faasforas

faasforas / Phosphorus raasaayanik tatv
namoona
raasaayanik chinh:	P
parmaanu sankhya:	15
raasaayanik shrunkhala:	bahuparamaanuk adhaatu
aavart saarani mein sthiti
electronic dhaancha
anya bhaashaaon mein naam:	Phosphorus (angreji), Фaaоaaсaaфaaоaaр (roosi), ભaaાaaસaa્aaવaaર (gujaraati), ರaaಂaaಜaaಕ (kannad), sfurad (maraathi), リaaン (Japani)

‎abhaasvar (fausforas) ek raasaayanik tatv hai jiska sanket ya P hai tatha parmaanu sankhya 15. yeh shabd greek (yoonaani) bhaasha ke faus (prakaash) tatha foras (dhaarak) se milkar bana hai jiska shaabdik arth hua prakaash ka dhaarak. ye fausfet chattaanon mein paaya jaata hai. iski sanyojakata 1, 3 aur 5 hoti hai. tatvon ki aavart saarani mein ye bhooyaati ke samooh mein aata hai.

‎afausforas ek abhikriyaasheel tatv hai isakaaran ye mukt avastha mein naheen paaya jaata hai. kuchh khanijon mein dhaatuon ke fausfet milte hain. pashuon ki haddiyon mein 56% kailshiym fausfet paaya jaata hai. jantuon tatha paudhon ke liye yeh ek anivaarya tatv hai. iska astitv kai jaiv avayavon mein milta hai.

anukram

apararoop

vibhinn rangon ke faasforas

‎afausforas ke koi 5 apararoop hain -

shvet ya peela ‎afausforas
laal ‎afausforas
sindoori ‎afausforas
kaala ‎afausforas
baingani ‎afausforas

shvet ‎afausforas mom jaisa mulaayam ravedaar padaarth hota hai. ismein lahasun jaisi gandh hoti hai tatha prakaash mein chhod dene par yeh dheere dheere peela ho jaata hai, iseeliye ise peela ‎afausforas bhi kehte hain. iska dravanaank (galanaank) 44.1 C hai tatha kvathanaank 280.5 C. yeh jal mein avileya tatha kaarvan daai salfaaid (pra.g₂)(CS₂) mein vileya hota hai. yeh ek jahareela padaarth hai.

shvet ‎afausforas ko naaitrojan ya kaarban daai oksaaid gas ki upasthiti mein 250 par garm karne par yeh laal ‎afausforas mein tabdeel ho jaata hai. yeh laal rang ka ravedaas thos padaarth hota hai jiska ghanatv 2.5 tatha kvathanaank 582 hota hai. ise 550 degree seinteegred par ti₂/N₂ ya pra.sa₂/CO₂ gas ki upasthiti mein vaashp banaakar ekaaek thanda karne par yeh vaapas shvet ‎afausforas mein parint ho jaata hai.

iske atirikt ‎afausforas ke anya apararoop mahatvapoorn naheen hain.

praaptikran

fausforaait choorn ko baaloo aur kok ke saath 1000 C par vidyut bhatthi mein garm karne par taiyaar kiya jaata hai. kailshiym siliket dhaatumal bankar baahar aa jaata hai -

Ca₃(PO₄)₂ → 3CaSiO₃ + P₂O₅

P₂O₅ + 5C → 2P+ 5CO

‎afausforas ke gun

saansavaayu se abhikriya karke yeh do prakaar ke oksaaid banaata hai -

4P + 3O₂ → 2P₂O₃

4P + 5O₂ → 2P₂O₅

jo ye darshaata hai ki ‎afausforas 3 aur 5 donon prakaar ki sanyojakata rakhata hai. isi prakaar kloreen se abhikriya karke bhi yeh do prakaar ke kloraaid banaata hai -

2P + 3Cl₂ → 2PCl₃

2P + 5Cl₂ → 2PCl₅

shvet ‎afausforas kaastik soda (ksha.sa.j)(NaOH) ke saath garm karne par fausfeen gas utpann hoti hai -

4bha + 3ksha.sa.j → 3ksha.j₂bha.sa₂ + bha.j₃

4P + 3NaOH → 3NaH₂PO₂ + PH₃

shvet ‎afausforas ko kisi andhere kamre mein rakhane par isse niklata hua prakaash dekha ja sakta hai jo ki iske haule haule dahan ke falasvaroop niklata hai. is gun ko sfuradeepti kehte hain.

