gjl

yeh arabi saahitya ki prasiddh kaavya vidha hai jo baad mein faarasi, urdoo, nepaali aur hindi saahitya mein bhi behad lokapriya hui. sangeet ke kshetr mein is vidha ko gaane ke liye Irani aur bhaarateeya sangeet ke mishran se alag shaili nirmit hui.

arabi bhaasha ke is shabd ka arth hai auraton se ya auraton ke baare mein baatein karna.

gjl ek hi bahar aur vajn ke anusaar likhe gaye sheron ka samooh hai. iske pehle sher ko matala kehte hain. gjl ke antim sher ko makta kehte hain. makte mein saamaanyat: shaayar apna naam rakhata hai. aam taur par gjlon mein sheron ki visham sankhya hoti hai (jaise teen, paaainch, saat..).^[1] ek gjl mein 5 se lekar 25 tak sher ho sakte hain. ye sher ek doosare se svatantr hote hain. kabhi-kabhi ek se adhik sher milkar arth dete hain. aise sher kata band kahalaate hain.

gjl ke sher mein tukaant shabdon ko kaafiya kaha jaata hai aur sheron mein doharaae jaane vaale shabdon ko radeef kaha jaata hai. sher ki pankti ko misra kaha jaata hai. matale ke donon misron mein kaafiya aata hai aur baad ke sheron ki doosari pankti mein kaafiya aata hai. radeef hamesha kaafiye ke baad aata hai. radeef aur kaafiya ek hi shabd ke bhaag bhi ho sakte hain aur bina radeef ka sher bhi ho sakta hai jo kaafiye par samaapt hota ho.^[1]

gjl ke sabse achhe sher ko shaahe bait kaha jaata hai. gjlon ke aise sangrah ko deevaan kehte hain jismein har harf se kam se kam ek gjl avashya ho. urdoo ka pehla deevaan shaayar kuli kutubashaah hai.

tukaantata ke aadhaar par gjlein do prakaar ki hoti hain-

• muaddas gjalein- jin gjl ke ash'aaron mein radeef aur kaafiya donon ka dhyaan rakha jaata hai.
• mukaffa gjlein- jin gjl ke ash'aaron mein keval kaafiya ka dhyaan rakha jaata hai.

bhaav ke aadhaar par bhi gajlein do prakaar ki hoti hain-

• musalsal gajlein- jinmein sher ka bhaavaarth ek doosare se aadyant juda rahata hai.
• gair musalsal gajlein- jinmein harek sher ka bhaav svatantr hota hai.

arabi mein

gjlon ka aarambh arabi saahitya ki kaavya vidha ke roop mein hua. arabi bhaasha mein kahi gayi gjlein vaastav mein naam ke hi anuroop thi arthaat usamein auraton se baatein ya uske baare mein baatein hoti thi.

faarasi mein

arabi se faarasi saahitya mein aakar yeh vidha shilp ke star par to aparivrtit rahi kintu kathya ki drushti se ve unase aage nikal gayi. unamein baat to daihik ya bhautik prem ki hi ki gayi kintu uske arth vistaar dvaara daihik prem ko aadhyaatmik prem mein badal diya gaya. arabi ka ishke majaaji faarasi mein ishke hakeeki ho gaya. faarasi gjl mein premi ko saadik (saadhak) aur premika ko maabood (brahm) ka darja mil gaya. gjl ko yeh roop dene mein soofi saadhakon ki nirnaayak bhoomika rahi. soofi saadhana virh pradhaan saadhana hai. isliye faarasi gjlon mein bhi sanyog ke bajaay viyog paksh ko hi pradhaanata mili.

urdoo mein

faarasi se urdoo mein aane par bhi gjl ka shilpagat roop jyon ka tyon sveekaar kar liya gaya lekin kathya bhaarateeya ho gaya. lekin uttar Bhaarat ki aam avadhaarana ke vipreet hindostaani gjlon ka janm bahamani saltanat ke samay dakkan mein hua jahaaain geeton se prabhaavit gjlein likhi gayeen. bhaasha ka naam rekhta (gira-pada) pada. vali dakani, siraaj daaud aadi isi pratha ke shaayar the jinhonne ek tarah se ameer khusaro (1310 isvi) ki parampara ko aage badhaaya. dakkini urdoo ke gjlakaaron ne arabi faarasi ke badle bhaarateeya prateekon, kaavya roodhiyon, evam saanskrutik prushthabhoomi ko lekar rachana ki.

us samay uttar Bhaarat mein raajakaaj ki bhaasha faarasi thi isliye gjl jab uttar Bhaarat mein aayi to pun: usapar faarasi ka prabhaav badhne laga. gaalib jaise urdoo ke shreshth gjlakaar bhi faarasi gjlon ko hi mahatvapoorn maanate rahe aur urdoo gjal ko faarasi ke anuroop banaane ki koshish karte rahe. baad mein daaud ke daur mein faarasi ka prabhaav kuchh kam hua. Iqbal ki aaranbhik gjlein isi prakaar ki hai. baad mein raajaneetik sthitiyon ke kaaran urdoo gjlon par faarasi ka prabhaav pun: badhne laga. 1947 ke baad ismein pun: kami aane lagi.

hindi mein

hindi ke anek rachanaakaaron ne is vidha ko apnaaya. jinmein niraala, shamasher, balabeer Singh rang, bhavaani shankar, jaanki vallabh shaastri, sarveshvar dayaal Saxena, trilochan aadi pramukh hain. is kshetr mein sarvaadhik prasiddhi dushyant Kumar ko mili.

• mirja asadulla khaaain 'gaalib'
• meer taki 'meer'
• firaak gorakhapuri
• faij Ahmad faij
• dushyant Kumar
• raahat indauri
• nida faajli
• vaseem barelavi
• kunvar bechain
• anjum rahabar

• jagajeet Singh
• gulaam Ali
• begm akhtar
• mehadi hasan
• chandan das
• harihran
• munni begam
• bhoopeindr Singh
• peenaaj masaani
• pankaj udhaas