uske vishay sanjnyaa ya sarvanaam ke ling aur vachan ka bhi pata chal jaat hai. hindi mein do vachan hote hain— ekavachan aur bahuvachan. kisi shabd ki vaakya mein jagah bataane ke liye kai kaarak hote hain, jo shabd ke baad aate hain (postpositions). yadi sanjnyaa ko kaarak ke saath theek se rakha jaaye to vaakya mein shabd-kram kaafi mukt hota hai.

hindi aur computer

mukhya lekh : hindi kampyootari, hindi taaiping, computer aur hindi, hindi kampyooting ka itihaas, mobile phone mein hindi samarthan aur antarajaal par hindi ke upakaran (software)

computer aur intaranet ne pichhle varshon me vishv me soochana kraanti la di hai. aaj koi bhi bhaasha computer (tatha computer sadrush anya upakaranon) se door rahakar logon se judi nahi rah sakti. computer ke vikaas ke aarambhik kaal mein angreji ko chhodkar vishv ki anya bhaashaaon ke computer par prayog ki disha mein bahut kam dhyaan diya gaya jisse kaaran saamaanya logon mein yeh galat dhaarana fail gayi ki computer angreji ke siva kisi doosari bhaasha (lipi) mein kaam hi nahi kar sakta. kintu yoonikod (Unicode) ke padaarpan ke baad sthiti bahut teji se badal gayi. 19 August 2009 mein Google ne kaha ki har 5 varshon mein hindi ki saamagri mein 94% badhotri ho rahi hai.[8] iske alaava Google ne kaha ki vah hindi mein khoj ko aur aasaan banaane ja rahi hai. jisse koi bhi aasaani se Internet par kuchh bhi hindi mein khoj sakega.[9]

hindi ki Internet par achhi upasthiti hai, Google jaise sarch engine hindi ko praathamik bhaarateeya bhaasha ke roop mein pahachaanate hain.[10] iske saath hi ab anya bhaasha ke chitr mein likhe shabdon ka bhi anuvaad hindi mein kiya ja sakta hai.[11] hindi ne praudyogiki ki bhaasha ko bhi prabhaavit kiya hai jaise avataar shabd computer vigyaan, krutrim buddhi aur yahaan tak ​aki robotiks mein bhi prayog kiya jaata hai.

is samay hindi mein sajaal (websites), chitthe (Blogs), viptr (email), gapashap (chat), khoj (web-search), saral mobile sandesh (SMS) tatha anya hindi saamagri upalabdh hain. is samay antarajaal par hindi mein sanganan ke sansaadhanon ki bhi bharamaar hai aur nit naye kampyooting upakaran aate ja rahe hain. logon me inke baare mein jaankaari dekar jaagrukta paida karne ki jaroorat hai taaki adhikaadhik log computer par hindi ka prayog karte hue apna, hindi ka aur poore hindi samaaj ka vikaas karein. shabdanagari jaisi nayi sevaaon ka prayog karke log achhe hindi saahitya ka laabh ab Internet par bhi utha sakte hain.

hindi aur janasanchaar

mukhya lekh : hindi ke sanchaar maadhyam aur hindi cinema

hindi cinema ka ullekh kiye bina hindi ka koi bhi lekh adhoora hoga. mumbai me sthit "Bollywood" hindi film udyog par Bhaarat ke karodo logon ki dhadkanein tiki rahati hain. har chalachitr mein kai gaane hote hain. hindi aur urdoo (khadeeboli) ke saath saath avadhi, bambaiya hindi, Bhojpuri, raajasthaani jaisi boliyaaain bhi samvaad aur gaanon me upayukt hoti hain. pyaar, deshbhakti, parivaar, aparaadh, bhaya, ityaadi mukhya vishay hote hain. adhiktar gaane urdoo shaayari par aadhaarit hote hain. kuchh lokapriya chalachitr hain: mahal (1949), shri 420 (1955), madar India (1957), mugl-A-aazam (1960), guide (1965), paakeeja (1972), baubi (1973), jnjeer (1973), yaadon ki baaraat (1973), deevaar (1975), shole (1975), mistar India (1987), kyaamat se kyaamat tak (1988), mainne pyaar kiya (1989), jo jeeta vahi sikndar (1991), ham aapke hain kaun (1994), dilvaale dulhaniya le jaayeinge (1995), dil to paagal hai (1997), kuchh kuchh hota hai (1998), taal (1999), kaho na pyaar hai (2000), lagaan (2001), dil chaahata hai (2001), kabhi khushi kabhi gm (2001), devadaas (2002), saathiya (2002), munna bhaai emabeebeees (2003), kal ho na ho (2003), dhoom (2004), veer-jaara (2004), svades (2004), salaam namaste (2005), rang de basanti (2006) ityaadi.

hindi ka vaishvik prasaar

mukhya lekh : aadhunik hindi ka antarraashtreeya vikaas

san 1998 ke poorv, maatrubhaashiyon ki sankhya ki drushti se vishv mein sarvaadhik boli jaane waali bhaashaaon ke jo aaainkade milte the, unamein hindi ko teesara sthaan diya jaata tha. san 1997 mein sainsas of India ka bhaarateeya bhaashaaon ke vishleshan ka granth prakaashit hone tatha sansaar ki bhaashaaon ki report taiyaar karne ke liye yoonesko dvaara san 1998 mein bheji gayi yoonesko prashnaavali ke aadhaar par unhein Bhaarat sarkaar ke kendreeya hindi sansthaan ke tatkaaleen nideshak professor mahaaveer saran jain dvaara bheji gayi vistrut report ke baad ab vishv star par yeh sveekrut hai ki maatrubhaashiyon ki sankhya ki drushti se sansaar ki bhaashaaon mein cheeni bhaasha ke baad hindi ka doosra sthaan hai. cheeni bhaasha ke bolne vaalon ki sankhya hindi bhaasha se adhik hai kintu cheeni bhaasha ka prayog kshetr hindi ki apeksha seemit hai. angreji bhaasha ka prayog kshetr hindi ki apeksha adhik hai kintu maatrubhaashiyon ki sankhya angreji bhaashiyon se adhik hai.