nirmaan

pehle jaanvaron ki asthiyon se fausforas praapt kiya jaata tha. is vidhi mein jiletin rahit athva bhuni hui asthiyon ko salfyoorik aml ke saath ek bade hauj mein abhikriya karaane ke pashchaat taral padaarth ko chhaanakar use vaashpeekrut kiya jaata hai. aur jab is taral padaarth ka aapekshik ghanatv 1.45 ho jaata hai, tab ismein 20% koyala ya jala hua patthar ka koyala (kok) milaakar ise chhichhle kadaahon mein garam kiya jaata. jab ismein chhah pratishat aardrata rah jaati hai, tab ise band muainh ke baratanon mein rakhakar bhatti mein itna garam kiya jaata hai ki laal ho jaae. is prakaar lagaataar teen chaar dinon tak garam karte rahane se vartamaan fausforas aasut hokar ek doosare bartan mein paani mein ekatr hota rahata hai, jahaaain se ise nikaalkar punaraasut kiya jaata hai, tab shuddh fausforas milta hai. kintu yeh atyant kashtakaarak vidhi hai. adhik laagat par bhi ismein fausforas ki atyant alp praapti ho paati hai; isliye ab vidyut bhattiyon evam vaatya-bhattiyon ka prayog hone laga hai aur fausforas ka vyaapaarik nirmaan bhi sugam evam sast ho gaya hai. is naveen pranaali mein chattaaneeya fausfet, silika tatha kaarban (kok) ke mishran ko lekar bhatti mein apachaayak vaataavaran mein pighlaaya jaata hai aur fir fausforas ke vaashp ko ekatr kar use naana prakaar ke yaugikon mein parivrtit kiya jaata hai. is vidhi mein salfyoorik aml ki aavashyakta naheen padti, saath hi isse adhik fausforas ki praapti bhi hoti hai.

fausforas ke yaugik

fausforas, okseejan, haaidrojan, kloreen, gandhak tatha dhaatuon ke saath milkar kramash: oksaaid, haaidraaksaaid, kloraaid, salfaaid tatha fausfaaid yaugik banaata hai. oksaaidon ko paani mein ghulaane se fausforas ke amlon ki praapti hoti hai. oksaaidon mein fausfras peintauksaaid, haaidraaid mein fausfeen (PH₃), helaaidon mein fausforas peintaakloraaid (PCI₅) salfaaidon mein fausforas peintaasalfaaid (P₂ S₅ or P₄ S₁0) adhik mahatva ke hain.

fausfaaid

fausforas anek dhaatuon ke sanyog se fausfaaid banaata hai, kintu gandhak ki apeksha dhaatuon ke liye iski bandhuta kam hai. fausfaaido mein tin aur taaainbe ke fausfaaid keval in dhaatuon aur fausforas ke sanyog se hi bante hain. ye fausfaaid paani ya aml ke saath kriya karke fausfeen ya fausfoniym lavan banaate hain.

fausforas ke kshaar

raasaayanik drushti se fausfeen, amoniya ke sadrushya hai aur amoniym haaidrauksaaid ki hi bhaaainti fausfoniym haaidrauksaaid naam kshaar banta hai.

fausforas ke aml

fausforas ke aath aml gyaat hain, jinmein se paaainch to fausforas oksaaid tatha fausforas peintauksaaid aur jal ke sanyog se bante hain. inke naam hain : metaafausforas, fausforas, metaafausforik, paairofausforik, tatha aarthofausforik aml. inke atirikt haaipofausforas, paairofausforas tatha haaipofausforas aml hain, jo fausforas ke oksaaidon tatha jal ki abhikriya se naheen praapt hote. in aathon amlon mein aarthofausforik aml hi sarvaadhik mahatvapoorn hai, jiska aanvik sootr, (H₃ P O₄) iske do anuon mein se ek anu jal ki haani hone par paairofausforik aml (H₄ P₂ O₇,) tatha ek hi anu mein se ek anu jal haani se metaafausforik aml (H P O₃) bante hain. fausforik aml trikshaaraki hota hai jiske kaaran teen prakaar ke lavan, praathamik, dviteeyak tatha triteeyak, bante hain, jinhein fausfet kehte hain. is aml ka sabse adhik upayog krutrim khaad ya urvarakon ke nirmaan mein hota hai.

