himaalaya

antariksh se liya gaya himaalaya ka chitr

himaalaya ek parvat tantr hai jo bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ko madhya Asia aur Tibet se alag karta hai. yeh parvat tantr mukhya roop se teen samaanaantar shreniyon- mahaan himaalaya, madhya himaalaya aur shivaalik se milkar bana hai jo pashchim se poorv ki or ek chaap ki aakruti mein lagbhag 2500 ki॰mee॰ ki lambaai mein faili hain.^[1] is chaap ka ubhaar dakshin ki or arthaat uttari Bhaarat ke maidaan ki or hai aur kendra Tibet ke pathaar ki or. in teen mukhya shreniyon ke aalaava chauthi aur sabse uttari shreni ko para himaalaya ya traans himaalaya kaha jaata hai jismein karaakoram tatha Kailash shreniyaaain shaamil hai. himaalaya parvat paaainch deshon ki seemaaon mein faila hain. ye desh hain- Pakistan, Bhaarat, Nepal, bhootaan aur cheen.

sansaar ki adhikaansh ooainchi parvat chotiyaaain himaalaya mein hi sthit hain. vishv ke 100 sarvochch shikharon mein himaalaya ki anek chotiyaaain hain. vishv ka sarvochch shikhar mount evarest himaalaya ka hi ek shikhar hai. himaalaya mein 100 se jyaada parvat shikhar hain jo 7200 meter se ooainche hain. himaalaya ke kuchh pramukh shikharon mein sabse mahatvapoorn saagaramaatha himaal, annapoorna, ganeya, laangatang, maanasaloo, rॊlavaaling, jugal, gaureeshankar, kunbhoo, dhaulaagiri aur kanchanajangha hai.

himaalaya shreni mein 15 hajaar se jyaada himnad hain jo 12 hajaar varg kilॊmeetar mein faile hue hai. 72 kilometer lamba siyaachin himnad vishv ka doosra sabse lamba himnad hai. himaalaya ki kuchh pramukh nadiyon mein shaamil hain - sindhu, ganga, brahmaputr aur yaangatej.

bhoonirmaan ke siddhaanton ke anusaar yeh Bhaarat-aastr pleton ke Asiaee plate mein takaraane se bana hai. himaalaya ke nirmaan mein pratham utthaan 650 lakh varsh poorv hua tha aur madhya himaalaya ka utthaan 450 lakh varsh poorv^[2]

himaalaya mein kuchh mahatvapoorn dhaarmik sthal bhi hai. inmein haridvaar, badreenaath, kedaaranaath, gomukh, Dave prayaag, rishikesh, Kailash, maanasarovar tatha amaranaath pramukh hain. bhaarateeya granth geeta mein bhi iska ullekh milta hai (geeta:10.25).

himaalaya parvat ki avasthiti ka ek saraleekrut niroopan

bhaarateeya plate ki gati aur himaalaya ki utpatti

himaalaya sanskrut ke him tatha aalaya do shabdon se mil kar bana hai, jiska shabdaarth barf ka ghar hota hai. yeh dhruveeya kshetron ke baad pruthvi par sabse bada himaavaran wala kshetr hai.

himaalaya aur vishv ki sabse oonchi choti mount evarest ko bhi kai naamon se jaana jaata hai. Nepal mein ise sagaramaatha (aakaash ya svarg ka bhaal), sanskrut mein devagiri aur tibbati mein chomolungama (parvaton ki raani) kehte hain.

himaalaya parvat ki ek choti ka naam 'bandarapunchh' hai. yeh choti uttaraakhand ke tihri gadhvaal jile mein sthit hai. iski ooainchaai 13,731 foot hai. ise sumeru bhi kehte hain.

himaalaya ki utpatti ki vyaakhya kobar ke bhoosannati siddhaant aur plate vivrtaniki siddhaant dvaara ki jaati hai. pehle bhaarateeya plate aur is par sthit bhaarateeya bhookhand gondavaanaalaind naamak vishaal mahaadveep ka hissa tha aur Africa se sata hua tha jiske vibhaajan ke baad bhaarateeya plate ki gati ke parinaamasvaroop bhaarateeya praayadveepeeya pathaar ka bhookhand uttar ki or badha^[3] oopari kreetaishiys kaal mein (840 lakh varsh poorv) bhaarateeya plate ne teji se uttar ki or gati praarambh ki aur takareeban 6000 ki॰mee॰ ki doori tay ki.^[4] yooreshiyaai aur bhaarateeya pleton ke beech yeh takaraav samudri plate ke nimjjit ho jaane ke baad yeh samudi-samudri takaraav ab mahaadveepeeya-mahaadveepeeya takaraav mein badal gaya aur (650 lakh varsh poorv) kendreeya himaalaya ki rachana hui.^[5]

