gaambiya
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islaami ganaraajya gaambiya gaambiya
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| raashtravaakya: "unnati, shaanti aur samruddhi" | ||||
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raashtragaan: For The Gambia Our Homeland hamaari gruhabhoomi gaambiya ke liye |
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| rajdhani |
baanjul 13°a28′aN 16°a36′aW / 13.467°aN 16.6°aW |
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| sabse bada nagar | sereekunda | |||
| raajabhaasha(eain) | angreji | |||
| nivaasi | gaambiyaai | |||
| sarkaar | ganaraajya | |||
| - | raashtrapati | yaahaya jaameh | ||
| svatantrata | ||||
| - | Britain | 18 February 1965 | ||
| - | ganaraajya ghoshit | 24 April 1970 | ||
| kshetrafal | ||||
| - | kul | 10,380 varg kilometer (164 vaan) 4,007 varg meal |
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| - | jal (%) | 11.5 | ||
| janasankhya | ||||
| - | 2007 sanyukt raashtra sangh janaganana | 17,00,000 (146 vaan) | ||
| sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP) | 2008 praakkalan | |||
| - | kul | 2.264 arab dollar (-) | ||
| - | prati vyakti | 1,389 $ (-) | ||
| maanav vikaas soochakaank (2013) |
 0.441[1]nimn · 172vaaain |
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| mudra | daalaasi (GMD) | |||
| samay mandal | jeeemati | |||
| yaataayaat chaalan disha | right | |||
| doorabhaash koot | 220 | |||
| Internet teeeladi | .gm | |||
gaambiya (aadhikaarik roop se islaami ganaraajya gaambiya), pashchimi Africa mein sthit ek desh hai. gaambiya afreeki mukhya bhoomi par sthit sabse chhota desh hai, iski uttari, poorvi aur dakshini seema senegal se milti hai, pashchim mein andh mahaasaagar se laga chhota sa tateeya kshetr hai. desh ka naam gaambiya nadi par se pada hai, jiske pravaah ke raaste iski seema lagi hui hai. nadi desh ke madhya se hote hue andh mahaasaagar mein jaakar mil jaati hai. lagbhag 10,500 varg kimi kshetrafal vaale is desh ki anumaanit janasankhya 17,00,000 hai. 18 February, 1965 ko gaambiya Britain se svatantr hua aur raashtramandal mein sammilit ho gaya. baanjul gaambiya ki rajdhani hai, lekin sabse bada mahanagar sereekunda hai.
gaambiya anya pashchim afreeki deshon ke saath etihaasik das vyaapaar ka ek bhaag tha, jo gaambiya nadi par upanivesh sthaapit karne ka ek pramukh kaaran tha, pratham purtagaaliyon dvaara aur baad mein angrejon dvaara. 1965 mein svatantrata praapt karne ke baad, gaambiya apekshaakrut sthir desh raha hai, keval 1994 mein sainya shaasan ki ek sankshipt avadhi ke apavaad ko chhodkar.
yeh ek krushi sampann desh hai aur desh ki arthavyastha mein kheti-baadi, matsya-grahan aur paryatan-udyog ki pramukh bhoomika hai. lagbhag ek tihaai janasankhya antarraashtreeya gareebi rekha ki seema 1.25 dollar pratidin se neeche rahati hai.[2]
anukram
itihaas
vartamaan gaambiya kabhi Ghana saamraajya aur songhaai saamraajya ka bhaag tha. is kshetr ke pratham likhit dastaavej naveen aur dasveen shataabdiyon mein arab vyaapaariyon dvaara likhe gaye the. arab vyaapaariyon ne is kshetr mein daason, sone aur haathi-daaaint ke vyaapaar ke liye traans-sahaara vyaapaar maarg ki sthaapana ki thi. pandrahavi sadi mein purtagaaliyo ne samudri vyaapaar maargon ki sthaapana ki. us samay gaambiya, maali saamraajya ka bhaag tha.
