ekeshvaravaad
ekeshvaravaad athva ekadevavaad vah siddhaant hai jo 'ishvar ek hai' athva 'ek ishvar hai' vichaar ko sarvapramukh roop mein maanyata deta hai. ekeshvaravaadi ek hi ishvar mein vishvaas karta hai aur keval usi ki pooja-upaasana karta hai. iske saath hi vah kisi bhi aisi anya alaukik shakti ya devata ko naheen maanata jo us ishvar ka samakaksh ho sake athva usaka sthaan le sake. isi drushti se bahudevavaad, ekadevavaad ka vilom siddhaant kaha jaata hai. ekeshvaravaad ke virodhi daarshanik matavaadon mein daarshanik sarveshvaravaad, daarshanik nireeshvaravaad tatha daarshanik sandehavaad ki ganana ki jaati hai. sarveshvaravaad, ishvar aur jagat mein abhinnata maanata hai. uske siddhaantavaakya hain- 'sab ishvar hain' tatha 'ishvar sab hain'. ekeshvaravaad keval ek ishvar ki satta maanata hai. sarveshvaravaad ishvar aur jagat donon ki satta maanata hai. yadyapi jagat ki satta ke svaroop mein vaimatya hai tathaapi ishvar aur jagat ki ekta avashya sveekaar karta hai. 'ishvar ek hai' vaakya ki sookshm daarshanik meemaansa karne par yeh kaha ja sakta hai ki sarvasatta ishvar hai. yeh nishkarsh sarveshvaravaad ke nikat hai. iseeliye ye vaakya ek hi tathya ko do dhang se prakat karte hain. inka tulanaatmak adhyayan karne se yeh prakat hota hai ki 'ishvar ek hai' vaakya jahaaain ishvar ke sarvaateetatv ki or sanket karta hai vaheen 'sab ishvar hain' vaakya ishvar ke sarvavyaapakatv ki or.
deshakaalagat prabhaav ki drushti se vichaar karne par ishvar ke teen visham roopon ke anusaar teen prakaar ke ekeshvaravaad ka bhi ullekh milta hai-
- 1. ijaraayali ekeshvaravaad,
- 2. yoonaani darshan ka helenik ekeshvaravaad, tatha
- 3. hindu ekeshvaravaad.
inmein se teesara ekeshvaravaad sarvaadhik vyaapak hai aur iska sarveshvaravaad se bahut niktata hai. yeh siddhaant keval ishvar ki hi poorn satta par jor naheen deta, apitu jagat ki asatta par bhi jor deta hai; kintu vibhinn daarshanik drushtiyon se vah jagat ki satta aur asatta donon ka do prakaar ke satyon ke roop mein pratipaadan bhi karta hai. jagat ki asatta par bhi samaan roop se jor dene ke kaaran kuchh log hindu sarveshvaravaad ka ekeshvaravaad ke nikat dekhte hue uske liye 'ekaasmijm' shabd ka prayog adhik sangat maanate hain. is drushti se jagat ki satta keval prateeti maatr hai.
