gandhak

halke peele rang ke gandhak ke kristal

gandhak (Sulfur) ek raasaayanik adhaatuk tattv hai.

bahut praacheen kaal se yeh gyaat hai. tab aushadhon aur yuddhon mein yeh prayukt hota tha. madhyayug ke komiyaagaron ko bhi gandhak maaloom tha aur anek raasaayanik prakriyaaon mein prayukt hota tha. ve gandhak ko jalaneeya vaayu ka saar samajhte the. flaajistan siddhaant se iska ghanishth sambandh raha. laavaajiye ne pehle-pahal isko raasaayanik tatv ki sanjnyaa di thi. gay loosaak (Gay Lussac) aur lui thenaard (Louis Thenard) ne 1809 E. mein iski pushti ki.

gandhak halke peele rang ka svaadarahit aur gandharahit thos padaarth hai. yeh pradhaanataya teen roopon mein paaya jaata hai-

• samachaturbhujeeya manibh,
• ailfa gandhak aur ekanat manibh,
• beeta gandhak

samachaturbhujeeya manibh saamaanya taap par sthaayi hota hai. ekanat manibh uchch taap par banta aur saamaanya taap par dheere-dheere samachaturbhujeeya roop mein parint ho jaata hai. kraantik taap 95.50 sein hai. gandhak ka ek chautha roop, gaama ya plastic gandhak hai, jo rabar sa sunamya hota hai. in teenon roopon ke baahya roop manibh sanrachana aur bhautik gun vibhinn hote hain. ailfa gandhak ka vishisht ghanatv 2.7 (200 sein par), galanaank 112.80 sein. aur dravan ushma 11.9 kailari hai. beeta gandhak ka aapekshik ghanatv 1.95, galanaank 118.90 sein. aur plastic gandhak ka aapekshik ghanatv 1.92 hai. garam karne se gandhak mein kuchh vichitr parivartan hote hain. iske pighlate hi halke peele rang ka drav gandhak banta hai. gandhak ka samachaturbhujeeya roop 112.80 sein. par aur ekanat roop 118.90 sein par par pighlata hai. 1200 sein. ke oopar garam karne se lagbhag 1570 sein. tak drav ki shyaanata kam hoti jaati hai. 1690-1600 sein. se shyaanata badhne lagti hai aur 1860-1880 sein. par mahattam ho jaati hai. is taap ke oopar shyaanata fir kam hone lagti hai or rang mein bhi spasht parivartan hote hain. 1600 sein. se oopar rang adhik gaadha hota hai tatha 2500 sein. par bhoora kaala hota hai. thandha karne par ye parivartan theek pratikool disha mein usi prakaar hote hain.

444.60 sein. par gandhak ubalane lagta hai. ubalane par pehle santare jaise peele rang ka vaashp banta hai. ye parivartan gandhak ke anuon mein parivartan hone ke kaaran hote hain. vibhinn dashaaon mein anuon mein parmaanu ki sankhya bhinn hoti hai aur unki banaavat mein bhi bhinnata hoti hai.

gandhak jal mein avaleya, par kaarban daai salfaaid naamak drav mein ativileya hota hai. kaarbanik vilaayakon mein gandhak nyoonaadhik maatra mein ghulata hai.

gandhak sakriya tatv hai. svarn aur platinum ko chhodkar anya tatvon ke saath yeh sanyog karta tatha anek yaugik banaata hai. in yaugikon mein gandhak ki sanyojakata do, chaar ya chhah rahati hai. haaidrojan ke saath isse haaidrojan salfaaid, okseejan ke saath aaksaaid aur dhaatuon ke saath dhaatuon ke salfaaid bante hain. yeh ek sarvaadhik mahatvapoorn tatv hai, jiska raasaayanik udyogon mein upayog kiya jaata hai. yadyapi iske sthaan par anek anya padaarth upayog mein laae jaane lage hain, tathaapi aaj bhi iski khapat bahut adhik hai. kisi bhi raashtra ki raasaayanik udyogon ki pragati ka anumaan salfyoorik aml ki khapat se kiya ja sakta hai, jo gandhak dvaara hi nirmit hota hai. salafyoorik aml ke atirikt gandhak ke upayog kuchh anya udyogon, jaise keetanaashak padaartho, diyaasalaai, baarood, visfotak padaartho aadi-aadi mein bhi hote hain.

gandhak sanyukt aur asanyukt, donon roopon mein paaya jaata hai. asanyukt gandhak kuchh deshon mein, visheshat: jvaalaamukhi aur gandhakavaal jharanon ke niktavarti sthaanon mein, paaya jaata hai. vishesh roop se yeh sisili dweep, Japan, chili aur amareeka ke anek kshetron mein paaya jaata hai.

sanyukt gandhak salfaaid (lohe salfaaid : lauhamaakshik, jaste ke salfaid : jink bleind, seese ke salfaaid : gaileena aur taaainbe ke salfaaid: taamramaakshik) aur salfet (kailasiym salfet : jipsam, beriym salfet : beraaichha, maigneeshiym salfet : kiseraait) ke roopon mein paaya jaata hai. kuchh jharanon ke jalon mein haaidrojan salfet milta hai. samudra jal mein kailasiym aur maigneeshiym ke salfet paae jaate hain. baal, oon, ailbyumin, lahasun, sarason, muli, karamakalla aur kuchh proteen aadi kaarbanik padaarthon mein gandhak rahata hai. bhooprushth ki parpati mein 0.06 pratishat gandhak vibhinn roopon mein paaya jaata hai.

