haathi

अफ़्रीकी हाथी अफ़्रीकी हाथी
afreeki haathi
Asiaee haathi
afreeki haathi ka kankaal
haathi
jeevaashm kaal: Pliocene–Recent (130 se 20 lakh varsh pehle)
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
vaigyaanik vargeekaran
jagat: pashu
sangh: rajjuki
upasangh: kasheruki jantu
varg: stanapaayi
gan: proboskeediya arthaat
kul: elifaintide (haathi parivaar)
gre, 1821

haathi jameen par rahane wala ek vishaal aakaar ka praani hai. yeh jameen par rahane wala sabse vishaal stanapaayi hai. aaj elifaintide (haathi parivaar) kul mein keval do prajaatiyaaain jeevit hain: ऍlifs tatha lauksodaunta. teesari prajaati maimath vilupt ho chuki hai.[1]jeevit do prajaatiyon ki teen jaatiyaaain pahachaani jaati hain:- lauksodaunta prajaati ki do jaatiyaaain - afreeki khule maidaanon ka haathi (anya naam: bush ya savaana haathi) tatha (afreeki jangalon ka haathi ) - aur ऍlifs jaati ka bhaarateeya ya Asiaee haathi.[2]haalaanki kuchh shodhakarta donon afreeki jaatiyon ko ek hi maanate hain,[3]anya maanate hain ki pashchimi afreeka ka haathi chauthi jaati hai.[4]ऍlifaintidi ki baaki saari jaatiyaaain aur prajaatiyaaain vilupt ho gayi hain. adhiktam to pichhle himyug mein hi vilupt ho gayi theen, haalaanki maimath ka bauna svaroop san 2000 E.poo. tak jeevit raha ho.[5]
aaj haathi jameen ka sabse bada jeev hai.[6]haathi ka garbh kaal 22 maheenon ka hota hai, jo ki jmeeni jeevon mein sabse lamba hai.[7] janm ke samay haathi ka bachcha kreeb 105 ki. ka hota hai.[7] haathi amooman 50 se 70 varsh tak jeevit rahata hai, haalaanki sabse deerghaayu haathi 82 varsh ka darj kiya gaya hai.[8] aaj tak ka darj kiya gaya sabse vishaal haathi san 1955 E. mein angola mein maara gaya tha.[9]is nar ka vajn lagbhag 10,900 ki. tha aur kandhe tak ki ooainchaai 3.96 mi. thi jo ki ek saamaanya afreeki haathi se lagbhag ek meter zyaada hai.[10] itihaas ke sabse chhote haathi yoonaan ke kreet dweep mein paaye jaate the aur gaaya ke bachhade athva sooar ke aakaar ke hote the.[11]
Asiaee sabhyataaon mein haathi buddhimtta ka prateek maana jaata hai aur apni smaran shakti tatha buddhimaani ke liye prasiddh hai, jahaaain unki buddhimaani daulfin[12][13][14][15] tatha vanamaanushon ke baraabar maani jaati hai.[16][17] paryavekshan se pata chala hai ki haathi ka koi praakrutik parabhakshi naheen hota hai,[18] haalaanki Singh ka samooh shaavak ya kamzor jeev ka shikaar karte dekha gaya hai.[19][20] ab yeh manushya ki dakhal tatha avaidh shikaar ke kaaran sankat mein hai.

anukram

vyutpatti

vargeekaran tatha kramik vikaas

afreeki haathi prajaati mein do ya teen (vivaadit) jeevit jaatiyaaain hain; jabki Asiaee haathi prajaati ke antargat keval Asiaee haathi hi jeevit jaati hai, lekin ise teen ya chaar (vivaadit) upajaatiyon mein vibhaajit kiya ja sakta hai. afreeki tatha Asiaee haathi samaan poorvaj se kreeb 76 lakh varsh poorv vibhaajit ho gaye the.[21]

afreeki haathi

mukhya lekh : afreeki haathi, afreeki bush haathi, aur afreeki jangali haathi
haathi kenya mein nadi paar karta hua
afreeki bush haathi naameebiya ke ऍtosha raashtreeya udyaan mein
jangali parivesh mein haathi ka video

ve haathi jo lauksodaunta prajaati ke antargat aate hain aur saamoohik roop se afreeki haathi kahalaate hain, vartamaan mein 37 afreeki deshon mein paaya jaata hai. afreeki haathi Asiaee haathi se kai prakaar se bhinn hote hain, jinmein sabse spasht unke bade kaan hote hain.[22] afreeki haathi Asiaee haathi se aakaar mein bade hote hain aur unki avatal peeth hoti hai. afreeki haathi mein nar aur maada donon ke haatheedaant hote hain aur unki tvacha mein baal bhi kam hote hain.
afreeki haathi paramparaagat roop se ek jaati ke antargat do upajaatiyon mein vibhaajit kiya gaya hai:-savaana ka haathi ya afreeki bush haathi tatha afreeki jangali haathi, lekin haal ke di N A pareekshan bataate hain ki vaastav mein yeh do alag jaatiyaaain ho sakti hain.[23] lekin sabhi visheshagyon dvaara yeh tark maanya naheen hai.[3] afreeki haathi ki ek teesari jaati bhi prastaavit ki gayi hai jise pashchimi haathi (Western Elephant) ki sanjnyaa di gayi hai.[24]