vishv ke lagbhag beesaveen shati ke antim do dashakon mein hindi ka antarraashtreeya vikaas bahut teji se hua hai. web, vigyaapan, sangeet, cinema aur baajaar ke kshetr mein hindi ki maang jis teji se badhi hai vaisi kisi aur bhaasha mein naheen. vishv ke lagbhag 150 vishvavidyaalayon tatha saikadon chhote-bade keindron mein vishvavidyaalaya star se lekar shodh star tak hindi ke adhyayan-adhyaapan ki vyavastha hui hai. videshon mein 25 se adhik patra-patrikaaen lagbhag niyamit roop se hindi mein prakaashit ho rahi hain. yooei ke 'ham ef-M' sahit anek desh hindi kaaryakram prasaarit kar rahe hain, jinmein BBC, Germany ke dauyache vele, Japan ke enaechake world aur cheen ke China radio international ki hindi seva vishesh roop se ullekhaneeya hain.

kuchh sarvaadhik prayukt hindi shabd

hindi uchchaaran tulya angreji hindi uchchaaran tulya angreji hindi uchchaaran tulya angreji hindi uchchaaran tulya angreji
ka, ke, ki Ka, Ke, Ki of aur Aur and ek Ek a, one tak Tak till, up to
mein Mein in hai Hai is aap Aap you (formal) ki Ki that
yeh Yah it vah Vah he tha Tha was liye Liye for
par Par on keval Keval only sada Sadaa always saath Sath with
uske uske his ve Veh they main Main I baad Baad after
hona Hona be khaana Khana to eat, food maaain Maa mother se Se from
ya Ya or naam Naam name ghar Ghar home dvaara Dwara through
shabd Sabdh word lekin Lekin but naheen Nahin no kya Kya what
sab Sab all the The were ham Ham, written as Hum we jab Jab when
aapke Aapke yours bhaasha Bhasha language kaha Kaha said vahaaain Vahan there
upayog Upyog use desh Desh country, land pratyek Pratek every jo Jo who
hamaara Hamara our karna Karna to do kaise Kaise how unke Unke their
agar Agar if hoga Hoga will be oopar Uppar on, above anya Anya other
ke Ke of udhar Udhar there bahut Bahut very fir Fir again
un Un them in In these isliye Isliye that is why, because of that kuchh Kuch some
use Use to him, to her achha Achcha good, well, nice banaana Banaanaa to build, to construct jaisa Jaisa as, like
bola Bola spoken suna Suna heard samay Samay time saamane Saamane in front
dekhna Dekhna to look kam Kam less adhik Adhik more likhna Likhna) to write
jaana Jaana to go dhanyavaad Dhanyavaad thank you sankhya Sangya number, count koi Koi someone, something
raasta Rasta way saka Saka could (masculine) log Log people mere Mere mine
gaya Gaya gone (masculine) pehle Pehle before paani Paanī water kiya Kiya done
peena Pīana to drink kaun Kaun who do Do give, two ab Ab now
bhi Bhī also, as well, too dopahar Daupahar noon neeche Nīache below din Din day
raat Raat night mil Mil meet aana Aana to come, come banaaya Banaaya build
aaraam Aaram rest, relax bhaag Bhag part subah Subah morning sona Sona to sleep, gold

sandarbh

  1. ↑ a aa i http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hin
  2. ↑ "parichay:: kendreeya hindi nideshaalaya". http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/hindi/introduction/intro.html.
  3. ↑ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx
  4. ↑ http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf
  5. ↑ keeth brown, saara ogilvi (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World [duniya ki bhaashaaon ka sankshipt vishvakosh]. elseviyr. pa॰ 498. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 9780080877754. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC.
  6. ↑ "apne ghar mein kab tak begaani rahegi hindi" (echateeem). web duniya. http://hindi.webduniya.com/miscellaneous/special07/hindiday/0709/13/1070913069_1.htm. abhigman tithi: 2008.
  7. ↑ Masica, p. 65
  8. ↑ "hindi saamagri ka upayog Internet par 94% badha: Google". dainik jaagaran. 19 August 2015. http://www.jagran.com/technology/tech-news-hindi-content-consumption-on-internet-growing-at-94-google-12754900.html. abhigman tithi: 19 August 2015.
  9. ↑ "Google par hindi mein kuchh bhi khojiye". dainik jaagaran. 19 August 2015. http://www.jagran.com/news/national-hindi-content-consumption-on-internet-growing-at-94-google-12753992.html. abhigman tithi: 19 August 2015.
  10. ↑ Google. "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". https://www.google.co.in/?hl=hi. abhigman tithi: 10 July 2015.
  11. ↑ "photo dekhkar hindi mein anuvaad kar dega Google". dainik jaagaran. 30 July 2015. http://www.jagran.com/news/national-google-will-translate-photographs-into-hindi-12670257.html. abhigman tithi: 19 August 2015.

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