delfi

yunesko vishv dharohar sthal

Archaeological Site of Delphi
vishv dharohar soochi mein ankit naam
The theatre, seen from above
desh	yoonaan
prakaar	Cultural
maanadand	i, ii, iii, iv, v and vi
sandarbh	393
yunesko kshetr	Europe
shilaalekhit itihaas
shilaalekh	1987 (11th satr)

delfi (greek Δaaεaaλaaφaaοaaί, [ðaaelˈaafi]^[1]) grees ka ek puraataatvik sthal va aadhunik nagar donon hai, jo fosis (Phocis) ki ghaati mein mount parnaasas ke dakshin-pashchimi parvat skandh par sthit hai. delfi greek pauraanik kathaaon mein, delfi ki orekal (Delphic Oracle), praacheen greek vishv mein sarvaadhik mahatvapoorn orekal, ka sthaan aur devata Apollo, ek devata, jinhonne vahaan nivaas kiya aur pruthvi ki naabhi ki raksha ki, dvaara ajagar ka vadh kar diye jaane ke baad unki upaasana ka ek mukhya sthal tha. kuchh logon ka daava hai ki is sthal ka mool naam paaithan (Python) (kriya paaitheen (pythein), "sadna" se vyutpann) hi hai, jo ki us ajagar ki pehchaan hai, jise Apollo ne paraast kiya tha (Miller, 95). homerik him too delfik Apollo (Homeric Hymn to Delphic Apollo) yaad dilaati hai ki is sthal ka praacheen naam krisa (Krisa) tha.^[2] delfi mein unka pavitra sthaan ek painahelenik (panhellenic) garbhagruh tha, jahaan 586 E.poo. (Miller, 96) se, pratyek chaar varshon baad poore greek vishv se aaye khilaadi paaithiyn gems, chaar painahelenik (ya steefainitik) khelon mein se ek, mein pratispardha kiya karte the, jo ki aadhunik olympic ke poorvavarti khel the. delfi ke vijetaaon ko laurel ka ek taaj pahanaaya jaata tha, jise ajagar ke vadh ka punaraabhinya karne wala ek ladka mandir mein sthit ek ped se ek aayojan ke dvaara kaatkar laata tha (Miller, 96). khel ke aayojan ke anya sthalon se delfi isaliye bhinn tha kyonki yeh sangeet spardhaaon, mausikos egaun (mousikos agon), ki mejabaani bhi karta tha (Miller, 95). kaalaanukramik roop se aur mahatva ke aadhaar par in paaithiyn gems ka sthaan chaar steefainitik (stephanitic) khelon mein doosra tha (Miller, 96). haalaanki ye khel olimpiya se is roop mein bhinn the ki ve delfi nagar ke liye utane adhik mahatvapoorn naheen the, jitne ki olimpiya mein hone vaale khel olimpiya shahar ke liye mahatvapoorn the. chaahe delfi ne in khelon ki mejabaani ki hoti ya na ki hoti, tab bhi yeh ek prasiddh shahar hi raha hota; yahaan kuchh anya aakarshan the, jinke parinaamasvaroop ise pruthvi ka “aomfelaus (omphalos)” (naabhi), doosare shabdon mein vishv ka kendra kaha gaya (Miller, 96–7). Apollo ke mandir ke aantarik hestiya (hestia) ("haarth [hearth]") mein ek anant jyoti prajvalit ki gayi. plaatiya ke yuddh ke baad, greek shaharon ne apni agniyon ko bujha diya aur grees ke haarth se nai agni lekar delfi aaye; vibhinn greek bastiyon ki sthaapana-kathaaon mein, sansthaapak upaniveshiyon ko pehle delfi ko samarpit kiya gaya tha.^[3]

delfi (baaen beech mein) keindreeya grees mein kurinthus ki khaadi ke uttar mein hai.

delfi ka sthal nichle keindreeya grees mein, mount parnaasas ke dhalaan par anek pathaaron/chhaton par sthit hai aur ismein Apollo ka garbhagruh, praacheen orekal ka sthal, shaamil hai. is ardh-vruttaakaar parvat skandh ko feedriyeds (Phaedriades) kaha jaata hai aur yeh pleestos ghaati (Pleistos Valley) ke oopar dikhaai deta hai. delfi ke dakshin-pashchim mein, lagbhag 15 kimi (9.3 meal) door, korinthiyaai khaadi mein bandargaah-shahar kirha (Kirrha) sthit hai. delfi mount parnaasas ke parvat-skandh ke bhi dakshin-pashchimi bhaag mein sthit hai.

delfoi (Delphoi) shabd ka mool vahi hai, jo δaaεaaλaaφaaύaaς delphys, "garbh (womb)" ka hai aur sambhav hai ki yeh us sthal par gaaiya, daadi pruthvi aur devi pruthvi ke puraatan prati puraatan shraddha ko soochit karta ho. ^[4][5] is sthal ke saath Apollo ka sambandh unki upaadhi Δaaεaaλaaφaaίaaνaaιaaοaaς Delphinios, "demfiyaai (Delphinian)" ke dvaara joda gaya hai. yeh upaadhi homerik him too Apollo (Homeric Hymn to Apollo) (pankti 400) mein daulfinon (greek δaaεaaλaaφaaίaaς,-ῖaaνaaοaaς) ke saath judi hui hai, jo ki us pauraanik katha ki yaad dilaati hai, jiske anusaar Apollo pehli baar daulfin ke avataar mein apni peeth par kretan pujaariyon ko bithaakar delfi aaye the. is orekal ka homerik naam paaitho (Pytho) (Πaaυaaθaaώ) hai.^[6]

ek anya pauraanik katha ke anusaar Apollo uttar ki or se chalte hue delfi aaye aur thesali (Thessaly) mein sthit ek nagar, teinpe (Tempe), mein laurel (jise angreji mein be tri (bay tree) bhi kaha jaata hai) ke paudhe ko lene ke liye ruke, jo ki unke liye pavitra tha. is katha ki smruti mein paaithiyn gems ke vijetaaon ko mandir se tode gaye laurel (be vruksh ke patton) ki maala pahanaai jaati thi.