afreeki bush haathi, afreeki jangali haathi, Asiaee haathi, vilupt Amreeki maistodaun tatha maimath ke di N A vishleshan karne vaale vaigyaaniko san 2010 E. mein is nishkarsh mein pahuainche ki yakeenan afreeki bush haathi tatha afreeki jangali haathi do alag jaatiyaaain hain. unhonne likha :

"We unequivocally establish that the Asian elephant is the sister species to the woolly mammoth. A surprising finding from our study is that the divergence of African savanna and forest elephants—aawhich some have argued to be two populations of the same species—aais about as ancient as the divergence of Asian elephants and mammoths. Given their ancient divergence, we conclude that African savanna and forest elephants should be classified as two distinct species"

[25]
is pun:vargeekaran ka sanrakshan ki drushti se bahut mahatva hai. abhi tak haathiyon ko ek hi jaati ka maankar poori aabaadi ka ek saath hi aankalan kiya jaata tha. lekin pun:vargeekaran ke baad kisi jaati vishesh ke haathi ki aabaadi aankakar yeh pata lagaane mein suvidha ho jaayegi ki kis jaati ke haathi ko sanrakshan adhik aavashyakta hai, kyonki jis haathi ki aabaadi sankatagrast ki paribhaasha ki paridhi mein aati hai uske sanrakshan ke liye kaanoon aur sakht karne padeinge aur avaidh shikaariyon aur taskaron ko sankatagrast us jaati ke jaanvaron ya unke shareer ke angon ke vyaapaar mein rok lagegi.
afreeki jangali haathi tatha afreeki bush haathi paraspar prajanan kar sakte hain, haalaanki jungle mein unke pruthak pariveshon ko apnaaye jaane ke kaaran aise mauke kam hi milte hain. kintu bandi avastha mein yeh baat laagoo naheen hoti hai. kyonki afreeki haathi ko haal hi mein do alag jaatiyon ka darja mila hai, aisa sambhav hai ki bandi haalat ke afreeki haathi sankar (hybrid) hon.
do nai prajaatiyon ke vargeekaran ke antargat, lauksodaunta ऍfrikaana keval afreeki bush haathi ya savaana haathi ko ingit karta hai, jo bhoo-praaniyon mein sabse vishaal hai. nar kandhe tak 3.2 mi. se 4 mi. tak ka hota hai aur vajn mein 3,500 ki. se (soochit) 12,000 ki. tak ka ho sakta hai.[26] maada thodi chhoti hoti hai aur kandhe tak kreeb 3 mi. tak ooainchi hoti hai.[27] amooman, savaana haathi ghaas ke khule maidaanon, daladal aur jheel ke kinaare paaye jaate hain. yeh savaana ke poore kshetr mein paaya jaata hai jo ki sahaara ke dakshin mein hai. doosari tathaakathit jaati, afreeki jangali (jungle ka) haathi lauksodaunta saaiklautis savaana haathi se aamtaur par chhota aur gatheela hota hai, tatha uske haatheedaant patale aur kam ghumaavadaar hote hain. jungle ke haathi ka vajn 4,500 ki. tak aur kandhe tak ki ooainchaai kreeb 3 mi. ho sakte hain. apne savaana sanbandhiyon ki tulana mein inke baare mein bahut kam jaankaari hai kyonki paryaavaran aur raajaneetik kaaranon se ismein baadha aati hai. praay: yeh madhya aur pashchimi afreeka ke ghane varshaavanon mein rahate hain, lekin kabhi-kabhi vanon ki seemaaon mein bhi vichran karte hain jisse unka aavaaseeya kshetr savaana haathi ke kshetr se mil jaata hai jisse sankaran ho sakta hai. san 1979 E. mein yeh anumaan lagaaya gaya ki afreeki haathiyon ki aabaadi 13 lakh ki hai. [28] yeh anumaan vivaadaaspad hai aur yeh maanana hai ki yeh adhyaaganan hai,[29] lekin isi tathya ka vyaapak roop se ullekh kiya jaata hai aur ab yeh vastut: aankalan ka aadhaar ban gaya hai jisko glat dhang se dikhlaakar jaati ka nirantar patan parimaanit kiya jaata hai. san 1980 ke dashak mein ajfreeki haathiyon koathi ne poore vishv ka dhyaan apni or aakarshit kiya kyonki avaidh shikaar ke kaaran poorvi afreeka mein inki aabaadi nirantar ghatati chali gayi. aai you si N ki san 2007 E. ki report ke mutaabik, [30] jangali parivesh mein lagbhag 4,70,000 se 6,90,000 ke beech mein afreeki haathi hain. haalaanki yeh aankada bhi haathiyon ke kul aavaaseeya kshetr ka lagbhag aadha hissa hi samaavisht karta hai, visheshagya yeh maanate hain ki asli aankada isse adhik naheen hoga kyonki iski sambhaavana kam hai ki iske alaava haathiyon ki koi badi aabaadi khoji jaayegi. [31] aajkal inki sabse zyaada aabaadi dakshin tatha poorvi afreeka mein pai jaati hai jo kul milaakar mahaadveep ki adhikaansh aabaadi hai. aai you si N ke visheshagyon ke anusaar dakshin tatha poorvi afreeka ki badi aabaadi sthir hai aur 1990 ke dashak ke madhya se prati varsh ausatan 4.5% ki dar se badhti bhi ja rahi hai.[31][32]

