gujaraati saahitya

gujaraati bhaasha aadhunik bhaarateeya aarya bhaashaaon mein se ek hai aur iska vikaas shaurasani praakrut ke paravarti roop naagar apabhransh se hua hai. gujaraati bhaasha ka kshetr Gujarat, Saurashtra aur kachh ke atirikt Maharashtra ka seemaavarti pradesh tatha Rajasthan ka dakshin pashchimi bhaag bhi hai. iski anya pramukh boliyon mein sauraashtri tatha kachhi hoti hai. hemachandr soori ne apne granthon mein jis apabhransh ka sanket kiya hai, usaka paravarti roop 'gurjar apabhransh' ke naam se prasiddh hai aur ismein anek saahityik krutiyaaain milti hain. is apabhransh ka kshetr moolat: Gujarat aur pashchimi Rajasthan tha aur is drushti se pashchimi raajasthaani athva maaravaadi, gujaraati bhaasha se ghanishthataya sambaddh hai.

gujaraati saahitya mein do yug maane jaate hain-

  1. madhyakaaleen yug
  2. arvaacheen yug

anukram

madhyakaaleen saahitya

gurjar ya shvetaanvar apabhransh ki krutiyon ko gujaraati ki aadya krutiyaaain maana ja sakta hai. ye praaya: jain kaviyon ki lokasaahityik shaili mein nibddh rachanaaeain hain. raas, faag tatha charchari kaavyon ka prabhoot saahitya hamein upalabdh hai, jinmein pramukh bharatabaahubaliraas, revantadaas, thoolibhddafaag, neminaathachaupaai aadi hain. iske baad bhi 13veen 14veen sadi ki kuchh gadya rachanaaeain milteen hain, jo ek saath jooni gujaraati aur jooni raajasthaani ki sankraantikaaleen sthiti ka parichay deti hain. vastut: 16veen sadi tak, meeraabaai tak, gujaraati aur pashchimi raajasthaani ek avibhkt bhaasha thi. inka vipaatan isi sadi ke aaspaas shuroo hua tha.

praacheen gujaraati saahitya ka itihaas vishesh samruddh naheen hai. aaranbhik krutiyon mein shreedhar kavi ka 'ranamallachhand' (1390 E. l.) hai, jismein idar ke raaja ranamall aur Gujarat ke musalmaan shaasak ke yuddh ka varnan hai. doosari kruti padmanaabh kavi ka kaanhaddeprabandh (1456 E.) hai, jismein jaalaur ke raaja kaanhadde par alaauddeen khilji ke aakraman aur yuddh ka varnan hai. yeh kaavya veeraras ki sundar rachana hai aur gujaraati saahitya ke aakar granthon mein parignit hota hai. inheen dinon madhyayugeen saanskrutik jaagaran ki lahar Gujarat mein bhi daud padi thi, jiske do pramukh pratinidhi narasi Mehta aur bhaalan kavi hain. narasi ka samay vivaadgrast hai, par adhikaansh vidvaanon ke anusaar ye 15 veen sadi ke uttaraaddh mein vidyamaan the. inki krushnabhakti ke vishay mein anek kinvadantiya prachalit hain. narasi Mehta gujaraati padasaahitya ke janmadaata hain jismein nishchal bhaktibhaavana ki anupam abhivyakti pai jaati hai. bhaalan kavi ka samay bhi lagbhag yahi maana jaata hai. inhonne raamaayan, mahaabhaarat aur Bhagwat ke pauraanik itivrutton ko lekar anek kaavya nibddh kiye aur garabaasaahitya ko janm diya. vaatsalya aur shrrungaar ke chitran mein bhaalan siddhahast maane jaate hain. pad saahitya aur aakhyaan kaavyon ki in donon shailiyon ne madhyayugeen gujaraati saahitya ko kai kavi pradaan kiye hain. pratham shaili ka anya mahatvapoorn vyaktitv meeraabaai (16veen sadi) hain jinpar narasi ka prabhaav spasht parilkshit hota hai. hindi aur raajasthaani ki tarah meeraabaai ke anek saras pad gujaraati mein paae jaate hain jo narasi ke padon ki bhaaainti hi gujaraati janta mein lokageeton ki tarah gaae jaate hain. aakhyaan kaavyon ki shaili ka nirvaah naagar, keshavadaas, madhusoodan vyaas, ganapati aadi kai kaviyon mein milta hai, kintu iska charamaparipaak premaanand mein dikhaai padta hai.