Apollo ke mandir ka poorvi chhor ke neeche se dikhne wala drushya

paaithiyn khelon ke prayog ke liye delfi abhayaaranya mein maaunten-top stadium ka drushya.daahini or dikhaai de rahi patthar ki seedhiyaan/aasan roman logon shaasan-kaal mein jode gaye the.

delfi fonebas Apollo (Phoebus Apollo) ke ek pramukh mandir, va saath hi paaithiyn gems tatha prasiddh poorv aitihaasik orekal ka ek sthal ban gaya. yahaan tak ki roman kaal mein bhi, mannat ki saikadon moortiyaan bacheen raheen, jinka varnan plaaini the yangar (Pliny the Younger) ne kiya aur jinhein pauseniys (Pausanias) dvaara dekha gaya tha. aisa maana jaate hai ki mandir mein teen vachan:γaaνaaωaaθaaι σaaεaaαaaυaaτaaόaaν (gnōaathi seautóaan = "swayam ko jaano") aur μaaηaaδaaέaaν άaaγaaαaaν (mēaadéaan áagan = "adhikta mein kuchh naheen ") aur Εaaγaaγaaύaaα πaaάaaρaaα δ'αaaτaaη (engýaaa páara d'atē = "ek shapath lo aur haani nikat hai "),^[7] tatha saath hi ek bada varn E ukere gaye the.^[8] anya vastuon mein epsilon ank 5 ka prateek hai. “adelfi mein bane E (E at Delphi)” ke arth ke baare mein plutaark (Plutarch) ka nibandh is shilaalekh ke baare mein ekamaatr saahityik srot hai. praacheen kaal mein, in vachanon ka mool grees ke saat vidvaanon (Seven Sages of Greece) mein se ek ya anek ko maana jaata tha,^[9] haalaanki praacheen va saath hi aadhunik vidvaanon ne aise aaropanon ki vaidhata par sandeh jaahir kiya hai.^[10] vidvaanon ke ek jode ke anusaar, “adelfiyaai mandir par bane teen vachanon ke vaastavik lekhakatv ko anishchit chhoda ja sakta hai. sarvaadhik sambhaavana is baat ki hai ki ve lokapriya muhaavare the, jinka shreya baad mein vishisht vidvaanon ko de diya gaya."^[11]

baad mein prachalit ek mithk, jo ki puraane mithkon se bhinn hai, ke anusaar Apollo ne apne bachapan mein bhoomigat (chthonic) sarp paaithan, jise praacheen mithkon mein paaithiya naam diya gaya tha, ka vadh kiya, lekin baad ke kuchh varnanon ke anusaar unki patni, paaithiya, jo ki kaisteliyaai jharane ke paas rahati thi, kuchh ke anusaar isaliye kyonki paaithan ne leto ke saath balaatkaar ka prayaas kiya, jab vah Apollo aur aartemis se garbhavati thi. is jode ke shav usaki chhad ke chaaron or aachhaadit the, jiske saath pankhon ko jodkar ishvar ke kaidushiys (caduceus) prateek ka nirmaan hua. yeh jharana mandir ki or bahata tha, lekin iske neeche adrushya ho jaata tha, jisse ek daraar ka nirmaan hua, jismein se vaashp utsarjit hoti thi, jiske kaaran delfi ki orekal apni bhavishyavaaniyaan kiya karti thi. Apollo ne paaithan ka vadh kiya, lekin unhein iski saja di jaani thi kyonki vah gaaiya ki santaan thi. Apollo ko samarpit mandir moolat: gaaiya ko aur fir sanbhavat: pauseedaun (Poseidon) ko samarpit tha. paaithiya naam delfi ki orekal ka sheershak bana raha. is hatya ki saja ke roop mein Apollo ko aath varshon tak nimn shreni ke kaarya karne ke liye bheja gaya. sarp ke vadh, udaan, praayashchit aur ishvar ki vaapasi ko pradarshit karanevaala ek tyauhaar, septeriya (Septeria), prativrsh manaaya jaata tha. is jeet ka smaranotsav manaane ke liye pratyek chaar varshon mein paaithiyn gems ka aayojan kiya jaata tha.^[12] delfi mein hone wala ek anya niyamit aayojan "thiyofeniya (Theophania)" (Θaaεaaοaaφaaάaaνaaεaaιaaα), sharad riatu mein hone wala ek vaarshik aayojan, tha, jo haaiparaboriya (Hyperborea) ke sheet nivaas se Apollo ki vaapasi ki khushi mein manaaya jaata tha. is aayojan samaapan bhakton ko devataaon ke ek chitr, jo ki saamaanyat: garbhagruh mein chhipaakar rakha jaata tha, ke pradarshan ke saath hota tha.^[13] pratyek garmiyon mein "thiyokseniya (Theoxenia)" ka aayojan kiya jaata tha, jo ki “aanya raajyon ke devataaon va raajadooton” ke liye aayojit ek bhoj par keindit hota tha.^[14]