tab se lekar ab tak takareeban 2500 kimi ki bhooparpateeya laghukaran ki ghatna ho chuki hai.^[6][7][8][9] saath hi bhaarateeya plate ka uttari poorvi hissa 45 ansh ke aaspaas ghadi ki suiyon ke vipreet disha mein ghoom chuka hai.^[10]

is takaraav ke kaaran himaalaya ki teen shreniyon ki rachana alag-alag kaal mein hui jiska kram uttar se dakshin ki or hai. arthaat pehle mahaan himaalaya, fir madhya himaalaya aur sabse ant mein shivaalik ki rachana hui.^[11]

himaalaya ki bhoogarbhik sanrachana^[12]

himaalaya parvat tantr ko teen mukhya shreniyon ke roop mein vibhaajit kiya jaata hai jo Pakistan mein sindhu nadi ke mod se lekar arunaachal ke brahmaputr ke mod tak ek doosare ke samaanaantar paayi jaati hain.^[13] chauthi gaud shreni asatat hai aur poori lambaai tak naheen paayi jaati hai. ye chaar shreniyaaain hain- ^[14]

• (k) para-himaalaya,
• (kh) mahaan himaalaya
• (g) madhya himaalaya, aur
• (gh) shivaalik.

para himaalaya jise traans himaalaya ya tetheej himaalaya bhi kehte hain, himaalaya ki sabse praacheen shreni hai. yeh karaakoram shreni, Laddakh shreni aur Kailash shreni ke roop mein himaalaya ki mukhya shreniyon aur Tibet ke beech sthit hai. iska nirmaan tetheej saagar ke avasaadon se hua hai. iski ausat chaudaai lagbhag 40 kimi hai. yeh shreni indas-saanpoo-shatar-jon naamak bhransh dvaara Tibet ke pathaar se alag hai.

mahaan himaalaya jise himaadri bhi kaha jaata hai himaalaya ki sabse ooainchi shreni hai. iske krod mein aagneya shailein paayi jaati hai jo grenaait tatha gaibro naamak chattaanon ke roop mein hain. paarshvon aur shikharon par avasaadi shailon ka vistaar hai. Kashmir ki jaanskar shreni bhi isi ka hissa maani jaati hai. himaalaya ki sarvochch chotiyaaain makaaloo, kanchanajangha, evarest, annapoorn aur naamacha barava ityaadi isi shreni ka hissa hain. yeh shreni mukhya kendreeya kshep dvaara madhya himaalaya se alag hai. haalaanki poorvi Nepal mein himaalaya ki teenon shreniyaaain ek doosare se sati hui hain.

madhya himaalaya mahaan himaalaya ke dakshin mein sthit hai. mahaan himaalaya aur madhya himaalaya ke beech do badi aur khuli ghaatiyaaain paayi jaati hai - pashchim mein kaashmeer ghaati aur poorv mein kaathamaandoo ghaati. Jammu-Kashmir mein ise peer panjaal, Himachal mein dhaulaadhaar tatha Nepal mein mahaabhaarat shreni ke roop mein jaana jaata hai.

shivaalik shreni ko baahya himaalaya ya up himaalaya bhi kehte hain. yahaaain sabse nayi aur kam ooainchi choti hai. pashchim Bengal aur bhootaan ke beech yeh vilupt hai baaki poore himaalaya ke saath samaanaantar paayi jaati hai. arunaachal mein miri, mishmi aur abhor pahaadiyaan shivaalik ka hi roop hain. shivaalik aur madhya himaalaya ke beech doon ghaatiyaaain paayi jaati hain.

sar Sydney buraad ne himaalaya ko chaar kshaitij pradeshon mein baaainta hai^[15]:-

1. Kashmir himaalaya - sindhu nadi se sataluj nadi ke beech ka bhaag
2. kumaaooain himaalaya - sataluj se kaali nadi (sarayoo) ke beech ka bhaag
3. Nepal himaalaya - sarayoo nadi se teesta nadi ke beech ka bhaag
4. Assam himaalaya - teesta nadi se brahmaputr nadi ke mod tak ka bhaag

kumaaooain (gadhvaal) himaalaya ka ek painoramik drushya

himaalaya parvat vividh praakrutik, aarthik aur paryaavaraneeya kaaranon se mahatvapoorn hai.^[16][17] himaalaya parvat ka mahatva na keval iske aaspaas ke deshon ke liye hai balki poore vishv ke liye hai kyonki yeh dhruveeya kshetron ke baad pruthvi par sabse bada himaachhaadit kshetr hai jo vishv jalavaayu ko bhi prabhaavit karta hai. iske mahatva ko nimnavat vargeekrut kiya ja sakta hai:

