devavaad

devavaad ya tatastheshvaravaad (Deism) ke anusaar, satya ki khoj mein buddhi pramukh astr aur antim adhikaar hai. gyaan ke kisi bhaag mein bhi buddhi ke adhikaar se bada koi anya adhikaar vidyamaan naheen. yeh daava dharm aur jnyaaanameemaansa ke kshetron mein vishesh roop mein vivaad ka vishay banta raha hai.

isaai mat mein dharm ki neenv vishvaas par rakhi gayi hai. jo satya ishvar ki or se aavishkrut hue hai, ve maanya hain, chaahe ve buddhi ki pahuainch ke baahar hon, uske pratikool bhi hon. 18veen shati mein, England mein kuchh vichaarakon ne dharm ko daivi aavishkaar ke bajaay maanav chintan ki neenv par khada karne ka yatn kiya. aarambh mein alaukik ya prakrutiviruddh siddhaant unke aakraman ke vishay bane; iske baad aisi ghatnaaon ki baari I, jinhein aitihaasik khoj ne asatya bataaya; aur ant mein kaha gaya ki jis jeevanavyavastha ko isaaiyat aadarsh vyavastha ke roop mein upasthit karti hai, vah sveekruti ke yogya naheen. tolaind (John Toland), chabb (Thomas Chubb) aur borligbrok (Bolingbroke) buddhivaad ke in teenon svaroopon ke pratinidhi tatha prasaarak the.

jnyaaanameemaansa mein buddhivaad aur anubhavavaad ka virodh hai. anubhavavaad ke anusaar, manushya ka man ek kori takhti hai, jis par anek prakaar ke baahya prabhaav ankit hote hain; hamaara saara gyaan baahar se praapt hota hai. iske vipreet, buddhivaad kehta hai ki saara gyaan andar se upajata hai. jo kuchh indriyon ke dvaara praapt hota hai, use pleto ne keval "sanmati" ka pad diya. buddhivaad ke anusaar ganit satya gyaan ka namoona hai. ganit ki neenv lakshanon aur svayansiddh dhaaranaaon par hoti hai aur ye donon man ki krutiyaaain hain. aadhunik kaal mein, dekaart ne nirmal aur spasht pratyayon ko satya ki kasauti bataaya. spinoja ne apni vikhyaat pustak "neeti" ko rekhaaganit ka aakaar diya. vah kuchh paribhaashaaon aur svat:siddh dhaaranaaon se aarambh karta hai aur pratyek saadhya ko upayogi upapatti se pramaanit karta hai.

• anubhavavaad
• buddhivaad (Intellectualism)
• daivavaad ya bhaagyavaad
• Europeeya jnyaaanodaya - ismein devavaad ko bahut mahattv mila.