gaambiya United kingadam ka upanivesh tha va 18 fravari 1965 ko ise svatantrata praapt hui. 24 April 1970 ko desh ganatantr ban gaya parantu isne apni raashtramandal ki sadasyata barkaraar rakhi. 2 October 2013 ko desh ke aantarik mantri ne ghoshana ki ki unka desh tatkaal prabhaav se raashtramandal ki sadasyata chhod raha hai kyonki unke anusaar desh "aupaniveshavaad ko banaae rakhane waali kisi bhi sanstha" mein sadasya ke taur par naheen rah sakta.[3]
bhoogol
gaambiya ek bahut chhota aur sankara desh hai jiski seemaaeain visrpan karti gaambiya nadi ka pratibimban hain. sabse chaude sthaan par bhi desh 48 kimi se kam chauda hai aur desh ka kul kshetrafal 11,300 kimi2 hai. gaambiya ka lagbhag 1,300 varg kimi ya 11% bhaag jal achhaadit hai. gaambiya, senegal ka lagbhag ek ant:kshetr (enklev) hai aur iski 740 kimi ki poori seema senegal se lagti hai. yeh afreeki mahaadveep par sabse chhota desh hai. tulanaatmak roop se gaambiya Bhaarat ke tripura raajya se thoda bada hai. desh ki pashchimi seema andh ya atalaantik mahaasaagar se lagti hui hai aur iski tatarekha 80 kimi lambi hai.[4]
gaambiya ki saamaanya jalavaayu ushnakatibndheeya hai. June se November tak ke dauraan desh mein greeshm ritu hoti hai aur yeh varsha-kaal bhi hota hai. November se May tak, taapamaan apekshaakrut kam hota hai jalavaayu shushk hoti hai. gaambiya ka mausam pados ke senegal, dakshini maali aur uttari benin ke samaan hota hai.[5]
is desh ki vartamaan seemaaeain 1889 mein Britain aur fraans ke beech hue ek samjhaute ke baad nirdhaarit ki gayi thi. pairis mein angrejon aur fraanseeseeyon ke madhya hui vaarta ke baad, fraanseeseeyon ne angrejon ko aarambh mein gaambiya nadi ka 320 kimi ka bhaag niyntran ke liye diya. 1891 mein aarambh hue seemaakan se pairis vaarta ke pandrah varshon baad jaakar gaambiya ki samaapak seemaaon ka nirdhaaran hua. seedhi rekhaaon aur vrutaanshon ki shrrunkhalaaon ke parinaamasvaroop angrejon un kshetron ka niyntran mila jo gaambiya nadi ke uttar aur dakshin mein 16 kimi tak faila hua tha.[6]
raajaneeti
raashtrapramukh: raashtrapati yaahaya jaameh (18 October 1996 se). gaambiya mein desh ka raashtrapati, raashtrapramukh aur sarkaar pramukh donon hota hai.
sarkaar pramukh: raashtrapati yaahaya jaameh (18 October 1996 se).
up raashtrapati: isaatou jiye-saidi (20 March 1997)
mantreeparishd: mantreeparishd raashtrapati dvaara sveekrut ki jaati hai.
chunaav: raashtrapati ka chunaav lokapriya mat dvaara paaainch varsheeya avadhi ke liye kiya jaata hai (kaaryakaal ki koi seema naheen hai); antim chunaav 22 September, 2006 ko aayojit kiye gaye the (agale 2011 mein)
chunaav parinaam: yaahaya jaameh pun: raashtrapati chune gaye; mat pratishat - yaahaya jaameh 67.3%, osainou 26.6%, haalifa sallaah 6.0%.
gaambiya mein 18 varsh se oopar ke sabhi gaambiyaai naagrik matadaan kar sakte hain.