premaanand (17veen shati) gujaraati bhakti saahitya ke sarvochch kavi maane jaate hain. ve Baroda ke naagar braahman parivaar mein paida hue the aur sanskrut, hindi, gujaraati aadi bhaashaaon ke achhe jaankaar the. premaanand ne raamaayan, mahaabhaarat, Bhagwat aur maarkandeyapuraan ke kai aakhyaanon par kaavya nibddh kiye jinki sankhya 50 se oopar hai. ye gujaraati ke sarvapratham naatakakaar bhi hain, jinki teen naatya krutiyaaain hain. bhaavagaanbheerya ke saath saath alankrut shaili inki visheshata hai. inheen ke dhang par aur kaviyon ne bhi pauraanik aakhyaan likhe, jinmein shaamal bhatt ke anek kaavya, mukund ka bhaktamaal, deveedaas ka rukmineeharan, muraari ka ishvar vivaah ullekhaneeya hai. premaanand ke hi samasaamayik bhakt kavi akhon (17veen shati) hain jo Ahmedabad ke sonaar the. kabeer ki tarah inhonne dharm ke mithya paakhand, jaatipratha aur varnavyavastha par katu vyangya kiya hai. inke daarshanik, bhaktiprak tatha sudhaaravaadi donon tarah ke pad milte hain.

oopar kaha ja chuka hai ki bhaalan kavi ne ek vishesh kaavyashaili ka vikaas kiya tha- garaba shaili. yeh shaili moolat: nrutyaparak lokageeton se sambaddh hai. is shaili mein 18veen sadi mein devi devataaon se sambaddh anek bhaktiprak stutigeet likhe gaye. garabi kaviyon ka alag sanpradaaya hi chal pada, jismein braahman, bhaat, paateedaar sabhi tarah ke log mileinge. pramukh garabi kaviyon mein ballabh bhatt, preetamadaas, dheerobhakt, neeraant bhakt aurabhoja bhakt hain. is shaili ka charam paripaak garabi samraat, dayaaraam (1767-1852 E.) ke geeton mein milta hai. dayaaraam shrungaararasaparak geeti kaavya ke sarvashreshth madhyayugeen gujaraati kavi hain, jinhonne saral aur saras shaili mein madhur bhaavon ki abhivyanjana ki hai. gujaraati mein inki 48 rachanaaeain milti hain. iske atirikt sanskrut, hindi, maraathi, punjabi aur urdoo mein bhi inhonne samaan roop se kaavyarachana ki hain.

madhyayugeen gujaraati saahitya ke vikaas mein svaameenaaraayan sanpradaaya ka bhi kaafi haath raha hai. is sanpradaaya ke sansthaapak sahajaanand raamaanand ki shishyaparanpara mein aate hain. kachh aur Gujarat mein is sanpradaaya ke saadhuon ka kaafi prabhaav raha hai. daarshanik tathya, bhaktibhaavana aur saamaajik paakhand ki bhartsana in saadhu kaviyon ke vishay hain. is sanpradaaya ke pramukh kavi brahmaanand hain jinke kai granth aur aath hajaar futakar pad milte hain. anya kaviyon mein muktaanand, manjukeshaanand aur devaanand ka naam liya ja sakta hai.

arvaacheen saahitya

vaise to jooni gujaraati mein kuchh gadya krutiyaaain milti hain, par madhyayugeen gujaraati mein gadyashaili ka praudh vikaas naheen ho paaya tha. gujaraati padya ke vikaas mein anya aadhunik bhaarateeya bhaashaaon ki tarah isaai paadariyon ka bhi haath raha hai. 19veen sadi ke pratham charan mein baaibil ka gujaraati gadya mein anuvaad prakaashit hua aur dramand ne 1808 E. mein gujaraati ka sarvapratham vyaakaran likha. gujaraati mein nai chetna ka praadurbhaav jin lekhakon mein hua, unamein paadari jarvis, narmadaashankar, navalaraaya tatha bholaanaath aate hain. narmad ya narmadaashankar (1833-1886 i0) gujaraati madhyavargeeya chetna ke agradoot hain, theek vaise hi jaise hindi mein bhaarateindu. samay ki drushti se bhi ye bhaarateindru ke samasaamayik the tatha unheen ki tarah sarvatomukhi pratibha se samanvit the. inki gadyabaddh aatmakatha 'maari hakeekat' puraane kaviyon ki sanpaadit krutiyaaain aur aalochanaaeain, sanskrut 'shaakuntal' ka gujaraati anuvaad aur anek sudhaaravaadi kavitaaeain hain. aadhunik gujaraati kaavya ko nae saaainche mein dhaalanevaale pehle kavi narmad hi hain jinhonne nae saanskrutik jaagaran, raashtreeya bhaavana aur sudhaaravaadi udaattata ko vaani di hain. inki vaichaarik kaavyashaili ke aage puraane bhakt kavi saamaanya dikhaai padte hain. narmad paashchaatya kaavyashaili se poori tarah parichit the. bhaarateindu ki tarah hi ve karmath saahityik the, jinhonne anek nae kaviyon aur lekhakon ko prerit aur sangathit kiya. sanpaadan aur aalochna ke kshetr mein bhi narmad ka mahatvapoorn yogadaan raha hai. saath hi ve gujaraati ke pratham nibandhakaar, naatakakaar aur aatmacharitr lekhak maane jaate hain. narmad ke samasaamayik kavi dalapataraam (1820-1898 E.) ki rachanaaeain bhi saamaajik, neetiprak tatha raashtreeya vishyon se sambaddh hain. saral, prasaadagun-yukt shaili mein apan kaavya ko upasthit kar dena dalapataraam ki visheshata hai. yadyapi inki shaili narmad ki apeksha gadyavat adhik hai, tathaapi vyaavahaarikta kaheen adhik pai jaati hai.

