dhanush

dhanush ki sahaayata se baan chalaana nissandeh bahut praacheen kala hai, jiska chalan aaj bhi hai. aahaar aur aatmaraksha ke liye sansaar ke sabhi bhaagon mein anya hathiyaaron ki apeksha dhanush-baan ka prayog sarvaadhik aur vyaapak hua hai. aadikaal se lekar 16veen shataabdi tak dhanushabaan manushya ke nirantar sahaayak rahe hain; yahaaain tak ki jab agnyastron ne inki upayogita samaapt kar di, tab bhi khel, shauk aur manoranjan ke roop mein inka prayog chalta raha hai.

yeh door tak maar karanevaala astr hai, jiska upayog sahasron varshon se hota aa raha hai. iske prasaar ka itihaas agyaat hai. saanskrutik pragati mein bhaap aur aag utpann karne ki kala ke aavishkaar ka jo mahatva hai, vahi mahatva dhanush ke aavishkaar ka bhi hai. yeh aavishkaar aaj ke lagbhag 30 se 50 sahasraabdi pehle hua. dhanush ka aavishkaar kaise hua, yeh anumaan ka vishay ho sakta hai, lekin iska janm poorv mein hua, yeh nirvivaad hai. ise Asia maainar ke yoonaaniyon aur arabon ne sambhavat: Iran maarg se Bhaarat se praapt kiya. vishv ke praacheenatam saahitya sanhita aur braahmanon mein Indra ke vajr aur dhanush-baan ka ullekh milta hai. praacheen samay mein sainya vigyaan ka naam hi dhanurved tha, jisse siddh hota hai ki un dinon yuddh mein dhanush baan ka kitna mahatva tha. neetiprakaashika mein muktavarg ke antargat 12 prakaar ke shastron ka varnan hai, jinmein dhanush ka sthaan pramukh hai.

dhanush baan ki teen suvidhaaeain spasht hain, jinmein yeh samajh mein aata hai ki iska aavishkaar aur prayog praacheen kaal mein kaise sambhav ho saka. *iske utpaadan mein kharch kam padta hai,

• iske paraas ki doori paryaapt hoti hai aur
• baan sheeghrata se chhoda ja sakta hai.

dhanush ke saamarthya ka anumaan do cheejon se lagaaya jaata hai:

• vah shakti (power) jisse visthaapit hone par vah pun: apne svaabhaavik sthiti mein aa jaati hai aur
• us doori se jo usaka visthaapan hai.

visthaapan ki doori swayam dhanurdhar ke saamarthya par nirbhar karti hai. dhanush ke prabhaavi paraas (tranj) ki anumaanit doori 200 se lekar 250 gaj tak kahi gayi hai.

dhanush manushya ka sambhavat: pehla aavishkaar hai, jismein oorja ko dheere-dheere sanchit karne ke baad niyantran evam nirdeshapoorvak ekaaek nirmukt kiya ja sakta hai. isse sthitij urja, vaan ki gatij urja mein badal jaati hai. anek gaj ki doori par sthit lakshya par adhik yathaarthata se prahaar kiya ja sakta hai. agnyastron ko chhodkar anya kisi misaail se itni yathaarthata se prahaar naheen kiya ja sakta hai.

praacheen sanskrut saahitya mein dhanush ke anek naam milte hain, jaise saarang, kodand, kaarmuk, dhanu, chaap aadi. yeh kehna kathin hai ki ye shabd ek hi prakaar ke dhanush ko vyakt karte hain, ya bhinn bhinn prakaar ke dhanushon ke naam hain.

agnipuraan mein dhanush ka saangopaang varnan milta hai. dhanush ka dand ispaat, seeng ya kaath ka bana ho sakta hai. dhanush ki dori baans ya anya vrukshon ke tantuon se bani ho sakti thi. kautilya ne murva, munjaghaas, ark, san, gavedhu aur snaayu ke tantuon ka ullekh kiya hai. lakdi ke dhanush ka dand chhah foot rakha jaata tha aur nimnashreni mein yeh dedh foot kam rahata tha. mooth par mote padaarth lapete jaate the jisse dand sthir rahe aur pakadne mein sahoolit ho. ispaat ke bane dhanush ki mooth chhoti pakad ki hoti thi aur usaka madhyabhaag sundariyon ki bhrukuti ke samaan hota tha. yeh khand khand karke, ya ek hi saath, banaaya jaata tha aur ismein svarn jada jaata tha. dhanush ka dand banaane mein bhains, gainda ya sharabh ke seeng tatha chandan, saal, beint, kakubh ya dhaval ki lakdi prayukt hoti thi. inmein baaains sarvotkrusht samjha jaata tha. arjun ka suprasiddh gaandeev dhanush sambhavat: baaains ka hi bana tha. dhanush ko dand sone, chaaaindi ya taaainbe ka bhi ho sakta hai. kautilya ne chaar prakaar ke dhanushon ka varnan kiya hai : 1. panai (Palmyra) se nirmit kaarmuk, 2. baaains se nirmit kodand, 3. daarnavud ka bana drun aur 4. haddi ya seeng se bana dhanush. shreekrushn ka dhanush seeng ka tha.

kodandamandan mein dhanush ke vibhinn lakshanon ka varnan milta hai. usamein dori ke bhaari ya halki hone ke anusaar 18 prakaar ke dhanushon ka ullekh hai. unke vibhinn bhaar aur maapein bhi di gayi hain. yogin ke dhanush ya chaap ka bhaar 200 pal, dhanurvidya ke prashikshaarthi ka 3 pal, narakul ke bane dhanush ka bhaar 440 pal, yuddh ke liye 700 pal ka dhanush aur dooraprahaar ke liye 950 ya 1,000 pal ka dhanush hota tha. bahut bhaari dhanush prabhaavashaali dhang se prayukt naheen ho sakta tha. inke atirikt kodandamandan mein devataaon ke divya dhanushon ka varnan bhi milta hai.

asam ki khas jaati aaj bhi saral dhanushabaan ka prayog karti hai. naaga log goli dhanush ka prayog karte hain. 12veen shataabdi mein Europe mein kaladaar-dhanush (cross bow) ka praayog hota tha, jo roman astrakshepak bailista (ballista) ka chhota roop tha. lambe dhanush ki tulana mein ismein do achhaaiyaaain thi, ek to yeh ki ismein lakshya ka vedhan adhik yathaarthata se hota tha aur doosare is dhanush ke upayog mein utani shakti naheen kharch hoti thi, jitni angrejon ke dhanushon mein. kaladaar dhanush lanbaai aur bhaar mein badhta gaya aur iska svaroop jatil hota gaya. ant mein, agnyastron ke vyavahaar mein aane par iska ant ho gaya. hindacheen mein aaj bhi ek prakaar ke kaladaar dhanush ka prachalan hai, jiska utpattisthaan mangoliya kaha gaya hai.

• pinaak
• gaandeev

• dhanurved
• dhanurvidya
• tilhar

vikimeediya kaumans par dhanush/kamaan se sambandhit media hai.