prashaasanik prabhaag
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gaambiya paaainch prabhaagon aur ek nagar mein vibhkt hai. gaambiya ke vibhaag svatantr chunaav aayog dvaara samvidhaan ki dhaara 192 ke anusaar kiye gaye the.[7] ye vibhaag hain:
- nimn nadi (maansa konko)
- madhya nadi (jaanajaanabure)
- uttari kinaara (kerevan)
- oopari nadi (baase)
- pashchimi (brikaama)
- baanjul (poorvi baanjul, baanjul, kendreeya baanjul, baakaau, pashchimi baanjul, serekunda)
raashtreeya rajdhani, baanjul, ka vargeekaran nagar ke roop mein hota hai.
yeh vibhaag aur 37 up-vibhaagon mein vibhkt hain.
pramukh nagar
gaambiya ke pramukh nagar hain:
- baanjul (rajdhani)
- sereekunda (sabse bada nagar)
- maansa konko
- kerevaan
janasaankhyiki
gaambiya mein bahut se mool samooh rahate aae hain aur unke beech aapasi matabhed bahut kam hain aur pratyek samooh apni bhaasha aur paramparaaon ko saheje hue hai. iname sabse vishaal samooh maandika janajaati hai, iske baad kramash: foola, volof, jola aur seraahoole janajaatiyaaain hain. desh mein lagbhag 3,500 an-afreeki bhi rahate hain (janasankhya ka 0.23%) jinmein Europeeya aur lebanaani mool ke log hain. adhikaansh Europeeya britaani hain aur ismein se adhikaansh ne svatantrata ke baad desh chhod diya.
desh ki 90% pratishat janasankhya islaam dharm ki anuyaayi hai aur shesh mein se adhikaanshat: isaai dharmaavalambi hain. gaambiya ki lagbhag 63% janasankhya (1993 ki janaganana) graameen kshetron me nivaas karti hai, lekin adhik se adhik yuva naukri aur shiksha ki khoj mein rajdhani aur anya bade nagaron ki or palaayan kar rahe hain. 2003 ke anantim aaainkadon se yeh pata lagta hai ki graameen aur nagareeya kshetron ki janasankhyaayon ka antar pat raha hai kyonki adhik se adhik kshetron ko nagareeya kshetr ghoshit kiya ja raha hai. nagaron ki or hote palaayan, vikaas pariyojanaaon aur aadhunikeekaran ke chalte adhik se adhik gaambiyaai pashvimi sanskruti ke sampark mein aa rahe hain lekin paaramparik roop se vistarit parivaar par bal aur deshaavari poshaak aur utsav, abhi bhi dainik jeevan ka abhinn ang hain.
svaasthya sevaaeain
saarvajanik vyaya 2004 mein sakal ghareloo utpaad ka 1.8% tha, jabki niji vyaya 5.0% tha. baal mrutyu dar varsh 2005 mein 97 prati 1,000 janm thi. 2000 ke aarambh mein prati 1,00,000 logon par 11 chikitsak the. varsh 2005 mein jeevan pratyaasha mahilaaon ke liye 59.9 varsh aur purushon ke liye 57.7 varsh thi.
arthavyavastha
gaambiya ek udaaravaadi, baajaar-aadhaarit arthavyavastha hai jismein desh ke krushi kshetr ka bahut yogadaan hai. krushi-kshetr desh ki arthavyavastha mein 30% ka yogadaan karta hai aur desh ki 70% pratishat janasankhya krushi kshetr mein anulagn hai. desh ki GDP mein mooaingafali utpaadan ka 6.9%, anya fasalon ka 8.3%, maveshiyon ka 5.3%, matsya-grahan ka 1.8% aur vaaniki ka 0.5% yogadaan hai. udyogon ka arthavyavastha mein 8% yogadaan hai aur is kshetr mein 58% pratishat log kaaryarat hain. desh ka seemit nirmaan-kshetr mukhyat: krushi aadhaarit hai jaise mooaingafali prakraman, naanabaai (bakery), madyanirmaanashaala (broori) aur charmashodhanashaala ityaadi. anya nirmaan gatividhiyaaain hai saabun, peya-padaarth aur vastr-nirmaan.
dharm
samvidhaan ki dhaara 25 ke antargat gaambiya mein sarkaar desh ke sabhi naagrikon ke dhaarmik adhikaaron ki raksha ke prati katibddh hai. parantu varsh 2015 ke ant main 15 December ko raashtrapati yaahaya jaameh dvaara ise islaamik state ghoshit kar diya gaya , islaam dharm gaambiya ka pramukh dharm hai aur desh ki 90% janasankhya is dharm ki anuyaayi hai . gaambiya ke adhikaansh musalmaan, islaam ke sunni saampradaaya ke anuyaayi hain.
desh mein isaai dharm ke log 8% ke lagbhag hain jinmein se adhikaansh roman kaithalik hain. Asia se hue aavrajan ke kaaran desh mein bauddh aur bahaai dharm ke log bhi rahate hain. shesh 2% janasankhya aadhivaasi dharmon ko maanane waali hai aur desh mein kuchh aastik bhi paae jaate hai.
bhaasha
british upaniveshavaad ke kaaran angreji gaambiya ki aadhikaarik bhaasha hai. iske atirikt yahaaain bahut-si anya bhaashaaeain bhi yahaaain ke mool nivaasiyon dvaara boli jaati hain jaise: aakoo, kainjin bhaashaaeain, foola, kaaron, volof ityaadi.
shiksha
samvidhaan ke anusaar desh mein sabhi ke liye nishulk aur praarthamik shiksha anivaarya hai lekin sansaadhanon aur shaikshanik dhaaainche ki kami ke kaaran iska kaaryaanvan kathin hai.[8] varsh 1995 mein sakal praathamik naamaankan 77.1% tha aur kul praarthamik naamaankan 64.7% tha. vidyaalayon ke ooainche shulk ke kaaran bahut se bachche vidyaalayon mein pravesh se vanchit rah gaye, lekin February 1998 mein gaambiya ke raashtrapati dvaara praarthamik shiksha ke pratham chh: varshon ke liye shiksha-shulk ko samaapt kar diya gaya. praarthamik-shiksha vidyaalayon mein ladkiyon ka pratishat 40 hai lekin graameen kshetron mein yeh aaainkada bahut kam hai jahaaain par saanskrutik kaaranon aur nirdhanata ke kaaran bahut se maataapita ladkiyon ko paathashaala bhejane mein aruchikr hote hain. lagbhag 20% padhne-ki-aayuvarg ke bachche madarason mein padhte hain jahaaain ka paathyakram pratibandhak hota hai.
sandarbh
- ↑ "2014 Human Development Report Summary". United Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21-25. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf. abhigman tithi: 27 July 2014.
- ↑ (angreji) maanav vikaas soochakaank, taalika 3: maanav aur vetanik nirdhanata, pru. 35. 1 June 2009 ko abhigmit
- ↑ "raashtramandal se baahar hua gaambiya". navabhaarat times. 3 October 2013. http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/world/other-countries/gambia-exited-from-commonwealth/articleshow/23442667.cms. abhigman tithi: 5 October 2013.
- ↑ gaambiya - bhoogol CIA world faiktabuk
- ↑ pashchimi afreeka ka mausam derek hevard, J S oguntoyinbo (1987)
- ↑ the world end a veri smaul place in efrika: a history of globalaaijesan in niyoomi, gaimbiya daunlad aar right
- ↑ gaambiya - sarkaar CIA world faiktabuk
- ↑ gaambiya - baal shram ke sabse bure svaroop par 2001 ke vishkarsh parinaam.
baahari kadiyaaain
- sarkaar
- saamaanya jaankaari
- gaambiya ke baare mein ek vyaapak website
- CIA world faiktabuk the world faiktabuk ki pravishti
- paryatan
- anya