praakrutik mahatva

• uttari Bhaarat ka maidaan ya sindhu-ganga-brahmaputr ka maidaan himaalaya se laaye gaye jalodh nikshepon se nirmit hai.
• himaalaya ka sabse bada mahatva dakshini Asia ke kshetron ke liye hai jahaaain ki jalavaayu ke liye yeh ek mahatvapoorn niyantrak kaarak ke roop mein kaarya karta hai. himaalaya ki vishaal parvat shrunkhalaayein saaiberiyaai sheetal vaayuraashiyon ko rok kar bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ko jaadon mein aadhik thandha hone se bachaati hain.^[18]
• yeh parvat shreniyaaain maanasooni pavanon ke maarg mein avarodh utpaan karke is kshetr mein parvateeya varsha karaati hain jis par is kshetr ka paryaavaran aur arthavyavastha kaafi had tak nirbhar hain.
• himaalaya ki upasthiti hi vah kaaran hai jiski vajah se bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ke un kshetron mein bhi ushn aur uposhn katibandheeya jalavaayu paayi jaati hai jo kark rekha ke uttar mein sthit hain, anyatha in kshetron mein akshaansheeya sthiti ke anusaar samasheetoshn katibandheeya jalavaayu milni chaahiye thi.
• himaalaya ki varsh-paryant himaachhaadit shreniyaaain aur inke himnad sadaavaahini nadiyon ke srot hain jinse Bhaarat, Pakistan, Nepal aur Bangladesh ko mahatvapoorn jal sansaadhan upalabdh hote hain.

aarthik mahatva

Himachal pradesh mein khajjiyaar marg

• van sansaadhanon ke roop mein sheetoshn katibandheeya mulaayam lakdi waali vanaspati aur shankvaakaar vanon ke srot ke roop mein jiska kaafi aarthik mahatva hai.
• anya vividh vanopajein jaise aushadheeya paudhe, ityaadi ki praapti.
• charaagaah ke roop mein himaalaya ka mahatva hai kyonki iski ghaatiyon mein narm ghaas vaale kshetr paae jaate hain. inhein pashchimi himaalaya mein marg aur kumaayooain kshetr mein bugyaal tatha payaal ke naam se jaana jaata hai.
  

  leh ka ek drushya
• vividh khanijon, jaise choona patthar, dolomaait, slet, chattaani namak ityaadi ke srot ke roop mein.
• falon ki kheti ke liye.
• sinchaai ke srot ke roop mein sadaavaahini nadiyon ka jalasrot.

• paryatan udyog aur bahut se paryatak kendron ke liye.
• jalavidyut utpaadan ke liye.

paryaavaraneeya mahatva

foolon ki ghaati yoonesko ki vishv dharohar soochi mein shaamil jaivavividhta sthal hai

• jaivavividhta bhandaar ke roop mein himaalaya parvat kaafi mahatvapoorn hai. kuchh jaiv vividhta ke pramukh kshetr ke roop mein foolon ki ghaati tatha arunaachal ka poorvi himaalaya kshetr hain.^[19]
• jalavaayu par vaishvik prabhaav.
• himaalaya ke himnadon ko aaj jalavaayu parivartan ke pramukh sanketak ke roop mein bhi dekha ja raha hai.

saamarik mahatva

• himaalaya kshetr ka dakshin Asia ke liye hamesha se saamarik mahatva raha hai kyonki yeh ek praakrutik avarodh hai jo iske uttar se sainya aakramanon ko alpasanbhaavya banaata hai.
• vartamaan samay mein Kashmir tatha siyaachin vivaad isi kshetr mein avasthit hain. cheen dvaara himaalaya ke shikharon se banaai gayi praakrutik seema rekha, maikamohan rekha ko maanyata dene se inkaar karna bhi isi kshetr mein ek mahatvapoorn bhooraajanaitik vivaad hai.
• himaalaya ki uchch bhoomi hi kaaran hai ki Nepal aapani bafar state ki sthit ko surakshit banaaye hue hai.

himaalaya mein ugane vaale pedo aur vahaan rahane vaale jeev-jantuon ki vividhta jalavaayu, varsha, oonchaai aur mitti ke anusaar badalti hain. jahaaain neeche jalavaayu ushnakatibandheeya hoti hai, vaheen choti ke paas sthaayi roop se barf jami rahati hai. kark rekha ke nikat sthit hone ke kaaran sthaayi barf ka star aamtaur par lagbhag 5500 meter (18,000 feet) ka hota hai, jo ki duniya mein sabse adhik hai. tulana ke liye, new gini ke bhoomadhya pahaadon mein barf ka star kuchh 900 meter (2950 feet) neeche hai. vaarshik varsha ki maatra (pahaadon ki dakshini taraf) pashchim se poorv badhati chali jaati hai.

• The making of the Himalaya and major tectonic subdivisions
• Geology of the Himalayan mountains
• Birth of the Himalaya
• Some notes on the formation of the Himalaya
• Pictures from a trek in Annapurna (film by Ori Liber)
• Geology of Nepal Himalaya
• South Asia's Troubled Waters Journalistic project at the Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting