deepaavali

deevaali
दीवाली
rangeen paaudar ka prayog kar rangoli sajaana deevaali mein kaafi prasiddh hai
anya naam deepaavali
anuyaayi hindu, sikh, jain aur bauddh [1]
prakaar hindu, saanskrutik
uddeshya dhaarmik nishtha, utsav
aarambh dhanateras, deevaali se do din pehle
ant bhaiya dooj, deevaali ke do din baad
tithi pratyek hindu panchaang anusaar alag
utsav diya jalana, ghar ki sajaavat, khareedadaari, aatishbaaji, pooja, upahaar, daavat aur mithaaiyaaain
samaan parv kaali pooja, deepaavali (jain), bandi chhod diwas

deevaali ya deepaavali arthaat "roshani ka tyohaar" sharad ritu (uttari golaarddh) mein har varsh manaaya jaane wala ek praacheen hindu tyohaar hai.[2][3] deevaali Bhaarat ke sabse bade aur pratibhaashaali tyohaaron mein se ek hai. yeh tyohaar aadhyaatmik roop se andhakaar par prakaash ki vijay ko darshaata hai.[4][5][6]

bhaaratavarsh mein manaae jaane vaale sabhi tyauhaaron mein deepaavali ka saamaajik aur dhaarmik donon drushti se atyadhik mahattv hai. ise deepotsav bhi kehte hain. 'tamaso ma jyotirgamaya' arthaat 'andhere se jyoti arthaat prakaash ki or jaaie' yeh upanishdon ki aajnyaa hai. ise sikh, bauddh tatha jain dharm ke log bhi manaate hain. jain dharm ke log ise mahaaveer ke moksh diwas ke roop mein manaate hain[7][8]tatha sikh samudaaya ise bandi chhod diwas (en:Bandi Chhor Divas) ke roop mein manaata hai.

maana jaata hai ki deepaavali ke din ayodhya ke raaja shri raamachandr apne chaudah varsh ke vanavaas ke pashchaat laute the.[9] ayodhyaavaasiyon ka hradaya apne param priya raaja ke aagaman se ullasit tha. shri Ram ke svaagat mein ayodhyaavaasiyon ne ghi ke deee jalaae. kaartik maas ki saghan kaali amaavasya ki vah raatri deeyon ki roshani se jagamaga uthi. tab se aaj tak bhaarateeya prati varsh yeh prakaash-parv harsh va ullaas se manaate hain. yeh parv adhiktar grigeriyn kailandar ke anusaar October ya November maheene mein padta hai. deepaavali deepon ka tyohaar hai. bhaarateeyon ka vishvaas hai ki satya ki sada jeet hoti hai jhooth ka naash hota hai. deevaali yahi charitaarth karti hai- asato maaऽ sadgamaya, tamaso maaऽ jyotirgamaya. deepaavali svachhata va prakaash ka parv hai. kai saptaah poorv hi deepaavali ki taiyaariyaaain aarambh ho jaati hain. log apne gharon, dukaanon aadi ki safaai ka kaarya aarambh kar dete hain. gharon mein marammat, rang-rogan, safedi aadi ka kaarya hone lagta hai. log dukaanon ko bhi saaf suthara kar sajaate hain. baajaaron mein galiyon ko bhi sunahari jhandiyon se sajaaya jaata hai. deepaavali se pehle hi ghar-mohalle, baajaar sab saaf-suthare va saje-dhaje nazar aate hain.

deevaali Nepal, Bhaarat,[10] Sri Lanka, myaanmaar, maareeshas, guyaana, Trinidad aur Tobago, sooreenaam, Malaysia, Singapore, fiji, Pakistan aur Australia ki baahari seema par christmas dweep par ek sarkaari avakaash hai.

divaali utsav
Deepawali-festival.jpg
nark chaturdashi ki raatri par ghar ke andar diye se ki gayi sajaavat
Diya necklace Dipavali Diwali November 2013.jpg
divaali ki raat par diye se ki gayi baahari sajaavat
Aakash Kandils Diwali lighting Pune India 2013.jpg
Maharashtra ne dhanateras se pehle divaali ki kandeel
Glowing Swayambhu (3005358416).jpg
divaali(tihaar) ke liye roshan ek nepaali mandir
Diwali fireworks and lighting celebrations India 2012.jpg
amrutasar mein divaali utsav
Fireworks Diwali Chennai India November 2013 b.jpg
divaali ki raat mein chennai ke oopar aatishbaaji
Ganga At Nibi Gaharwar.jpg
graameen utsav – ganga nadi mein tairata diya
Sweets Mithai for Diwali and other Festivals of India.jpg
divaali "mithaai"

divaali najaaron, aavaajon, kala, aur svaad ka tyohaar hai. jismein praantaanusaar bhinnata paayi jaati hai.