Khan se nikle gandhak ke khanij ko bhatthe ke, jise kaalakeroni (Calcaroni) kehte hain. dhaalavein tal par jalaane se kuchh gandhak jalakar jo ushma utpann karta hai usase khanij ka shesh gandhak pighl aur bahakar apadravyon se alag ho jaata hai. is prakiya mein gandhak ka ek tihaai ansh jalakar nasht ho jaata hai. fir aise bhatthe bane jinke ek bhatthe ki garam gaison se doosra bhattha garam hota tha isse gandhak ki haani kuchh kam ho gayi. Japan mein Khan se nikle gandhak ko band bhabhake mein garam kar gandhak ke vaashp ke aasavan se gandhak praapt hadmane laga. bhabhakon ko bhaap se athva otokleb mein atitpt jal se garam karte the. aajkal fraish vidhi (Frasch process) se amareeka mein khaanon se gandhak nikaala jaata hai vahaan 200 se 2,000 foot tak ki gaharaai mein gandhak paaya jaata hai. khaanon mein chhed karke sankeindrit naleevaali pipe baithaai jaati hai baahar se atitpt jal pravaahit karne se gandhak pighlakar gaddhe mein ikattha hota hai, jahaaain se sanpeedit vaayu ke sahaare beech ki nali se pighla gandhak baahar nikaalkar, lakdi ke saaainchon mein daalkar, batti ke roop mein praapt kiya jaata hai.

maakshikon (Pyrites) se gandhak praapt karne ke anek safal prayatn hue hain aur anek bhatthiyaaain bani hain jinmein upotpaad ke roop mein gandhak ya salfar daaiaaksaaid praapt hota hai. isse salafyoorik aml banaaya ja sakta hai.

Bhaarat mein praakrutik gandhak ka koi bhi vishaal nikshep naheen hai. Bhaarat vibhaajan se poorv baloochistaan mein koh-A-sultaan (Koh-i-Sultan) ke sameep shithil jvaalaamukhi se gandhak praapt hone ke sanket mile the, kintu ispar koi vishesh kaarya naheen kiya gaya. vishvayuddh mein bhi anek baar is prakaar ke prayatn kiye gaye jisse vaanijya star par gandhak is srot se praapt kiya ja sake, kintu kabhi bhi safalta haath na lagi tatha yuddh samaapt hone par pun: aayaat aarambh kar diya gaya. is prakaar vartamaan samay mein Bhaarat mein koi bhi aisa srot naheen hai jo praakrutik gandhak ki aavashyakta-poorti kar sake.

gandhak ke atirikt kuchh yaugik aise bhi hai jinmein gandhak ka kuchh bhaag hota hai tatha jo salafyoorik aml ke nirmaan mein prayukt kiye ja sakte hain. mukhyat: ye lauhapaairaait tatha chaalkopaairaait (Chalchopyrites) hain. chaalkopaairaait lauh, taaainba tatha gandhak ka yaugik hai, jiske uttam nikshep sinhabhoom (jhaarakhand) mein mosaabaani ke sameep sthit hain. chaalkopaairaait se taaainbe ka shodhan karne par prativrsh kai hajaar tan salfar daaiaaksaaid gas niklati hai, jo vyarth hi vaayu mein vileen ho jaati hai. kuchh deshon mein is prakaar praapt gas ko salafyoorik aml ke nirmaan mein prayukt kiya jaata hai. kainaada mein is gas se gandhak ki praapti ki jaati hai.

chaalkopaairaait ke atirikt paairaait bhi gandhak ka mukhya srot hai tatha salafyoorik aml ke nirmaan mein prayukt hota hai. Bhaarat mein Bihar, Mumbai, Mysore tatha Punjab ke anek bhaagon mein iske nikshep mile hain. ek uttam nikshep taaradev station (Shimla) ke sameep Himachal ghaati mein aur doosra nikshep amajor (shaahaabaad, Bihar) mein hai. ismein 40% gandhak ki maatra vidyamaan hai, kul bhandaaron ki anumit maatra 7,50,000 tan hai. Mysore ke chittaaladurg jile mein tatha Madras ke neelagiri jile mein bhi vyaapak kaarya kiya gaya hai tatha inse bhi aashaajanak safalta praapt hui hai.

• Sulfur phase diagram
• WebElements.com – Sulfur
• chemicalelements.com/sulfur
• Crystalline, liquid and polymerization of sulphur on Vulcano Island, Italy
• Sulfur and its use as a pesticide
• The Sulphur Institute

aavart saarani ke is prachalit prabandh mein lainthanaaid aur aiktinaaid ko anya dhaatuon se alag rakha gaya hai. vistrut aur ati-vistrut aavart saaraneeon mein f-block aur g-block dhaatuon ko bhi ek saath prabandhit kiya jaata hai.