iravin hrod (Erwin Rohde) ne likha hai ki paaithan pruthvi ki aatma thi, jis par Apollo ne vijay praapt ki aur use omfelaus ke neeche dafna diya aur yeh ki ye ek devata dvaara doosare doosare ki kabr par ek mandir banaane ka maamala tha.^[15] ek anya drushtikon ke anusaar, Apollo greek Dave-samooh, jo moolat: laaidiya (Lydia) se aata hai, mein kaafi haaliya judaav hai. uttari enaatoliya se aane vaale etruskaan (Etruscans) log bhi Apollo ki upaasana kiya karte the aur ho sakta hai ki moolat: vah mesopotemiyaai aaplu (Aplu), “aputr” ke arth wala ek akkaadiyaai (Akkadian) sheershak, jo ki moolat: enlil (Enlil) ke putr, pleg devata nargal (plague God Nergal), ko diya gaya tha. Apollo sminthiys (Apollo Smintheus) (greek Αaaπaaόaaλaaλaaωaaν Σaaμaaιaaνaaθaaεaaύaaς), choohe ka hatyaara,^[16] choohon ko nasht karta hai, jo ki is beemaari ka praathamik kaaran hain, at: vah nirodhak dava ko protsaahit karta hai.

delfi sanbhavat: us garbhagruh, jo praacheen kaal mein Apollo ko samarpit tha, mein sthit orekal ke liye sarvaadhik prasiddh hai. yoomenides (Eumenides) ki prastaavana mein esheelas (Aeschylus) likhte hain ki iska mool poorv-aitihaasik kaal aur gaaiya ki upaasana mein tha. aathaveen sadi isa poorv ke antim chaturthaansh mein delfi ke aupaniveshik sthal par mili shilpaakrutiyon mein niyamit vruddhi hui hai, jo ki naveen sadi ka ek naya, uttar-maaisiniyaai kaal ka upanivesh tha. mitti ke bartanon aur kaanse ka kaam va saath hi tipaai samarpan olimpiya ki tulana mein ek niyamit pravaah mein jaari rahe. na to vastuon ki shreni aur na hi pratishthit samarpan yeh saabit karte hain ki upaasakon ki ek vyaapak shreni ke liye delfi aakarshan ka kendra tha, lekin uchch moolya waali vastuon ki ek badi maatra, jo ki mukhya-bhoomi ke kisi bhi anya garbhagruh mein naheen milti, avashya hi is drushtikon ko protsaahit karti hai.

Apollo apni orekal ke maadhyam se sandesh diya karte the: delfi sthit orekal ki sibil ya pujaarin ko paaithiya kaha jaata tha; aavashyak roop se vah us kshetr ke kisaanon ke beech se chuni gayi ek aisi boodhi mahila hoti thi, jiska jeevan bedaag raha ho. vah pruthvi mein bane ek chhidr ke oopar par tipaai par baitha karti thi. dantakatha ke anusaar, jab Apollo ne ajagar ka vadh kiya, to usaka shareer is daraar mein gir gaya aur uske jalate hue shareer se dhuaan utha. is dhuen ki chapet mein aakar sibil behosh ho gayi, jisse Apollo ne usaki aatma par adhikaar kar liya. is avastha mein usane bhavishyavaani ki. aisa maana jaata raha hai ki is chhidr se ethileen ki uchch maatra waali ek gas nikli, jise bheeshan behoshi utpann karne ke liye jaana jaata hai, haalaanki yeh siddhaant abhi bhi vivaadit bana hua hai.^[17][18] behoshi ke dauraan paaithiya ne “apralaap” – sanbhavat: samaadhi-magn bhaashan ka ek roop – kiya aur unke pralaap-vachanon ko mandir ke pujaariyon dvaara sahaj hekjmetar (hexameters) mein unka “aanuvaada” kiya gaya. log saarvajanik neetiyon se jude mahatvapoorn masalon se lekar vyaktigat maamalon tak pratyek baat ke liye delfi ki orekal se paraamarsh liya karte the. sheet-kaal ke maheenon mein orekal se paraamarsh naheen liya ja sakta hai kyonki paaramparik roop se yeh vah samay tha, jab Apollo haaiparaboriyaai logon (Hyperboreans) ke beech nivaas kiya karte the. unki anupasthiti mein mandir mein daayoniss (Dionysus) ka nivaas raha karta tha.^[19]

H. dablyoo. park (H.W. Parke) likhte hain ki delfi aur iski orekal ki aadhaarashila darj itihaas ke poorv rakhi gayi aur iska mool agyaat hai, lekin iska kaal-nirdhaaran taaitan, gaaiya ki upaasana ke kaal ke roop mein kiya gaya hai.^[20]

poore greek vishv par orekal ka paryaapt prabhaav tha aur sabhi mukhya kaaryon ke poorv unki salaah li jaati thi: yuddh, upaniveshon ki sthaapana aadi. greek vishv ke aas-paas sthit ardh-heleniyaai (semi-Hellenic) deshon, jaise laaidiya, kairiya va yahaan tak ki misr mein bhi unhein sammaan diya jaata tha.

paaithiya ki kuchh sarvaadhik ullekhaneeya ghoshanaaon ki soochi ke liye, delfi ke prasiddh orekal kathanon (Famous Oracular Statements from Delphi) par jaaen.