iske atirikt fausforas anek yaugik banaata hai, jaise haaipofausfet fausfet tatha fausfoproteen aadi.

upayog

laal ‎afausforas ka upayog diyaasalaai tatha aatishbaaji ke saamaan banaane mein kiya jaata hai. iske vishaile hone ke kaaran yeh choohe maarane ki davaaiyon mein bhi prayukt hota hai. iske alaava fausfar braaainj, jo ki ek upayogi mishradhaatu hai, banaane mein tatha kai aushadhiyon ke nirmaan mein bhi iska upayog kiya jaata hai.

fausforas ek aavashyak tatv hai, jo fausfet ke roop mein manushyon aur pashuon ke asthinirmaan mein sahaayak hota hai. svaasthyaraksha ke liye aavashyak hai ki shareer mein fausforas ka santulan sthir rahe. yahi naheen, shareer mein honevaali anek pratikriyaaon mein bhi fausforas ka mahatvapoorn haath rahata hai. fausfet ke roop mein fausforas ka sarvaadhik prayog bhoomi ko upajaaoo banaane ke liye urvarakon ke roop mein hota hai. ab to iske samasthaanik (P³²) ke gyaat ho jaane ke kaaran usaka upayog bhoomi se paudhon dvaara fausfet urvarakon ke avashoshan adhyayan mein hone laga hai.

shvet athva peet fausforas ka upayog fausforas kaansya, fausforas tin, fausforas taaainba, jaisi mishradhaatuon ke nirmaan tatha choohon evam anya haanikaarak keetaanuon ki rokathaam ke liye vishaile padaarthon ke banaane mein hota hai. yuddh ke samay visfotakon evam dhoomr aavaranon ke utpaadan ke liye bhi fausforas ka upayog hota hai. peet fausforas atyant vishaila hota hai aur 0.1 gram se bhi manushya ki mrutyu ho jaati hai. iska dhoomr bada ghaatak hota hai. isse naak aur jabade ki asthiyaaain sad jaati hain. pehle peet fausforas ka sarvaadhik upayog diyaasalaai ke nirmaan mein hota tha aur yahi kaaran hai ki diyaasalaai ke kaarkhaanon mein kaam karanevaale karmachaari praaya: uparyukt rog ke shikaar ho jaate the. jab se peet fausforas ke sthaan par laal fausforas ka upayog diyaasalaai ke nirmaan mein hone laga, is rog ka ant ho gaya hai.

fausforas ke jin yaugikon ka mahatvapoorn audyogik upayog hota hai, unamein faasforik aml tatha uske vyutpannon ko chhodkar salfaaid tatha kloraaid vishesh roop se ullekhaneeya hain. diyaasalaai banaane ke liye fausforas selkvi salfaaid (P₄ S₃) ka bade paimaane par upayog hota hai aur fausforas peintaasalfaaid (P₄ S₁₀) ka upayog kaarbanik fausforas-gandhak yaugikon ke nirmaan mein hota hai. ye yaugik snehak tailon ke gunon mein vishishtata laane ke liye prayukt hote hain. fausforas peintaakloraaid ke upayog se ailkohaul aur kaarbanik amlon ko unke sangat kloraaidon mein paraavartit kiya jaata hai. okseekloraaid ka upayog rangon aur davaaon ke liye hota hai. yuddh tatha audyogik upayog ke atirikt laal fausforas ka sarvaadhik upayog diyaasalaaiyon ke oopar ki gharshan satah ke nirmaan mein hota hai.

chitr

White phosphorus
Red phosphorus
Fosforečanan měaaďaanatý - Cu₃(PO₄)₂
Fosforečanan žaaeleznatý - Fe₃(PO₄)₂
Fosforečanan hlinitý - AlPO₄
Fosforečanan hořaaečaanatý - Mg₃(PO₄)₂
Fosforečanan chromitý - CrPO₄
Fosforečanan nikelnatý - Ni₃(PO₄)₂
Fosforečanan sodný - Na₃PO₄
Fosforečanan střaaíaabrný - Ag₃PO₄
Fosforečanan zinečaanatý - Zn₃(PO₄)₂