himaani
himaani ya himnad (angreji Glacier) pruthvi ki satah par vishaal aakaar ki gatisheel barfaraashi ko kehte hai jo apne bhaar ke kaaran parvateeya dhaalon ka anusaran karte hue neeche ki or pravaahamaan hoti hai. dhyaatavya hai ki yeh himraashi saghan hoti hai aur iski utpatti aise ilaakon mein hoti hai jahaaain himpaat ki maatra him ke kshaya se adhik hoti hai aur prativrsh kuchh maatra mein him adhishesh ke roop mein bach jaata hai. varsh dar varsh him ke ekatran se nichli paraton ke oopar dabaav padta hai aur ve saghan him (Ice) ke roop mein parivrtit ho jaati hain. yahi saghan himraashi apne bhaar ke kaaran dhaalon par pravaahit hoti hai jise himnad kehte hain. praay: yeh himkhand neeche aakar pighlata hai aur pighlane par jal deta hai.
pruthvi par 99% himaaniyaaain dhruvon par dhruveeya him chaadar ke roop mein hain. iske alaava gair-dhruveeya kshetron ke himnadon ko alpaain himnad kaha jaata hai aur ye un oonche parvaton ke sahaare paae jaate hain jin par varsh bhar oopari hissa himaachhaadit rahata hai.[1]
ye himaaniyaaain samekit roop se vishv ke meethe paani (freshwater) ka sabse bada bhandaar hain[2] aur pruthvi ki dharaataleeya satah par paani ke sabse bade bhandaar bhi hain.
himaaniyon dvaara kai prakaar ke sthalaroop bhi nirmit kiye jaate hain jinmein plestoseen kaal ke vyaapak himaachhaadan ke dauraan bane sthalaroop pramukh hain. is kaal mein himaaniyon ka vistaar kaafi bade kshetr mein hua tha aur is vistaar ke dauraan aur baad mein in himaaniyon ke nivrtan se bane sthalaroop un jagahon par bhi paae jaate hain jahaaain aaj ushn ya sheetoshn jalavaayu paayi jaati hai. vartamaan samay mein bhi unneesavi sadi ke madhya se hi himaaniyon ka nivrtan jaari hai aur kuchh vidvaan ise plestoseen kaal ke him yug ke samaapan ki prakriya ke taur par bhi maanate hain.
himaaniyon ka mahatva isliye bhi badh jaata hai kyonki ye jalavaayu ke deerghakaalik parivrtanon jaise varshan, meghaachhaadan, taapamaan ityaadi ke pratiroopon, se prabhaavit hote hain aur iseeliye inhein jalavaayu parivartan aur samudra tal parivartan ka behtar soochak maana jaata hai.
anukram
himaani ka nirmaan
prakaar
himaani nirmit sthalaroop
aparadanaatmak
- sark
- teekshn Cuttack ya eret
- girishrrung ya haarn
nikshep janya
- dramalin
- eskar
- moren
himjal vaah janya
jalavaayu parivartan aur himnad
himaalaya ki himaaniyaaain
himaalaya mein hajaaron chhote-bade himnad hai jo lagbhag 3350 varg kimee0 kshetr mein faile hai. kuchh vishesh himnadon ka vivran nimnavat hai -
- gangotri- yeh 26 kimee0 lamba tatha 4 kimee0 chauda himkhand uttarakaashi ke uttar mein sthit hai.
- pindaari- yeh gadhvaal-kumaaooain seema ke uttari bhaag par sthit hai.
- siyaachin - yeh kaaraakoram shreni mein hai aur 72 kilometer lamba hai
- saasaaini - kaaraakoram shreni
- biyaafo - kaaraakoram shreni
- hispar - kaaraakoram shreni
- baatura - kaaraakoram shreni
- khurdopin - kaaraakoram shreni
- roopal - kaashmeer
- rimo - kaashmeer, 40 kilometer lamba
- sonaapaani - kaashmeer
- kedaaranaath - uttaraakhand kumaayooain
- kosa - uttaraakhand kumaayooain
- jemoo - Nepal/sikkim, 26 kilometer lamba
- kanchanajangha - Nepal mein sthit hai aur lambaai 16 kilometer
sandarbh
- ↑ Post, Austin; LaChapelle, Edward R (2000). Glacier ice. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97910-0
- ↑ Brown, Molly Elizabeth; Ouyang, Hua; Habib, Shahid; Shrestha, Basanta; Shrestha, Mandira; Panday, Prajjwal; Tzortziou, Maria; Policelli, Frederick; Artan, Guleid; Giriraj, Amarnath; Bajracharya, Sagar R.; Racoviteanu, Adina. [1] Mountain Research and Development. International Mountain Society. Retrieved 16 September 2011.