orekal ko mesedoniya ke raajaaon se laabh praapt hota tha. baad mein ise etoliyaaiyon (Aetolians) ke sanrakshan mein rakh diya gaya. kuchh hi samay baad, roman logon ka prabhaav badhna praarambh ho gaya aur unhonne 109 isa poorv tatha 105 isa poorv mein khatarnaak barbar aakramanon se orekal ki raksha ki. ek vyaapak punargathan ki shuruaat hui, lekin mithridetik yuddhon (Mithridatic Wars) aur sula ke yuddhon (wars of Sulla), jinmein orekal ko chadhaai gayi anek moolyavaan vastuen chhin gain, ne ismein vyavadhaan utpann kar diya. barbar aakramanakaariyon ke hamlon mein mandir ko jala diya gaya, jo 83 isa poorv mein aae ek bhookamp ke kaaran bheeshan roop se kshatigrast ho chuka tha. is prakaar orekal ka apakarsh hone laga aur aas-paas ka kshetr kangaal ban gaya. sthaaneeya janasankhya virl hone ke kaaran aavashyak padon ko bharne mein kathinaaiyaan utpann hone lageen. shankaaspad bhavishvaaniyon ke kaaran orekal ki vishvasaneeyata ghat gayi. 66 isavi mein jab neero grees mein aaya, to vah 500 se adhik sarvashreshth moortiyon ko delfi se rom le gaya. uttaravarti flaaviyaai (Flavian) raajavansh ke roman samraaton nein iske jeernoddhaar mein ullekhaneeya yogadaan diya. haidriyn (Hadrian) ne ise poorn svaayattata pradaan ki. saath hi, mukhya pujaari ke roop mein plutaark (Plutarch) ki upasthiti ke dvaara ve bhi ek mahatvapoorn kaarak the. haalaanki maarkas oreliys ke kaal mein hue barbaron ke aakramanon aur kaunstentaain pratham (Constantine I) ke kaal mein moortiyon tatha anya sampatti ko hataae jaane (vastut: loot lene) ke kaaran iska patan ho gaya. juliyn (Julian) ka sankshipt shaasan-kaal sthitiyon mein koi sudhaar naheen la saka. haalaanki, 395 isavi mein samraat thiyodosiys pratham (Theodosius I) dvaara band kiye jaane tak orekal jaari raha. lagbhag 100 varshon tak yeh sthal veeraan bana raha, jab tak ki isaaiyon ne is sthaan par sthaayi roop se basana shuru naheen kiya: unhonne lagbhag 600 isavi mein kaasri (Kastri) naamak ek chhota-sa nagar basaaya.

delfi ki sibil (Delphic Sibyl) ek pauraanik paiganbareeya vyaktitv thi, jiske baare mein kaha jaata tha ki traujan yuddh ke kuchh hi samay baad usane mein bhavishyavaaniyaan keen theen. jin bhavishyavaaniyon ka shreya use diya jaata hai, ve paiganbareeya vachanon ke ek likhit sangrah mein baakis (Bakis) jaise anya vyaktiyon ke orekal ke saath vitrit keen gain. sibil ka Apollo ke orekal se koi sambandh naheen tha aur bhramavash ise ise paaithiya naheen samjha jaana chaahiye. ^[21]

delfi mein Apollo ke garbhagruh-sthal ki yojana

vyavasaaya maaisiniyaai kaal (1600–1100 E.poo.). aaj upasthit adhikaansh avashesh chhathi sadi isa poorv mein is sthal par hui sarvaadhik bheeshan gatividhi ke kaal ke hain.^[22]

Apollo ka mandir

delfi ke mandir ke aaj dikhaai dene vaale avashesh chauthi sadi isa poorv ki ek dorik (Doric) imaarat ke hain, jo chaaron or se stambhon se ghiri hui thi. ise iske poorv, chhathi sadi isa poorv mein bane ek mandir ke avasheshon par khada kiya gaya tha, jo ki swayam saataveen sadi isa poorv ke ek nirmaan sthal par banaaya gaya tha, jiska shreya vaastuvidon trofoniyos (Trophonios) va aagaamides (Agamedes) ko diya jaata tha.^[23]

delfi mein tempal of Apollo

chhathi sadi isa poorv ke mandir ko “aelkamiyonaaidi ka mandir” naam diya gaya, jo ki us etheniyaai parivaar ke prati shraddhaanjali thi, jisne aag mein nasht ho chuki iski mool sanrachana ke punarnirmaan ke liye dhan diya tha. yeh nai imaarat ek dorik heksa-shaili ka mandir tha, jismein 6 guna 15 (6 by 15) stambh the. 373 isa poorv mein aaye ek bhookamp ke kaaran yeh mandir nasht ho gaya aur 330 isa poorv mein is sthal par ek teesare mandir ka nirmaan-kaarya poora hua. is teesare mandir ka shreya korinthiyaai vaastuvidon spintheraus (Spintharos), jenodoras (Xenodoros) aur agaathan (Agathon) ko diya jaata hai.^[23]

delfi, grees mein tempal of Apollo ke column

trikonika ki nakkaashi ethens ke praaksiyaas (Praxias) va endrostheenes (Androsthenes) ko samarpit hai. doosare mandir ke hi anupaat mein isne staailobet (stylobate) ke aas-paas 6 guna 15 stambhon ke paitarn ko banaae rakha. ^[23] iske bheetar editon (adyton), delfi ki orekal aur paaithiya ka aasan, tha. 1938–1300 ke dauraan is smaarak ka aanshik roop se jeernoddhaar kiya gaya.

yeh mandir 390 isavi tak bacha raha, jab isaai shaasak thiyodosiys pratham (Theodosius I) ne isaaiyat ke naam par mandir tatha adhikaansh moortiyon va kalaatmak vastuon ko nasht karke orekal ko maun kar diya. ^[24] paiganavaad (Paganism) ke sabhi chihnon ko nasht karne ke ek prayaas mein utsaahi isaaiyon ne is sthal ko poori tarah nasht kar diya. ^[24]

emfiktiyonik parishad

emfiktiyonik parishad (Amphiktyonic Council) delfi ko va saath pratyek chaar varshon mein hone vaale paaithiyn gems par niyantran rakhane vaale baarah greek kabeelon ke pratinidhiyon ki ek parishad thi. ve varsh mein do baar mila karte the aur thesali (Thessaly) tatha madhya grees se aate the. samay ke saath-saath, delfi nagar ne swayam ka adhik niyantran praapt kar liya aur is parishad ne apna adhikaansh prabhaav kho diya.

koshaagaar

marathon ke yuddh mein jeet ko shraddhaanjali dene ke liye trejri of Athens ka punarnirmaan

is sthal ke pravesh-dwaar se, dhalaan par lagbhag mandir tak aage badhte hue, mannat ki anek moortiyaan aur kuchh koshaagaar hain. inka nirmaan greek ke vibhinn nagar-raajyon — samudrapaareeya tatha saath hi mukhya-bhoomi par sthit — dvaara vijay ke smaarakon ke roop mein tatha orekal ki salaah ke liye unke prati aabhaar vyakt karne ke liye kiya gaya tha kyonki unka vishvaas tha ki vijay mein orekal ki salaah ka bhi yogadaan tha. unhein “akoshaagaar” isaliye kaha jaata hai kyonki unamein Apollo ko samarpit chadhaava rakha jaata tha; aksar ye yuddh ki loot ka ek “adashamaansh (tithe)" ya dasavaan hissa hua karte the. inmein se sarvaadhik prabhaavi haal hi mein jeernoddhaar kiya gaya etheniyaai koshaagaar (Athenian Treasury) hai, jiska nirmaan salaamis ke yuddh mein etheniyaai paksh ki vijay ke smaarak ke roop mein kiya gaya tha. pauseniys (Pausanias) ke anusaar, etheniyaai logon ko orekal dvaara poorv mein apni “alakadi ki deevaaron” par vishvaas karne ki salaah di gayi thi — is salaah ko apni nausena ke prayog ki salaah ke roop mein lete hue, unhonne salaamis ke prasiddh yuddh mein jeet haasil ki. in koshaagaaron mein se anek ki pehchaan ki ja sakti hai, jinmein sifniyaai koshaagaar (Siphnian Treasury) bhi hai, jo ki sifnaus (Siphnos) nagar dvaara samarpit hai, jiske naagrik sone ki khaanon se praapt aay ka dashamaansh tab tak dete rahe, jab tak ki samudra ka paani bhar jaane ke kaaran unka kaarya band ho jaane se khaanein nasht naheen ho gain.

pahachaane ja sakane vaale anya koshaagaaron mein sikyoniyaai (Sikyonians), boyetiyaai (Boetians) tatha thebanon (Thebans) ke koshaagaar hain. aargos (Argos) ka koshaagaar vishaalatam koshaagaaron mein se ek tha. dorik kaal ke antim bhaag mein nirmit, aargivon (Argives) ne anya nagar-raajyon ke beech apna sthaan banaane mein mahaan garv ka anubhav kiya. san 380 mein poorn kiya gaya yeh koshaagaar adhikaanshat: aargolis (Argolis), shahar ke ekropolis (acropolis), mein sthit hera ke mandir (Temple of Hera) se prerit hai. haalaanki is koshaagaar ke praacheen tatvon ka haaliya vishleshan bataata hai ki usaki sthaapana ka kaal isse bhi puraana hai.

in koshaagaaron ke parinaamasvaroop, emfiktiyonik league ke sanrakshan ke maadhyam se, delfi vastut: praacheen greek ke keindreeya bank (Central Bank of Ancient Greece) ke roop mein kaarya karne laga. mesedon ke Phillip dvaara in koshaagaaron ke durupayog aur baad mein in koshaagaaron ki loot, pehle selts (Celts) dvaara aur iske baad roman taanaashaah sulla (Sulla) ke dvaara, ke kaaran greek sabhyata jo grahan lag gaya aur parinaamasvaroop rom ka udaya hua.

chiyaanon ki vedi (Altar of the Chians)

Apollo ke mandir ke saamane sthit, garbhagruh ki mukhya vedi ka nirmaan evam kharch chios (Chios) ke logon dvaara uthaaya jaata tha. iske shikhar par sthit shilaalekh ke dvaara iska kaal paanchavi sadi isa poorv nirdhaarit kiya gaya hai. aadhaar va shikhar ke atirikt poori tarah kaale sangamaramar se nirmit is vedi ka ek adbhut prabhaav raha hoga. 1920 mein iska jeernoddhaar kiya gaya.^[25]

etheniyaaiyon ka stoaa (Stoa of the Athenians)

stoaa (stoa) mukhya garbhagruh se uttar-poorv ki or badhta hai. iska nirmaan ek aayanik kram mein kiya gaya tha aur yeh lambi dhaariyon vaale saat stambhon se milkar bana hai, jo ki asaamaanya roop se patthar ke ek hi tukade ko kaatkar banaae jaate the (adhikaansh stambhon ko aapas mein judi hui tashtariyon ki ek shrrunkhala se nirmit kiya gaya tha). staailobet (stylobate) par sthit shilaalekh soochit karta hai ki iska nirmaan etheniyaai logon dvaara 478 isa poorv faarasiyon par unki nausainik vijay ke baad yuddh ke jayachihnon ko rakhane ke liye kiya gaya tha.^[25] stoaa (stoa) ki pichhli deevaar par lagbhag ek hajaar shilaalekh hain; aisa maana jaata hai ki ethens mein daasata se mukt kiye gaye pratyek gulaam ke liye ek sankshipt jeevani darj karavaana aavashyak hota tha, jismein vah is baat ka varnan karta tha ki vah apni svatantrata ke yogya kyon tha.

balishth moortiyaan

delfi iski anek sanrakshit balishth moortiyon ke liye prasiddh hai. yeh gyaat hai ki mool roop se olimpiya mein isse bhi adhik moortiyaan theen, lekin samay ne unamein se anek ko nasht kar diya, jisse delfi hi balishth moortiyon ka mukhya sthal ban gaya (Miller, 98). kleobis (Kleobis) aur baaitan (Biton), apni shakti ke liye prasiddh do bhaai, delfi ke praacheenatam gyaat balishth moortiyon mein se do mein gadhe gaye hain. ye moortiyaan bailon ki anupasthiti mein un donon ke dvaara apni maan ki gaadi ko anek meal kheenchakar hera ke garbhagruh tak le jaane ke unke adbhut kaarya ki yaad mein banaain gain hain. padosi sarvaadhik prabhaavit hue the aur unki maata ne hera se unhein sarvochch upahaar dene ko kaha. jab ve hera ke mandir mein pahunche, to unhein jhapaki lag gayi aur fir ve kabhi naheen uthe, apni prashansa ke shikhar par rahate hue mrutyu hona, sabse sateek upahaar tha (Miller, 98). delfi ka saarathi ek anya praacheen avashesh hai, jo sadiyon se khada hai. yeh praacheen-kaal ki sarvashreshth gyaat moortiyon mein se ek hai. yeh saarathi apni anek visheshataaen kho chuka hai, jinmein usaka rath aur baayeen baanh shaamil hain, lekin yeh praacheen kaal ki balishth kala ke prati ek shraddhaanjali ke roop mein khada hai (Miller, 98).

bahubhuji deevaar

aaj bhi kaayam deevaar ka nirmaan 548 isa poorv Apollo ke doosare mandir ke nirmaan ke dauraan chhat ko sahaara dene ke liye kiya gaya tha. iska naam us bahubhuji raajageeri se liya gaya hai, jisse iska nirmaan hua hai.^[25]

vyaayaamashaala

vyaayaamashaala, jo ki mukhya garbhagruh se aadha meal ki doori par sthit hai, delfi ke yuvaaon dvaara prayog ki jaane waali imaaraton ki ek shrrunkhala thi. is imaarat mein do star the: oopari star par khuli jagah pradaan karne wala ek stoaa (stoa) aur nichle tal par ek prashikshan-sthal (palaestra), taalaab aur snaanaagaar. kaha jaata hai ki ye taalaab aur snaanaagaar jaadui shaktiyon se yukt the aur svat: Apollo se samvaad sthaapit karne ki kshamata pradaan karte the.^[25]

teknodrom (Technodrome)

delfi ka hippodrom (hippodrome) vah sthaan tha, jahaan paaithiyn gems ke dauraan daud ki pratiyogitaayein aayojit hoteen theen. iske koi chinh naheen mile hain, lekin stadium ki avasthiti tatha bachi hui deevaaron ke kuchh avasheshon se yeh nishkarsh nikla hai ki ise shahar ke mukhya bhaag se alag aur Apollo ke peribolos (Peribolos) se paryaapt doori par sthit ek maidaan par banaaya gaya tha (Miller, 101)

kaisteliyaai jharana (Castalian spring)

mandiron aur theatre se door delfi mein maaunten-top stadium.

delfi mein ethena pronaaye abhayaaranya

delfi mein theatre (sheersh seaton ke paas se dikhaai dene wala drushya)

mount parnaasas ki taraai mein tholos: 20 mein se 3 dorik column

delfi ka pavitra jharana feedriyedon (Phaedriades) ki ghaati mein sthit hai. smaranaarth bane do favvaaron, jinhein is jharane se paani milta tha, ke sanrakshit avashesh aarkaaik (Archaic) kaal tatha roman kaal ke hain, jinmein se baad wala pattharon ko kaatkar banaaya gaya hai.

stadium

stadium pahaadi par aur oopar, vaaya saakra (via sacra) aur theatre se bhi pare, sthit hai. moolat: iska nirmaan paanchavi sadi isa poorv kiya gaya tha, lekin baad waali sadiyon mein ismein parivartan kiya gaya. aakhiri baar bada parivartan doosari sadi isavi mein herodas etiks (Herodus Atticus) ke sanrakshan mein hua, jab patthar ka aasan aur (meharaab yukt) pravesh-dwaar ka nirmaan kiya gaya. yahaan 6500 darshak baith sakte the aur iska track 177 meter lamba tatha 25.5 meter chauda tha.^[26]

rangamanch

delfi ka praacheen rangamanch Apollo ke mandir se oopar pahaadi par banaaya gaya tha, jo darshakon ko poore garbhagruh tatha neeche sthit ghaati ka drushya pradaan karta tha. mool roop se yeh chauthi sadi isa poorv mein bana tha, lekin uske baad se anek avsaron par ismein parivartan kiya gaya tha. iski 35 panktiyon mein 5,000 darshak baith sakte the.^[23]

tholos (Tholos)

etheena pronaaiya ke garbhagruh mein sthit tholos (Tholos) ek vruttaakaar imaarat hai, jiska nirmaan 380 aur 360 isa poorv ke beech kiya gaya tha. ismein 20 dorik stambh the, jinhein 14.76 meter ke baahari vyaas mein vyavasthit kiya gaya tha, tatha aantarik bhaag mein 10 korinthiyaai stambh the.

tholos delfi ke mukhya khandaharon se lagbhag aadha meal (800 mi) ki doori par sthit hai. dorik stambhon mein se teen ka jeernoddhaar kiya ja chuka hai, jisse paryatakon ke beech yeh fotograaf lene ke liye delfi ka sabse lokapriya sthal ban gaya hai.

vitruviys (Vitruvius) (vii, parichay) ne delfi mein sthit vruttaakaar imaarat ke vaastuvid ke roop mein thiyodoras fosiyn (Theodorus the Phocian) ka ullekh kiya hai.

sibil shila

sibil shila delfi ke puraataatvik kshetr mein Apollo ke mandir ki or jaane vaale pavitra path par etheniyaai koshaagaar tatha etheniyaai logon ke stoaa ke beech sthit shila ka purohitaasan-jaisa chattaani ansh hai. aisa daava kiya jaata hai ki isi sthaan par baithakar sibil apni bhavishyavaaniyaan kiya karateen theen.

yeh sthal madhya-kaal se hi kaasri (Kastri) gaanv ke adheen hai. is sthal ki ek vyavasthit khudaai praarambh kiye ja sakane se poorv, is gaanv ka punarsthaapit kiya jaana aavashyak tha, lekin yahaan ke nivaasiyon ne iska paryaapt virodh kiya. is gaanv ko punarsthaapit karne ka avsar tab mila, jab ek bhookamp ke kaaran is gaanv ko bahut adhik kshati pahunchi aur graameenon ko puraane sthal ke badle ek poori tarah naya gaanv basaane ka prastaav diya gaya. san 1893 mein French aarkialaujikl school (French Archaeological School) ne vibhinn bhooskhalanon ke kaaran jama ho chuki mitti ki badi maatra ko hataakar Apollo ke garbhagruh tatha etheena proaaiya donon ki anek pramukh imaaraton va sanrachanaaon ke saath hi hajaaron vastuon, shilaalekhon tatha shilpaakrutiyon ko ujaagar kiya.^[25]

saaaincha:Infobox Greek Dimos aadhunik delfi is puraataatvik sthal ke theek pashchim mein sthit hai aur is kaaran yeh ek lokapriya paryatak sthal hai. yeh iteeya (Itea) aur aaraakova (Arachova) ke saath emfisa (Amfissa) ko jodne vaale ek pramukh raajamaarg par hai. nagar mein anek hotel aur guest house tatha anek sharaabakhaane va baar hain. pramukh sadkein sankari, tatha aksar ekal-maarg, hain. delfi mein ek school, ek saamudaayik bhavan (lyceum), ek church aur ek chauk (plaateeya) hain. traans yooropiyn futapaath i4 (Trans European Footpath E4) is nagar ke poorvi chhor se gujrata hai. puraataatvik ruchi ke atirikt, delfi parnaasas ski center (Parnassus Ski Center) tatha is kshetr ke lokapriya tateeya nagaron ki yaatra karne vaale paryatakon ko bhi aakarshit karta hai. is nagar ki janasankhya 2,373 hai, jabki kriso (Chrisso) (praacheen krisa (Krissa)) sahit nagarapaalika kshetr ki kul janasankhya 3,511 hai.

madhyanayugeen kaal mein delfi ko kaasri (Kastri) bhi kaha jaata tha aur iska nirmaan puraataatvik sthal par kiya gaya tha. yahaan ke nivaasi apne asthaayi gharon ki chhaton aur beam ke roop mein sangamaramar ke stambhon aur sanrachanaaon ka prayog kiya tha, jo ki aanshik roop se ya poori tarah nasht ho chuke nagaron, visheshat: 1580 ke bhookamp, jisne fosis (Phocis) mein anek nagaron ko tabaah kar diya, ke baad, inke punarnirmaan ka ek aam tareeka tha. san 1893 mein ekol frainkaais di'ethenes (Éaacole françaaaise d'Athèanes) se aaye puraatatvavidon ne antat: praacheen delfi ke vaastavik sthal ki pehchaan kar li^[27] aur is gaanv ko mandiron ke sthal se pashchim mein ek naye sthaan par basaaya gaya.

delfi aarkialaujikl myoojiym (Delphi Archaeological Museum) mukhya puraataatvik parisar ke nichle chhor par, gaanv ke poorvi bhaag mein tatha mukhya sadak ke uttari bhaag mein sthit hai. is sangrahaalaya mein praacheen delfi se juda ek prabhaavi sankalan rakha gaya hai, jismein ek dhun ke sarvaadhik praacheen gyaat sanket, prasiddh saarathi, pavitra maarg (Sacred Way) khoja gaya sone ka khjaana aur sifiniyaai koshaagaar se praapt sahaayata kosh ke ansh shaamil hain. iske nirgam-dwaar ke bilkul bagal mein (aur adhikaansh paryatak gaaidon dvaara chhod diya jaane wala) ek shilaalekh hai, jo ki roman praant ke pramukh adhikaari (proconsul) gailiyo (Gallio) ka ullekh karta hai.

sangrahaalaya va mukhya parisar ke pravesh-dwaar alag-alag tatha aadeya hain aur ek kam dar wala ticket donon mein pravesh deta hai. sangrahaalaya ke saath ek chhota kaife tatha ek daak-ghar hai. poorv mein thoda aage, mukhya maarg ke dakshini bhaag mein vyaayaamashaala va tholos hain. inmein pravesh muft hai.

• yoonaani kala
• paaramparik greek jagah ke naamon ki soochi
• eristokli - 6veen shataabdi bi.si. ke delfik pujaarin., paaithaagoras ko tutor ke naam se jaana jaata tha.
• delfi puraataattvik sangrahaalaya
• ethileen

• braud, William J. the orekal: eshiyant delfi end the science bihaaind its laust seekrets , New York: penguin, 2006. ISBN 1-59420-081-5.
• barkart, vaultar, greek relijiyn 1985.
• kauneli, jon bretan, potret of a prites: vomen end richual in eshiyant grees , prinsatan university press, 2007. ISBN 0-691-12746-8
• dempasi, ti., revareind, the delfik orekal, its arli history, influens end faul , Oxford: bi.H. (B.H.) Blackwell, 1918.
• farnel, luis richrd, the kalts of the greek states, in five vaulyooms, klaireindan press, 1896–1909. (seeऍf. (Cf) vishesh roop se, delfi aur paaithones par khand III aur khand IV).
• fiyrn, David. baichilaaids: raajaneeti, pradarshan, kaavya parampara . oksaford university press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-921550-8
• fonteroj, Joseph Eddy, the delfik orekal, its respaunses end opareshans, vith a kaitalaug of respaunses, barkali: university of California press, 1978. ISBN 0-520-03360-4
• fonteroj, Joseph Eddy, paaithan; a stadi of delfik mith end its orijins, New York, bibliyo end tainen, 1974. ISBN 0-8196-0285-X
• gudreech, naurama lore, pristeses, New York: ऍf. vauts, 1989. ISBN 0-531-15113-1
• guthri, William keeth chembars, the greeks end deyar gauds, 1955.
• hall, mainali palmer, the seekret tichings of all ejes, 1928. adhyaaya 14 cf. greek orekal,www,peeaaraes (PRS)
• herodotas, the histareej
• paaithiyn Apollo se homerik him
• maanas, John helen, divineshan, eshiyant end modern , New York, paaithaagoriyn society, 1947.
• paarke, harbart William, history of the delfik orekal, 1939.
• plutaarch "laaivs"
• rohde, eravin, saaiki, 1925.
• seefart, oskar, "dikshaneri of klaasikl enteekyutij", landan: dablyoo. galaishar, 1895.
• spilr, henari A., John aar. hel aur jeli jed. di boar. "the delfik orekal: a malteediseeplineri difens of the geshiys veint theory." klinikl taukseekolauji 40.2 (2000) 189-196.
• vest, Martin vichfild, the orfik poems, 1983. ISBN 0-19-814854-2.
• stefen ji. Miller dvaara "eshiyant greek ethaletiks". new heven end landan: yel university press, 2004.

• maurgan, Cathrine, ethaleets end orekal: the traansafaurameshan of olimpiya end delfi in the eth seinchyuri beesi (BC), Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge university press, 1990. ISBN 0-521-37451-0
• tempal, Robert, "febals, ridels, end mistrij of delfi", proseedings of 4th filojaufeekal meeting on kantemporeri praublams, nan 4, 1999 (Athens, grees) in greek end english.

vikimeediya kaumans par Delphi se sambandhit media hai.

saamaanya

• puraataattvik sthal ki aadhikaarik website
• sangrahaalaya ki aadhikaarik website
• delfi mein ikol fraanses di'ethenes (Éaacole françaaaise d'Athèanes) ka itihaas (French)
• aadhunik nagar paalika ke homapej(angreji)(yoonaani)
• helenik ministri of kalchar: delfi
• delfi (yoonaani)
• si. osaborn, "a short detur too delfi end the sibils"
• liviys chitr puraalekh: delfi
• elois heart, "the delfik orekal"
• III junior delfik gems 2007 baaguio city fileepins - November 10 se lekar 15
• intaranaishanal delfik kaaunsil
• ASHES2ART digital delfi

delfi ke bhoovijnyaaan

• John aar hel (John R. Hale), va anya, "kveshchaning the delfik orekal: vhen science meets rilijn eight dhis enshiyent greek site, the too turn out too bi on betar tarms dain skaulars haid orijinli thaut ("Questioning the Delphic Oracle: When science meets religion at this ancient Greek site, the two turn out to be on better terms than scholars had originally thought)", scientific American mein, August 2003
• naishanal jyograafik news mein John roch, "delfik orekal lips haiv bin luseind baai gas vepars", August 2001
• delfi ke bhoovijnyaaan
• the New York times, 19 March 2002: "fyums end vijns var not a mith for orekal eight delfi"
• Michael aur renauld higins dvaara grees aur ejiyn ko ek bhoovaijnyaaanik kampeniyn, karnel university press, 1996

saaaincha:World Heritage Sites in Greece saaaincha:Phocis