hindu ekeshvaravaad mein aitihaasik drushti se anek visheshataaeain dekhne mein aati hain. kaalaanusaar unke anek roop milte hain. sarveshvaravaad aur bahudevavaad paraspar ghanishthabhaaven sambaddh hain. kuchh log vikaasakram ki drushti se bahudevavaad ko sarvapratham sthaan dete hain. bhaarateeya dharm aur chintan ke vikaas mein praarambhik vaidik yug mein bahudevavaad ki tatha uttar vaidik yug mein sabhi devataaon ke peechhe ek param shakti ki kalpana milti hai. doosare mat se yadyapi vaidik devataaon ke bahutv ko dekhkar saamaanya paathak vedon ko bahudevavaadi kah sakta hai tathaapi prabuddh adhyeta ko unamein na to bahudevavaad ka darshan hoga aur na hi ekeshvaravaad ka. vah to bhaarateeya dharmachintana ki ek aisi sthiti hai jise un donon ka uts maan sakte hain. vastut: yeh dhaarmik sthiti itni viksit naheen thi ki ukt donon mein se kisi ek ki or vah unmukh ho sake. kintu jaise jaise dharmachintan ki gambheerta ki pravrutti badhti gayi, vaise- vaise bhaarateeya chintana ki pravrutti bhi ekeshvaravaad ki or badhti gayi. karmakaandeeya karm svat: apna fal pradaan karte hain, is dhaarana ne bhi bahudevavaad ke devataaon ki mahatta ko kam kiya. upanishd kaal mein brahmavidya ka prachaar hone par ek ishvar athva shakti ki vichaarana pradhaan ho gayi. puraanakaal mein anek devataaon ki maanyata hote hue bhi, unamein se kisi ek ko pradhaan maankar usaki upaasana par jor diya gaya. vedaant darshan ka praabalya hone par bahudevavaadi maanyataaeain aur bhi durbal ho gayi evam ek hi ishvar athva shakti ka siddhaant pramukh ho gaya. inheen aadhaaron par kuchh log ekeshvaravaad ko gambhir chintana ka fal maanate hain. vastut: sampoorn bhaarateeya dharmasaadhana, chintana aur saahitya ke oopar vichaar karne par sarveshvaravaad (jo ekeshvaravaad ke adhik nikat hai) ki hi vyaapakata sarvatr parilkshit hoti hai. yeh bhaarateeya matavaad yadyapi janaprachalit bahudevavaad se bahut door hai tathaapi anya deshon ki tarah yahaaain bhi sarveshvaravaad bahudevavaad se naikataya sthaapit kar raha hai.
mahaabhaarat ke naaraayaneeyopaakhyaan mein shvetadveepeeya nivaasiyon ko ekeshvaravaadi bhakti se sampann kaha gaya hai. vishvakasen sanhita ne vaidikon ki, ekadevavaadi na hone tatha vaidik karmakaandeeya vidhaanon mein vishvaas karne ke kaaran, katu aalochna ki hai. isi prakaar bhaarateeya dharmachintana mein ekeshvaravaad ka ek aur roop milta hai. pehle brahma, vishnu aur mahesh ki vibhinnata pratipaadit ho gayi, saath hi kaheen-kaheen vishnu aur brahma ko Shiv mein samaavisht bhi maana gaya. kaalaantar mein ekta ki bhaavana bhi viksit ho gayi. keval Shiv mein hi shesh donon devataaon ke gunon ka aarop ho gaya. vishnu ke sambandh me bhi isi prakaar ka aarop milta hai. vishnupuraan to teenon ko ek paramaatma ki abhivyakti maanata hai. yeh paramaatma kaheen Shiv roop mein hai aur kaheen vishnu roop mein.
doosra atiprasiddh ekeshvaravaad islaami hai. keval paramaatma ki satta ko sveekaar karte hue yeh mat maanata hai ki bahudevavaad bahut bada paap hai. ishvar ek hai. uske atirikt koi doosari satta naheen hai. vah sarvashaktimaan hai, atulaneeya hai, svaapam hai, sarvaateet hai. vah is jagat ka kaaran hai aur nirmaata hai. vah avataar naheen leta. vah desh kaal se pare anaadi aur aseem hai, tathaiv nirgun aur ekaras hai. islaam ke hi antargat viksit soofi mat mein in vichaaron ke atirikt use sarvavyaapi satta bhi maana gaya. sarvatr usi ki vibhootiyon ka darshan hota hai. parinaamat: un logon ne paramaatma ka nivaas sabamein aur sabka nivaas paramaatma mein maana. yeh ekeshvaravaad se sarveshvaravaad ki or honevaale vikaas ka sanket hai, yadyapi mool islaami ekeshvaravaad se yahaaain iski bhinnata bhi spasht dikhlaai padti hai.