fal
nishechit, parivrtit evam paripakva andaashaya ko fal kehte hain. saadhaaranat: fal ka nirmaan fool ke dvaara hota hai. fool ka stri jananakosh andaashaya nishechan ki prakriya dvaara roopaantarit hokar fal ka nirmaan karta hai. kai paadap prajaatiyon mein, fal ke antargat pakv andaashaya ke atirikt aaspaas ke ootak bhi aate hai. fal vah maadhyam hai jiske dvaara pushpeeya paadap apne beejon ka prasaar karte hain, haalaanki sabhi beej falon se naheen aate.[1]
kisi ek paribhaasha dvaara paadapon ke falon ke beech mein paayi jaane waali bhaari vividhta ki vyaakhya naheen ki ja sakti hai.[2] chhadmafal (jhootha fal, sahaayak fal) jaisa shabd, anjeer jaise falon ya un paadap sanrachanaaon ke liye prayukt hota hai jo fal jaise dikhte to hai par moolat: unki utpapti kisi pushp ya pushpon se naheen hoti. kuchh anaavrutabeeji, jaise ki yoou ke maansal beejachol fal sadrush hote hai jabki kuchh junipron ke maansal shanku beri jaise dikhte hai. fal shabd galat roop se kai shankudhaari vrukshon ke beej-yukt maada shankuon ke liye bhi hota hai.[3]
anukram
vanaspatik fal va sabjiyaan
vanaspatik arth ke kuchh vaastavik falon, ko khaana pakaane aur bhojan taiyaar karne mein, sabji, maatr isliye maana jaata hai kyonki ve meethe naheen hote. in vanaspatik falon me kooshmaand (jaise, skvaish, kaddoo aur kheera), tamaatar, matar, sem, makka, baingan aur meethi mirch, kuchh masaale jaise, olaspaais aur mirch vanaspatik fal hain.[4] kabhi kabhi, lekin bahut kam, ek paakya (bhojan pakaane sambandhi) "fal" vanaspatik arth me ek vaastavik fal naheen hota, udaaharan ke liye revatacheeni ko aksar ek fal maana jaata hai kyonki iska upayog mishthaan banaane me kiya jaata hai, haalaaainki revatacheeni ka sirf danthal (parnavrunt) hi khaane yogya hota hai.[5] Pak sambandhi arth mein, ek fal aamtaur par ek vanaspati utpaad hota hai jiska svaad meetha hota hai aur isame beej hote hain, ek sabji ek feeka ya kam meetha vanaspati utpaad hai aur ek giri ek kathor telayukt aur kholayukt vanaspati utpaad hai.[6]
haalaanki, giri fal ka ek prakaar hai, yeh mooaingafali aur pista jaise khaadya beejon ke liye ek lokapriya shabd (jo vaastav mein ek fali hai) bhi hai.[7] takaneeki taur par, ek anaaj ka ek daana bhi ek fal hai jise kairiopsis kaha jaata hai haalaanki, inki fal bhitti bahut patali hoti hai aur beej kot se judi hoti hai is tarah lagbhag sabhi khaadya anaaj daane vaastav mein ek beej hote hai. isliye anaaj ke daane jaise makka, gehooain aur chaaval ko behtar, khaadya beej maana jaata hai, haalaanki kuchh sandarbhon me inhein fal maana jaata hai.[8]
fal ka vikaas
fal ek paripakva andaashaya hai. andaashaya ke andar ek ya adhik beejaand hote hain, jahaan maigaagaimeetofaait me maigaagaimeet ya and koshikaayein hoti hai.[9] beejaand ek prakriya jise paraagan kehte hain, dvaara nishechit hota hai, is prakriya me Parag kan pushpon ke punkesar se vartikaagr ko sanchaarit hote hain. paraagan ke baad, ek nalika banti hai jo vartikaagr se andaashaya ke beejaand tak jaati hai jahaaain Parag se shukraanu beejaand mein sthaanaantarit hote hain, beejaand ke andar shukraanu and ke saath judkar ek diplauid jaaigaut ki rachana karte hain. pushpi paadapon me nishechan ki prakriya donon plaasmogaimi jahaaain shukraanu aur ande ke protoplaajm ka sanlayan hota hai, ya kairiogaimi jahaaain shukraanu aur ande ke naabhik ka milan hota hai, ke dvaara ho sakti hai.[10] jab shukraanu beejaand ke naabhik mein pravesh kar maigaagaimeet aur bhroonaposh (endosparm) maatru koshika ke saath jud jaata hai tab nishechan prakriya poori ho jaati hai.[11] jaise jaise vikaasasheel beej bada hota hai andaashaya ka paripkvan shuroo hota jaata hai. beejaand ka vikaas beej ke roop mein hone lagta hai, andaashaya ki deevaar gaddedaar ban sakti hai (jaise drup beri), ya yeh ek kathor baahari aavaran me viksit ho sakti hai. kuchh maamalon mein, baahyadal (sepal), dal (pankhudi ya petal) aur/ya punkesar aur vartika jhad jaate hain. jab tak beej poori tarah paripakva naheen ho jaate, fal ka vikaas jaari rahata hai. kuchh bahu beeji falon mein goode ka vikaas is baat par nirbhar karta hai ki kitne beejaand nishechit huye hain.[12]
fal bhitti, pushp ke andaashaya ki deevaar se viksit hoti hai. fal bhitti aksar do ya teen alag alag paraton mein viksit hoti hai jinhein kramash: baahyafal bhitti (baahari parat), madhyafal bhitti (madhyam parat) aur ant:fal bhitti (bheetari parat) me vibhedit kiya ja sakta hai.
kuchh fal mein, vishesh roop se saadhaaran fal ek avar andaashaya se viksit hote hain, pushp ke anya bhaag jaise pushp nalika, dal, baahyadal aur punkesar ke andaashaya ke saath jud kar isi ke saath pakate hain. haarmon ithaaileen paripkvan ka kaaran banta hai. jab pushp ke anya bhaag is tarah fal ka ek mahatvapoorn hissa bante hain, tab fal ko sahaayak fal kaha jaata hai.[3] kyonki pushp ke anya bhaag fal ki sanrachana mein yogadaan kar sakte hai isliye, ise samajhne ke liye pushpon ki sanrachana ka adhyayan karna mahatvapoorn hai ki kaise yeh ek fal ke roop me viksit hota hai.
falon ki vividhta ke dekhte huye sabhi gyaat falon ke liye kisi ek vargeekaran yojana ka banaana bahut kathin hai. beej aur fal ke liye kai saamaanya shabd galat roop se prayukt hote hain jo iski shabdaavali ko samajhna mushkil bana sakte hain. beej paripakva beejaand hain, fal paripakva andaashaya hain jinme beej shaamil hain. in do mool paribhaashaaon me yeh spashteekaran bhi joda ja sakta hai ki vanaspati shabdaavali mein ek giri aam shabdaavali ke vipreet na to ek fal ka ek prakaar hai aur na hi beej ka.[4]
fal ke prakaar
fal ke teen buniyaadi prakaar hain: saadhaaran fal, guchhedaar fal aur bahukhandit fal.
saadhaaran fal
ek saadhaaran ya mishrit andaashaya jisme sirf ek punkesar ho ke pakane par ek saadhaaran fal praapt hota hai jo sookha ya goodedaar ho sakta hai. sookhe meve pakane par ya sfotak (fat kar beej nikaalna) ya asfotak (na fatana jisse beej andar hi rahate hain) ho sakte hain. sookhe aur saamaanya fal ke udaaharan hain: vah fal jinmein fal bhitti ka kuchh bhaag ya poori bhitti hi pakvan par maansal (goodedaar) ho jaati hai, saamaanya goodedaar fal kahalaate hain.
guchhedaar fal
yeh fal ek hi pushp jisme kai saadhaaran punkesar ho, se viksit hote hain. inka udaaharan hai rasabhari.
bahukhandit fal
ek bahukhandit fal, foolon ke ek samooh (ek pushpakram) se gathit hota hai. har fool ek fal ka nirmaan karta hai lekin yeh sab ek ekal pind ke roop me paripakva hote hain. inke udaaharan hain, anannaas, khaadya anjeer, shahatoot, osaj-santare aur roteefal.
beejarahit fal
beejarahit ya beejaviheen hona kuchh falon ki ek mahatvapoorn vyavasaayik visheshata hai. kele aur annanaas ki vyavasaayik kismein beejarahit falon ke udaaharan hain. nimboo-vanshi kuchh falon ki kismein (visheshakar naabhi santare), satsumaas, cheeni santare, chakotare aur tarabooj ka beejarahit hona inki keemat badha deta hai. kuchh prajaatiyon mein, beejaviheenata paarthenokaarpi ka parinaam hoti hai, jahaan fal bina nishechan prakriya ke hi gathit hota hai. paarthenokarpik fal vah fal hote hain jo bina paraagan ke bhi gathit ho sakte hain. adhikaansh beejarahit khatte falon ko paraagan prerana ki aavashyakta hoti hai, jabki kele aur annanaas ko bilkul naheen.
beejon ka prasaar
falon ke dhaanche mein badlaav mukhyat: unke beejon ke prasaar ke tareeke par nirbhar karta hai. yeh prasaar pashuon, hava, paani, ya visfoti sfutan dvaara praapt kiya ja sakta hai.[13]
fal aur poshan
aamtaur par falon me reshe, paani aur vitaamin si achhi maatra me upasthit rahate hain. falon me kai paadaparasaayan (faaitokaimikl) bhi hote hain jinki adhiktar poshan tathyataalikaaon ke antargat RDA / RDI listing naheen hoti hai aur anusandhaan bataate hain ki yeh koshikaaon ko ek lambe-samay tak svasth rakhane aur beemaariyon ki rokathaam ke liye aavashyak hain. falon ka niyamit sevan Cancer, hrudaya rog, pakshaaghaat, aljaaimar rog aur motiyaabind ke jokhim ko kam kar deta hai, saath hi yeh badhti umr se judi kaaryaatmak giraavat ko rokane me bhi madadgaar hain.
utpaadan
| das choti ke taaje falotpaadak desha— 2005 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| desh | utpaadan (Int $1000) | futanot | utpaadan (MT) | futanot |
 Bhaarat
|
1,052,766 | C | 6,600,000 | F |
 viytanaam
|
438,652 | C | 2,750,000 | F |
 cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya
|
271,167 | C | 1,790,000 | F |
 Indonesia
|
255,216 | C | 1,600,000 | F |
 naaijeeriya
|
223,314 | C | 1,400,000 | F |
 Iran
|
223,314 | C | 1,400,000 | F |
 myaanmaar
|
183,436 | C | 1,150,000 | F |
 paapuaa new gini
|
129,203 | C | 810,000 | F |
 Nepal
|
82,945 | C | 520,000 | F |
 uttari Korea
|
78,160 | C | 490,000 | F |
| koi prateek naheen = aadhikaarik aankade, F = FAO anumaanit:, * = anaadhikaarik aankade, C = gananit aankade; Int $1000 me utpaadan ki ganana 1999-2001 ke antarraashtreeya moolyon par aadhaarit hai$ |
||||
| das choti ke taaje ushnakatibandheeya falotpaadak desh — 2005 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| desh | utpaadan (Int $1000) | futanot | utpaadan (MT) | futanot |
 fileepeens
|
389,164 | C | 3,400,000 | F |
|
Indonesia
|
377,718 | C | 3,300,000 | F |
|
Bhaarat
|
335,368 | C | 2,930,000 | F |
|
cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya
|
177,413 | C | 2,164,000 | F |
 kolambiya
|
131,629 | C | 1,150,000 | F |
 thaailaind
|
83,556 | C | 730,000 | F |
 Pakistan
|
60,893 | C | 532,000 | F |
 braajeel
|
55,513 | C | 485,000 | F |
 Bangladesh
|
31,934 | C | 279,000 | F |
 Mexico
|
28,615 | C | 250,000 | F |
| koi prateek naheen = aadhikaarik aankade, F = FAO anumaanit:, * = anaadhikaarik aankade, C = gananit aankade; Int $1000 me utpaadan ki ganana 1999-2001 ke antarraashtreeya moolyon par aadhaarit hai$ |
||||
ye bhi dekhein
sandarbh
- ↑ Lewis, Robert A. (January 1, 2002). krushi vigyaan ka si aar si shabdakosh. CRC Press. pp. 375–376. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-8493-2327-4. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0849323274&id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&pg=PA375&lpg=PA375&dq=fruit&sig=qv05UIJxg5T_NmacdW8YixDnDAo.
- ↑ Schlegel, Rolf H J (January 1, 2003). ensaaiklopeedik dikshanari of plaant breeding end rileted sabajekts. Haworth Press. pp. 177. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 1-56022-950-0. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=1560229500&id=7J-3fD67RqwC&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&vq=fruit&dq=acarpous&sig=LUVMFeCyejNiIUKgcwnMLl32wGs.
- ↑ a aa Mauseth, James D. (April 1, 2003). vanaspati vigyaan: paadap jeevavijnyaaan ek parichay. Jones and Bartlett. pp. 271–272. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-7637-2134-4. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0763721344&id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&sig=s2WaDwTzo0sofme_Hj5DamgRFQA.
-
↑ a aa McGee, Harold (November 16, 2004). on food & cooking: the science end lor of the kichn. Simon and Schuster. pp. 247–248. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-684-80001-2. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0684800012&id=iX05JaZXRz0C&pg=PA247&lpg=PA247&vq=Fruit&dq=On+Food+And+Cooking&sig=sxt0wE3J41Afme7D6IbeEeAE920. sandarbh truti: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "McGee247" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ McGee. On Food and Cooking. pp. 367. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0684800012&id=iX05JaZXRz0C&pg=PA367&lpg=PA367&vq=rhubarb&dq=On+Food+And+Cooking&sig=7TorpakpzTCQfrRZayxOmPyZ_1s.
- ↑ For a Supreme Court of the United States ruling on the matter, see Nix v. Hedden.
- ↑ McGee. On Food and Cooking. pp. 501. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0684800012&id=iX05JaZXRz0C&pg=PA501&lpg=PA501&vq=nut&dq=On+Food+And+Cooking&sig=o2G0ZjyWTWnMsNerGjkZQ2hk_w8.
- ↑ Lewis. CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences. pp. 238. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0849323274&id=TwRUZK0WTWAC&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238&vq=cereal&dq=fruit&sig=5e5ElNUQ8LAQf1_mKsOF-HLSrFc.
- ↑ http://www.palaeos.com/Plants/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryL.html#M
- ↑ Mauseth, James D. (2003). Botany: an introduction to plant biology. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. pp. 258. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-0-7637-2134-3.
- ↑ Rost, Thomas L.; Weier, T. Elliot; Weier, Thomas Elliot (1979). Botany: a brief introduction to plant biology. New York: Wiley. pp. 135–37. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-471-02114-8.
- ↑ Mauseth. Botany. Chapter 9: Flowers and Reproduction. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0763721344&id=0DfYJsVRmUcC&pg=PP14&lpg=PP11&sig=fxnTedUCSETHvzOygbqEbQuwk-g.
- ↑ Capon, Brian (fravari 25, 2005). Botany for Gardeners. Timber Press. pp. 198–199. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 0-88192-655-8. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0881926558&id=Z2s9v__6rp4C&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=coconut+dispersal&sig=o2ECHPkflL6xvh0CAjbkgmdSD1A.
baahari kadiyaaain
- falaahaar chikitsa - susheela gidiya
- aashadhi bhi hain fal evam sabjiyaaain (svatantr vaarta)
- sabhi falon ke poshak tatv (aapki sahaayata)