narmad aur dalapataraam anek paravarti kaviyon ke aadarsh rahe hain. savitaanaaraayan, manilaal Dwivedi, baalashankar kanthaariya, kalaapi aadi sabhi par inka prabhaav milega. is kaal ke sarvashreshth kavi kaathiyaavaad ke thaakur surasinh ji gohel (1874-1913 E.) the, jo 'kalaapi' upanaam se kavita karte the. ye sachche kavihrudaya vyakti the, jinki pratyek pankti mein anubhooti ki teevrata vidyamaan hai. unmukt prem, prakrutivrnan, tatha svachhand romaani bhaavana ka nisrg pravaah kalaapi ki kavita mein hai. inka kaavyasangrah 'kalaapi no kekaarav' hai. shaili tatha chhandovidhaan ke kshetr mein ye nae prayogon ke janmadaata hain. gujaraati mein inhonne anek 'gajale' bhi likhi hain, jo 'gajalistaan' naamak sangrah mein sankalit hain. shri kanthaariya ne faarasi kavi haafij ki gajalon ka gujaraati kaavyaanuvaad prastut kiya hai tatha anya muktak rachanaaeain bhi likhi hain. gujaraati kaavya ko paranparaavaadi pravruttiyon se mukt kar svachhandavaadi pravruttiyon ki or agrasar karne mein in kaviyon ka mahatvapoorn yogadaan raha hai. gujaraati ke paravarti romaintik kaviyon mein narasinharaav dibetiya, faradunaji marajabaan, raamaji merabaanaji malabaari, harilaal dhruv tatha fraamaji khabaradaar pramukh hain. inmein shri divetiya kavi ke atirikt gujaraati saahitya ke adhikri vidvaan bhi the aur inhonne 'gujaraati bhaasha aur saahitya' par Mumbai vishvavidyaalaya mein Wilson faailaalaijikl vyaakhyaan diye the. kavita ke kshetr mein ye angreji romaintik kaviyon se vishesh prabhaavit hain. khabaradaaraji ki kavitaaon mein pradhaanat: deshbhakti aur daarshanik vishyon ki or jhukaav milta hai.

romaintik kaavyadhaara ka vikaas balavantaraaya, Damodar khushaaladaas boraadakar, manishankar ratanaji bhatt tatha naanaalaal mein milta hai. ye sabhi kavi paashchaatya kaavyashaili se prabhaavit hain. in kaviyon mein naana laal agraganya hain, jo gujaraati kavi dalapataraam ke putr the. kavi tatha naatakakaar donon roopon mein inhonne vishisht khyaati arjit ki hai. prabandh kaavya, khand kaavya tatha muktak kaavya teenon shailiyon mein inki rachanaaeain milti hain, jinmein pramukh 'kuru kshetr' mahaakaavya hai. gujaraati mein mukt chhand ke sarvapratham prayokta bhi ye hi hain. navya gujaraati kavita par samasaamayik raajaneetik, saamaajik, aarthik tatha saahityik parivrtanon ka kaafi prabhaav pada hai. Gandhivadi kaviyon mein sarvashreshth b. k. thaakur hain, jinhonne nae vishyon ke prayog ke saath saath atukaant chhand ki tarah pravaahi padya ka prayog tatha vyaavahaarik bhaasha ka upayog kiya hai. inhonne gujaraati mein kai saunet (chaturdashapadiyaaain) bhi likhe hain. thaakur ka prabhaav umaashankar Joshi, raamaanaraayan paathak, krushnalaal shreedharaani aadi kaviyon par milega. aadhunik gujaraati kaviyon par ek or saamyavaadi vichaaradhaara ka aur doosari or binbavaadi kaviyon ka prabhaav pada hai. prayogavaadi dhang ke gujaraati kaviyon mein raajeindr shaah aur dinesh kothaari pramukh hain, jinhonne bhaasha, chhand aur kaavya ke saath nae prayog kiye hain.

gujaraati naatak saahitya vishesh samruddh naheen hai. narmadaashankar ne 'shaakuntal' ka anuvaad kiya tha aur ranachhod bhaai ne kuchh sanskrut tatha angreji naatakon ka. ranachhod bhaai ne kai maulik pauraanik tatha saamaajik naatak bhi likhe. anya paravarti naatakakaaron mein dalapataraam, navalaraaya, naanaalaal tatha sar ramanabhaai aate hain. saamaajik kathaavastu ko lekar likhnevaale aadhunik naatakakaar kanhaiyaalaal maaniklaal munshi, chandravadan Mehta aur dhanasukhalaal Mehta hain. idhar shreedharaani, umaashankar Joshi tatha batubhaai umaravaadiya ne ekaanki bhi likhe hain.

yahi sthiti gujaraati nibandh saahitya ki bhi hai. pehle nibandhalekhak narmad hain. narmad ke samay hi gujaraati patrakaarita ka udaya hua tha aur navalaraaya ne 'Gujarat shaalaapatr' ka prakaashan aarambh kiya. inhonne samaalochana aur nibandh ke kshetr mein bhi kaafi kaam kiya. vivechanaatmak tatha vyaktivyanjak donon tarah ke nibandh likhe jaane lage par gunaatmak praudhi ki drushti se keval aanandashankar baapoobhaai dhruv, narasinh Rao divetiya, kaaka kaalelakar, kanhaiyaalaal maaniklaal munshi, raamanaaraayan paathak, keshavalaal kaamadaar aur umaashankar Joshi ki hi krutiyon ka sanket kiya ja sakta hai. aalochanaatmak lekhon ke kshetr mein keshavalaal dhruv, manasukhalaal jhaaveri, umaashankar Joshi tatha dau॰ bhogeelaal saandesara ne mahatvapoorn yog diya hain. sansmaran tatha rekhaachitr ke gujaraati lekhakon mein munshi tatha unki patni leelaavati munshi, Gandhivadi vichaarak kaaka kaalelakar aur Gandhiji ke ananya sahayogi mahaadev bhaai ki parignana ki jaati hai.

gujaraati katha saahitya apekshaakrut vishesh samruddh hai. upanyaas saahitya ka praarambh shri nandashankar tulajaashankar ke upanyaas 'karanaghelo' (1868 E.) se hota hai. aitihaasik upanyaason ki jo parampara maheepataraam, anantaraam treekamalaal aur chunneelaal vardhamaan ne sthaapit ki, usaka charam paripaak kanhaiyaalaal maaniklaal munshi ke aitihaasik upanyaason mein milta hai. pruthveevallabh, jaya somanaath, Gujarat no naath, paatan ni prabhutv, Bhagwan parashuraam, lopaamudra, Bhagwan kautilya unki prashast krutiyaaain hain. inke poorv is kshetr mein ichhaaraam sooryaraam Desai ne bhi kaafi khyaati praapt kar li thi, jinka spasht prabhaav munshi ji par dikhaai padta hai. munsheeji ne pauraanik, aitihaasik upanyaason ke atirikt saamaajik upanyaas bhi likhe hain. saamaajik upanyaason ke kshetr mein ramanalaal Desai ka vishesh sthaan hai. raashtreeya aandolan se sanbanddh inke do upanyaas 'divyachakshu' aur 'bhaarela agni' tatha bhaarateeya graameen jeevan ki samasyaaon se sanbanddh, chaar bhaagon mein prakaashit mahati kruti 'graamalakshmeekon' ne kaafi khyaati praapt ki hai. Gujarat ke lokajeevan aur lokasaahitya ko upanyaason ke saaainche mein dhaalane ka stutya prayaas jhaverachand meghaani ne kiya, jo gujaraati lokasaahitya ke visheshagya bhi the. anya saamaajik upanyaasalekhakon mein govardhanaraam tripaathi, pannaalaal Patel aur dhoomaketu ne vishesh khyaati arjit ki hai. shri tripaathi tatha anya donon lekhakon par yathaarthavaadi upanyaasakala ka prabhaav bhi milega. kathaasaahitya ke doosare ansh kahaani 'govaalani' ke prakaashan se maana jaata hai. iske baad to vishnuprasaad trivedi, amrutalaal pandhiyaar aur chandrashankar pandya ki kai kahaaniyaaain prakaashit huin. aadhunik kahaani lekhakon mein munshi, ramanalaal Desai, gunavantaraaya aachaarya, dhoomaketu tatha gulaabadaas broker vishesh prasiddh hai. dhoomaketu tatha gulaabadaas broker ne kahaani ki takaneek ko atyaadhunik banaaya hai. aaj ka gujaraati katha saahitya aur kaavya vishesh roop se bhaarateeya samaaj ke sabhi pahaluon ka ankan kar bhaarateeya yugachetana ke vaani dene mein apna samuchit yog de raha hai.

pramukh gujaraati kavi

baahari kadiyaaain

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