doosari taraf pashchimi afreeka mein haathi ki aabaadi chhoti tatha banti huyi hai aur mahaadveep ke bahut chhote anupaat ko darshaati hai. [33] madhya afreeka ki aabaadi ke baare mein bahut anishchitta bani huyi hai, jahaaain jangalon ke kaaran aabaadi ka sarvekshan karna kathin kaarya hai, parantu yeh gyaat hai ki vahaaain haatheedaant ke avaidh shikaar tatha haathi ke maans ke liye unka dhadlle se shikaar kiya ja raha hai.[34] dakshin afreeka mein haathi ki aabaadi dugune se zyaada ho gayi hai aur yeh sankhya san 1995 mein haatheedaant ke vyaapaar mein paabandi lagaane ke baad 8,000 se badhkar 20,000 se adhik ho gayi hai[35] dakshin afreeka (anya jagah naheen) mein yeh paabandi February 2008 ko hata di gayi jo paryaavaran guton mein vivaad ka vishay ban gaya hai.[krupaya uddharan jodein]

Asiaee haathi

mukhya lekh : Asiaee haathi

Asiaee haathi, ऍlifs maiksims, afreeki haathi se chhota hota hai. iske kaan chhote hote hain aur adhikaansh roop se keval nar mein haatheedaant paaye jaate hain.

duniya bhar mein Asiaee haathi ki - jinhein bhaarateeya haathi bhi kaha jaata hai - aabaadi 60,000 aanki gayi hai jo afreeki haathi ka dasavaan bhaag hai. adhik sateek yeh anumaan lagaaya gaya hai ki Asia mein jangali haathi kreeb 38,000 se 53,000 hain tatha paalatoo haathi 14,500 se lekar 15,300 hain aur takreeban 1,000 haathi duniya bhar ke chidiyaagharon mein hain.[36] Asiaee haathi ki aabaadi ka patan afreeki haathi ki tulana mein dheere hua hai aur iske pramukh kaaran hain avaidh shikaar tatha manushyon dvaara unke kshetron ko hadp jaana.[krupaya uddharan jodein]

Jaipur, Bhaarat mein ek susajjit haathi
shri lanka mein haathiyon ka anaathaashram
Jaipur, Bhaarat mein paalatoo haathi paryatakon ko savaari karaate hue

Asiaee haathi ki kai upajaatiyaaain maurfomeetrik tatha maulikyoolar data pranaaliyon dvaara pahachaani gayi hain. ऍlifs maiksims maiksims (shri lankaai haathi) keval shri lanka ke dweep mein paaya jaata hai. vah Asiaee haathiyon mein sabse bada hai. ek anumaan ke mutaabik inki jangalon mein sankhya 3,000 se 4,500 tak aanki gayi hai haalaanki haal mein koi sarvekshan naheen hua hai. bade nar haathi 5,400 ki. ke lagbhag vajni hote hain tatha kandhe tak 3.4 mi. tak ooainche hote hain. naron ke maathe par bahut bade ubhaar hote hain aur donon lingon mein anya Asiaee haathiyon ki tulana mein ranjakata (pigmentation) ksheen hoti hai. visheshatay: inke soond, kaan, muainh tatha pet mein halke gulaabi rang ke chitte pade hote hain. pinnaavaala, shri lanka mein haathiyon ka anaathaashram hai jo inko vilupt hone se bachaane mein mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaata hai.

ऍlifs maiksims indiks (bhaarateeya haathi) Asiaee haathi ki aabaadi ka bada hissa banaata hai. kreeb 36,000 ki aabaadi vaale ye haathi halke sleti rang ke hote hain, tatha inke keval kaanon aur soond mein ranjakata ksheen hoti hai. bade nar amooman 5,000 ki. vajni hote hain lekin shri lankaai haathi jitne ooainche hote hain. mukhya bhoo-bhaageeya haathi Bhaarat se lekar Indonesia tak 11 Asiaee deshon mein paaya jaata hai. inko jangali ilaake parivrti anchal, jo ki jangalon aur ghaas ke maidaanon ke beech hote hain, pasand hain kyonki vahaaain inko bhojan mein adhik vividhta mil jaati hai.
ऍlifs maiksims sumaatrenas, ya sumaatra ka haathi keval sumaatra hi mein paaya jaata hai. yeh bhaarateeya haathi se chhota hota hai. inki sankhya 2,100 se 3,000 ke beech aanki gayi hai. yeh bhaarateeya haathi se bhi halke rang ka hota hai aur iski ranjakata anya Asiaee haathiyon ki tulana mein kam ksheen hoti hai tatha sirf kaanon par gulaabi dhabbe hote hain. vayask sumaatraai haathi amooman kandhe tak keval 1.7 se 2.6 mi. ooaincha hota hai tatha vajn mein 3,000 ki. se kam hota hai. yeh apne Asiaee tatha afreeki rishtedaaron se kaafi chhota hota hai aur keval sumaatra dweep ke un kshetron mein paaya jaata hai jahaaain ya to jungle hon ya pedon ki jhuramut ho.

jim kaurbet raashtreeya udyaan mein nar haathi

san 2003 E. mein borniyo dweep mein ek anya upajaati pahachaani gayi hai. isko borniyo pigmi haathi ke naam se navaaja gaya hai aur anya Asiaee haathiyon ki tulana mein yeh zyaada chhota aur kam aakraamak hota hai. iske apekshaakrut bade kaan aur pooainchh hote hain aur iske haatheedaant bhi adhik seedhe hote hain.

shaareerik lakshan

Asiaee haathi halke sleti rang ke hote hain, tatha inke keval kaanon aur soond mein ranjakata ksheen hoti hai. bade nar amooman 5,000 ki. vajni hote hain lekin shri lankaai haathi jitne ooainche hote hain.
sumaatraai haathi ki ranjakata anya Asiaee haathiyon ki tulana mein kam ksheen hoti hai tatha sirf kaanon par gulaabi dhabbe hote hain.

soond

haathi apni soond ya to chetaavani dene ke liye ya fir mitr athva shatru soonghane ke liye uthaata hai.
haathi ki soond ke rekhaachitr
haathi apni soond ka istemaal kai kaaryon ke liye karta hai. yahaaain par haathi apni aaainkh ponchhate hue.
Asiaee haathi ki aaainkh.

soond haathi ki naak aur uske oopari honth ki sandhi hai,[37] aur lambi ho jaane ke kaaran yeh haathi ka sabse mahatvapoorn tatha kaaryakushal ang ban gaya hai. afreeki haathiyon ki soond ke chhor mein do angulinuma ubhaar hote hain, jabki Asiaee haathiyon mein keval ek hi ubhaar hota hai. ek taraf to haathi ki soond itni samvedansheel hoti hai ki ghaas ka ek tinka bhi utha leti hai to doosari taraf itni majboot bhi hoti hai ki ped ki tahaniyaaain bhi ukhaad le.
adhikaansh shaakaahaari pashuon ke daaainton ki sanrachana is prakaar ki hoti hai ki vah paudhe ke vibhinn bhaagon ko kaat-faad sakein. jabki haathiyon mein beemaar aur bahut chhote bachchon ke alaava, haathi pehle apni soond se khaana faadta hai aur fir us nivaale ko apne muainh mein pahuainchaata hai. vah soond ke dvaara ghaas charata hai ya fir oopar ped se pattiyaaain, fal ya samoochi shaakhaayein tod leta hai. agar ped mein bhojan usaki soond ki pahuainch se bhi pare hai to haathi apni soond ped ke tane ya shaakha mein lapetakar jor se jhinjhodta hai taaki fal ityaadi neeche tapak jaaye ya kabhi-kabhi poore ka poora ped hi ukhaad deta hai.
haathi soond ka istemaal paani peene ke liye bhi karta hai. haathi pehle apni soond mein ek baar mein kareeb 14 liter apple juice kheench leta hai aur fir use apne muainh mein udel deta hai. nahaane ke liye bhi haathi isi vidhi ka istemaal karta hai. nahaane ke baad apne geele shareer mein haathi soond se mitti chhidk leta hai jo sookhakar usaki tvacha ke oopar papadi ka roop le leti hai aur usaki tej dhoop tatha parajeeviyon se suraksha karti hai. anya stanapaaiyon ki tarah — sivaaya insaan aur vanamaanush ke, jinhe seekhana padta hai — haathi bhi bahut achha tairaak hota hai.[38] tairate samay haathi apni soond ka istemaal snaurakail ki tarah karta hai.[39][40]
soond haathi ke saamaajik kaaryakalaapon ke oopar bhi bahut mahatvapoorn bhoomika ada karti hai. sanbandhi apni soondein ek doosare se lapetakar abhivaadan kareinge, jaisa manushya haath milaakar karte hain. iska istemaal vah khel karte hue kushti mein, milan se pehle, maaain tatha bachche ke sambandh mein tatha anya kaaryakalaapon mein bhi karte hain. uthi huyi soond chetaavani ya dhamaki ho sakti hai jabki sir neeche karke jhuki huyi soond samarpan ka sanket ho sakti hai. dushman ko haathi apni soond se lapetakar feink sakta hai.
haathi ki soond mein manushya se kai guna adhik ghraan shakti hoti hai aur vah apni soond oopar uthaakar tatha daahine baayein samudri doorabeen (pairiskop) ki tarah laharaakar apne khaadya srot, mitr tatha shatru ka pata laga leta hai.

haathi daaaint

haathi ke haatheedaaaint uske doosari oopari chhedak daaaint hote hain. haatheedaaaint haathi ke jeevanakaal mein nirntar badhte rahate hain. ek vayask nar ke haatheedaaaint lagbhag ek varsh mein 18 se. mi. ki dar se badhte rahate hain. haatheedaaaint paani, lavan tatha mool khodane ke kaam aate hain. iske alaava pedon ki chhaal chheelane aur apne liye raasta taiyaar karne mein bhi haatheedaaaint ka bada yogadaan hota hai. iske alaava haatheedaaaint apni paridhi jataane ke liye pedon mein nishaanadehi ke liye tatha kabhi kabhaar astr-shastr ke liye bhi istemaal mein laae jaate hain.
jaise manushya daayaaain ya baayaaain haath ka istemaal karne wala hota hai, usi prakaar haathi bhi aamtaur par daayaaain ya baayaaain haatheedaaaint istemaal karta hai. mukhya haatheedaaaint amooman thoda chhota hota hai aur uske chhor kuchh gol hote hain kyonki us haatheedaaaint ka zyaada istemaal hua hota hai. nar aur maada afreeki haathi ke lambe haatheedaaaint hote hain jo vayask avastha mein 3 mi. tak lambe aur 90 ki. tak vajni ho sakte hain. Asiaee haathiyon mein sirf nar ke lambe haatheedaaaint hote hain. maada ke bahut chhote ya amooman naheen hote hain. Asiaee nar ke afreeki nar jitne lambe haatheedaaaint ho sakte hain lekin vah bahut patale aur halke hote hain. aaj tak sabse vajni 39 ki. ka aanka gaya hai. haatheedaaaint mein nakkaashi saralataapoorvak ho jaati hai at: kalaakaaron ne ise mahatta di jiske kaaran bhaari saङakhya mein vishv mein haathiyon ka vinaash hua.

daaaint

anya stanapaaiyon ki tulana mein haathi ke daaainton ki rachana bilkul alag hoti hai. poori umr bhar unke 28 daaaint hote hain. yeh hain:–

  • do oopari dviteeya chhedak: yahi haatheedaaaint kahalaate hain.
  • haatheedaaaint se poorv viksit doodh ke daaaint.
  • 12 agracharvanak, jabade ke har taraf teen.
  • 12 charvanak, jabade ke har taraf teen.
Asiaee haathi ke charvanak daaaint ka pratiroop

anya stanapaaiyon ke vipreet, jinke doodh ke daaaint jhadne ke baad sthaai daaaint aa jaate hain, haathi ke daaaint nirntar badli hote rahate hain. lagbhag ek varsh ki aayu mein haatheedaaaint ke agragaami doodh ke daaaint jhad jaate hain aur haatheedaaaint ugane lag jaate hain. kintu chabaane vaale daaaint (agracharvanak tatha charvanak) ek haathi ki aayu mein kreeb paanch baar[41] ya bahut virle hi chh: baar[42]badli hote hain.
ek baar mein keval chaar chabaane vaale daaaint (agracharvanak tatha/athva charvanak), ek-ek donon jabadon ke donon taraf, prayog mein laaye jaate hain (ya keval do kyonki jabade ke har hisse mein doosra daaaint pehle ko badli kar raha hota hai). maanav daaainton ke vipreet pakke daaaint doodh ke daaainton ko oopar ki taraf se naheen dhakelate hain. varan naye daaaint mukh ke pichhle bhaag mein ugate hain tatha puraane daaainton ko aage ki taraf dhakelate hain jahaaain puraane daaaint toot-toot kar gir jaate hain. afreeki haathiyon mein janm se hi chabaane vaale daaainton ka pehla samooh (sait) (agracharvanak) maujood hota hai. jab shaavak do varsh ka hota hai to donon jabadon ke donon taraf ka pehla chabaane wala daaaint gir jaata hai. yahi prakriya doosare chabaane vaale daaainton ke samooh ke saath chh: varsh ki aayu mein hoti hai. 13 se 15 varsh ki aayu tak teesara daaainton ka samooh bhi jaata rahata hai, tatha chautha samooh 28 varsh ki aayu mein jhad jaata hai. paaainchava samooh haathi ki 40 varsh ki aayu tak chalta hai. kadaachit chhatha samooh haathi ke jeevan ke ant tak chalta hai. yadi haathi 60 varsh ki aayu se adhik jeevit rah jaata hai to charvanak ka aakhiri samooh bhi ghis-ghis kar thoonth bhar rah jaata hai tatha haathi bhali bhaanti kha bhi naheen sakta hai.[43]

tvacha

afreeki haathi nahaate huye

haathiyon ko bolachaal ki bhaasha mein haathi (apne mool vaigyaanik vargeekaran se) kaha jaata hai, jiska arth moti chamadi ke jaanvaron se hai. ek haathi ki tvacha 2.5 seinteemeetar tak moti hoti hai. iske shareer ka adhikaansh bhaag atyant kathor hota hai. haalaanki, munh aur kaan ke bheetar ke chaaron or tvacha kaafi patali hoti hai. aam taur par, ek Asiaee haathi ki tvacha mein apne afreeki rishtedaar se adhik baal hote hain. yuva haathi mein yeh frk adhik nazar aata hai. Asiaee shaavakon ki tvacha amooman katthai rang ke baalon se dhaki rahati hai. umr ke saath baal gaadhe rang ke hone ke saath-saath kam hone lagte hain lekin uske sir aur pooainchh mein vah sada rahate hain.
haathi yon to sleti rang ke hote hain, lekin afreeki haathi alag-alag rang ki mitti mein lotakar laal ya bhoore rang ke prateet hote hain. geeli mitti mein lotana haathi samaaj ki dincharya ka ek abhinn ang hota hai. na keval lotana saamaajikran ke liye aham hai balki mitti dhooparodhak ka kaam bhi karti hai aur usaki tvacha ko paraabaingani kirnon se bachaati hai. haathi ki tvacha kathor hone ke baavajood samvedansheel hoti hai. yadi vah niyamit roop se mitti ka snaan na kare to usaki tvacha ko jalne se, keetadansh se aur nami nikal jaane se kaafi nuksaan ho sakta hai. mitti mein lotane se tvacha ko haathi ke shareer ka taapamaan niyantrit karne mein madad milti hai. haathi ko apni tvacha se shareer ki garmi nikaalne mein mushkil hoti hai, kyonki shareer ke anupaat mein tvacha bahut kam hoti hai. haathi ke vajn aur usaki tvacha ke satahi kshetrafal ka anupaat manushya ki tulana mein bahut adhik hota hai. haathiyon ko apni taang uthaakar pair ke taaluon ko hava dekar sanbhavat: thanda rakhane ki koshish karte dekha gaya hai.

pair

haathi tarabooj ko khaane se pehle apne pairon se kuchalata hua
sangrahaalaya mein rakha haathi ke pair ka naakhoon

haathi ke pairon ki banaavat mote stambhon ya khanbhon ke samaan hoti hai. haathi ko apni seedhi taangon aur bade gaddedaar pairon ki vajah se khade rahane mein maansapeshiyon se kam shakti ki aavashyakta hoti hai. isi kaaran, haathi bina thake bahut lambe samay tak khade rah sakte hain. vaastav mein, afreeki haathiyon ko shaayad hi kabhi lete hue dekha jaata ho, saamaanyat: ve beemaar ya ghaayal hone par hi letate hai. iske vipreet Asiaee haathi aksar letana pasand karte hain. haathi ke pair lagbhag gol hote hain. afreeki haathiyon ke pratyek pichhle pair par teen naakhoon aur pratyek saamane ke pair par chaar naakhoon hote hain. bhaarateeya haathiyon ke pratyek pichhle pair par chaar naakhoon aur pratyek saamane ke pair par paanch naakhoon hote hain. pair ki haddiyon ke neeche ek kada, shleshi padaarth hota hai jo ek gadde ya shaukar ke roop mein kaarya karta hai. haathi ke vajn se pair fool jaata hai, lekin vajn hat jaane se yeh pehle jaisa ho jaata hai. isi kaaran se geeli mitti mein gahra dhains jaane ke baavajood haathi apni taangon ko aasaani se baahar kheench leta hai.

kaan

jeevavijnyaaan aur vyavahaar

vikaas

saamaajik vyavahaar

sanbhog

prajnyaata

chetna

aatm jaagrukta

sanprashan

aahaar

nidra

punarutpatti aur jeevan chakr

haathi ke bachhade

paryaavaran ka prabhaav

sankat

shikaar

nivaas ka nasht

raashtreeya udyaan

urvarak

sandarbh

  1. ↑ you. joger aur ji. gairido (2001). "Phylogenetic position of Elephas, Loxodonta and Mammuthus, based on molecular evidence". the world of elifaints - intaranaishanal kaungres, rom 2001.
  2. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Elephantidae
  3. ↑ a aa afrikn elifaint speslisht group (December 2003). "Statement on the taxonomy of extant Loxodonta" (PDF). I.you.si.N.. Archived from the original on 2007-06-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20070604195600/http://iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/afesg/tools/pdfs/pos_genet_en.pdf. abhigman tithi: 2006-12-08.
  4. ↑ Somerville, Keith (2002-09-26). "W African elephants 'separate' species". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2282801.stm.
  5. ↑ vartaanyan, S. L.; garutt, vi.E.; sher, A.vi. (25 March 1993). "Holocene dwarf mammoths from Wrangel Island in the Siberian Arctic". nechar 362 (6418): 337–340. doi:10.1038/362337a0. http://blogs.nature.com/nautilus/Dwarf%20mammoths.pdf.
  6. ↑ "African Elephant". National Geographic. http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/african-elephant.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-06-16.
  7. ↑ a aa http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/elephant/sections/cyclotis/families/babies.html
  8. ↑ Elephants – Animal Corner
  9. ↑ Fenykovi, Jose (June 4, 1956). "The Biggest Elephant Ever Killed By Man". USA: CNN. p. 7. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1069744/7/index.htm.
  10. ↑ "Animal Bytes: Elephant". San Diego Zoo. http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-elephant.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-06-16.
  11. ↑ bet, di.M.A. 1907. On Elephant Remains from Crete, with Description of Elephas creticus sp.n. Proc. zool. Soc. London: 238–250.
  12. ↑ Jennifer Viegas (2011). "Elephants smart as chimps, dolphins". ABC Science. http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/03/08/3158077.htm. abhigman tithi: 2011-03-08.
  13. ↑ Jennifer Viegas (2011). "Elephants Outwit Humans During Intelligence Test". Discovery News. http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html. abhigman tithi: 2011-03-19.
  14. ↑ "What Makes Dolphins So Smart?". The Ultimate Guide: Dolphins. 1999. http://tursiops.org/dolfin/guide/smart.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-10-30.
  15. ↑ "Mind, memory and feelings". Friends Of The Elephant. http://www.elephantfriends.org/mind.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-12-20.
  16. ↑ Hart, B.L.; L.A. Hart, M. McCoy, C.R. Sarath (November 2001). "Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching". Animal Behaviour (Academic Press) 62 (5): 839–847. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1815. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/ar/2001/00000062/00000005/art01815. abhigman tithi: 2007-10-30.
  17. ↑ Scott, David (2007-10-19). "Elephants Really Don't Forget". Daily Express. http://express.lineone.net/posts/view/22474/Elephants-really-don-t-forget. abhigman tithi: 2007-10-30.
  18. ↑ Joubert D. 2006. Hunting behaviour of lions (Panthera leo) on elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana. African Journal of Ecology 44:279–281.
  19. ↑ Loveridge, A. J.; Hunt, J. E.; Murindagomo, F.; Macdonald, D. W. (2006). "Influence of drought on predation of elephant (Loxodonta africana) calves by lions (Panthera leo) in an African wooded savannah". Journal of Zoology 270 (3): 523–530. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00181.x.
  20. ↑ "Great Plains". Planet Earth. November 2006. No. 7.
  21. ↑ Scientists map elephant evolution. BBC News. July 24, 2007
  22. ↑ http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-elephant.html
  23. ↑ roka, alfred L.; jiyorgiyaadis, N; pekan slaittari, J.; O'braaen, esaje (24 August 2001). "Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa [haathi ke do afreeki prajaatiyon ke jaivik saboot]". science 293 (5534): 1473–1477. doi:10.1126/science.1059936. PMID 11520983.
  24. ↑ eggart, lori S.; rasnar, selor A.; vudarauf, David S. (2002-10-07). "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers". proseedings of the royal society bi: biological Sciences 269 (1504): 1993–2006. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1691127. PMID 12396498. (Paper) 1471–2954 (Online).
  25. ↑ rohlaind, naadin; rik, David; malik, svapan; meऍr, maithiaaj; green, richrd E.; jiyorjiyaadis, nikolas J.; roka, alfred L.; hofareetar, Michael (December 2010). peni, David. ed. "Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants". plaus baayolauji 8 (12): e1000564. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564. PMC 3006346. PMID 21203580.
  26. ↑ CITES Appendix II Loxodonta africana – retrieved 4 September 2008
  27. ↑ Animal Diversity Web – Loxodonta africana – retrieved 4 September 2008
  28. ↑ dagalas haimiltan, aaen (1979). The African Elephant Action Plan. unpublished report.
  29. ↑ paarkar, Ian; mohammad ameen (1983). Ivory Crisis [haathi daant ki kami]. London: kaitto end vindas,. pa॰ 184. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0701126337.
  30. ↑ blaink, jeje; baarns, aar.ef.dablyu., kreg, jeesi, dablin, H.ti., thaaules, seeaar, dagalas haimiltan, I., heart, jeऍ, (2007) (PDF). African Elephant Status Report 2007: An update from the African Elephant Database. I.you.si.N., glaind end kaimbrij. pa॰ 276. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-2-8317-0970-3. http://iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/afesg/aed/pdfs/aesr2007.pdf. [mrut kadiyaaain]
  31. ↑ a aa Blanc, JJ (January–June 2005). "Changes in elephant numbers in major savanna populations in eastern and southern Africa". paikidrm (IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group) 38 (38): 19–28. Archived from the original on 2007-06-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20070604195559/http://iucn.org/afesg/pachy/pdfs/pachy38.pdf#page=22. abhigman tithi: 2006-12-08.
  32. ↑ Blanc et al. 2007, op. cit.
  33. ↑ blaink, jeje; Thouless, CR; Hart, JA; Dublin, HT; Douglas-Hamilton, I; Craig, GC; Barnes, RFW (2003) (PDF). African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. pa॰ 308. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 2-8317-0707-2. http://iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/afesg/aed/pdfs/aesr2002.pdf. [mrut kadiyaaain]
  34. ↑ blek, Stefan (2005). "Central African Forests: Final Report on Population Surveys (2003–2005)" (PDF). CITES MIKE Programme, Nairobi. http://www.cites.org/common/prog/mike/survey/central_africa_survey03-04.pdf. abhigman tithi: 2006-12-08.
  35. ↑ "South Africa to Allow Elephant Killing". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080225-AP-south-afric.html. abhigman tithi: 2010-12-12.
  36. ↑ "Asian Elephant distribution". eli Ed. http://www.eleaid.com/index.php?page=asianelephantdistribution. abhigman tithi: May 2007.
  37. ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/184366/elephant
  38. ↑ "tairata hua haathi". http://www.upali.ch/swim_en.html. abhigman tithi: 6 July 2012.
  39. ↑ West, John B. (2001). "Snorkel breathing in the elephant explains the unique anatomy of its pleura". Respiratory Physiology 126 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/S0034-5687(01)00203-1. PMID 11311306. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T3J-42SPN0Y-1-7&_cdi=4948&_user=10&_orig=search&_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2001&_sk=998739998&view=c&wchp=dGLzVlz-zSkzV&md5=47a1f5f9745e29f15d73a7f73c376a41&ie=/sdarticle.pdf.
  40. ↑ West, John B.; Fu, Zhenxing; Gaeth, Ann P.; Short, Roger V. (2003-11-14). "haathi ke bhroon mein fefade ka vikaas vayask hone par usaki soond ko snaurakailing ke liye vikaas ko darshaata hai". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 138 (2–3): 325–333. doi:10.1016/S1569-9048(03)00199-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6X16-49MF0FR-2-7&_cdi=7234&_user=10&_orig=article&_coverDate=11%2F14%2F2003&_sk=998619997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkWA&md5=ad91a1eea54ef52d0a723aeec5232049&ie=/sdarticle.pdf.
  41. ↑ "Elephant Anatomy". Indianapolis Zoo. Archived from the original on 2007-05-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20070503205357/http://www.indyzoo.com/content.aspx?cid=302. abhigman tithi: 2012-07-09.
  42. ↑ Moss:245
  43. ↑ Moss:245, 258, 267, 268

anya jaankaari

baahari kadi

vikipeediya ki bandhu pariyojanaaon par haathi ke baare mein aur adhik jaankaari praapt karein -
paribhaashaaeain vikishbdakosh mein
chitr evam anya media kaumans par
sooktiyaaain vikisookti par
granth vikisrot par
paathyapustakein vikitaab par
Species directories Proboscidea from Wikispecies
vikimeediya kaumans par elephant se sambandhit media hai.
  • Follow Us:
  • Get daily news by email:

  • Delivered by FeedBurner