anukram

shabd utpatti

divaali shabd ki utpatti sanskrut ke do shabdon 'deep' arthaat 'diya' va 'aavali' arthaat 'line' ya 'shrrunkhala' ke mishran se hui hai. iske utsav mein gharon ke dvaaron, gharon va mandiron par laakhon prakaashakon ko prajvalit kiya jaata hai. deepaavali jise divaali bhi kehte hain use anya bhaashaaon mein alag-alag naamon se pukaar jaata hai jaise : 'deepaavali' (udiya), deepaabauli'(bangaali), 'deepaavali' (asami, kannad, malayalam, tamil:தaaீaaபaaாaaவaaளaaி aur telugu), 'divaali' (gujaraati, hindi, divaali, maraathi:divaali, konkani:divaali,punjabi), 'diyaari' (sindhi:diyaaree‎), aur 'tihaar' (nepaali).

itihaas

Bhaarat mein praacheen kaal se deevaali ko hindu calendar ke kaartik maah mein garmi ki fasal ke baad ke ek tyohaar ke roop mein darshaaya gaya. deevaali ka padm puraan aur skand puraan naamak sanskrut granthon mein ullekh milta hai jo maana jaata hai ki pehli sahastraabdi ke doosare bhaag mein kinheen keindreeya paath ko vistrut kar likhe gaye the. deeye (deepak) ko skand puraan mein soorya ke hisson ka pratinidhitv karne wala maana gaya hai, soorya jo jeevan ke liye prakaash aur oorja ka laukik daata hai aur jo hindu kailandar anusaar kaartik maah mein apni stithi badalta hai.[11][12] kuchh kshetron mein hindu deevaali ko yam aur nachiketa ki katha ke saath bhi jodte hain.[13]nachiketa ki katha jo sahi banaam galat, gyaan banaam ajnyaaan, sachcha dhan banaam kshanik dhan aadi ke baare mein bataati hai; pehli sahastraabdi isa poorv upanishd mein darj ki gayi hai.[14]

7 veen shataabdi ke sanskrut naatak naaganand mein raaja harsh ne ise deepapratipaadutsav: kaha hai jismein diye jalaaye jaate the aur nav dulhan aur doolhe ko tohafe diye jaate the.[15][16] 9 veen shataabdi mein raajashekhar ne kaavyameemaansa mein ise deepamaalika kaha hai jismein gharon ki putaai ki jaati thi aur tel ke deeyon se raat mein gharon, sadkon aur baajaaron sajaaya jaata tha.[15] faarasi yaatri aur itihaasakaar al beruni, ne Bhaarat par apne 11 veen sadi ke sansmaran mein, deevaali ko kaartik maheene mein naye chandrama ke din par hinduon dvaara manaaya jaane wala tyauhaar kaha hai.[17]

mahattv

deepaavali Nepal aur Bhaarat mein sabse sukhad chhuttiyon mein se ek hai. log apne gharon ko saaf kar unhein utsav ke liye sajaate hain. nepaaliyon ke liye yeh tyohaar isliye mahaan hai kyonki is din se Nepal samvat mein naya varsh shuroo hota hai.

deepaavali Nepal aur Bhaarat mein sabse bade shopping season mein se ek hai; is dauraan log kaarein aur sone ke gahanon ke roop mein bhi mahange item tatha swayam aur apne parivaaron ke liye kapde, upahaar, upakaranon, rasoi ke bartan aadi khareedte hain.[18] logon apne parivaar ke sadasyon aur doston ko upahaar svarup aam taur par mithaaiyaaain va sookhe meve dete hain. is din bachche apne maata-pita aur badon se achhaai aur buraai ya prakaash aur andhere ke beech ladaai ke baare mein praacheen kahaaniyon, kathaaon, mithkon ke baare mein sunate hain. is dauraan ladkiyaaain aur mahilaaain khareedaari ke liye jaati hain aur farsh, darvaaje ke paas aur raaston par rangoli aur anya rachanaatmak paitarn banaati hain. yuva aur vayask aatishbaaji aur prakaash vyavastha mein ek doosare ki sahaayata karte hain.[19][20]

kshetreeya aadhaar par prathaaon aur reeti-rivaajon mein badlaav paaya jaata hai. dhan aur samruddhi ki devi - lakshmi ya ek se adhik devataaon ki pooja ki jaati hai. deevaali ki raat ko, aatishbaaji aasmaan ko roshan kar deti hai. baad mein, parivaar ke sadasyon aur aamantrit dost bhojan aur mithaayon ke saath raat ko manaate hain.[19][20]

aadhyaatmik mahattv

deepaavali ko vibhinn aitihaasik ghatnaaon, kahaaniyon ya mithkon ko chihnit karne ke liye hindu, jain aur sikhon dvaara manaayi jaati hai lekin ve sab buraai par achhaai, andhakaar par prakaash, ajnyaaan par gyaan aur niraasha par aasha ki vijay ke darshaate hain.[4][21]

hindu darshan mein yog, vedaant, aur saamakhya vidyaalaya sabhi mein yeh vishvaas hai ki is bhautik shareer aur man se pare vahaan kuchh hai jo shuddh anant, aur shaashvat hai jise aatman ya aatma kaha gaya hai. deevaali, aadhyaatmik andhakaar par aantarik prakaash, ajnyaaan par gyaan, asatya par satya aur buraai par achhaai ka utsav hai.[22][23][24][25]

hindutv

deepaavali dhan ki devi lakshmi ke sammaan mein manaai jaati hai

deepaavali ka dhaarmik mahatva hindu darshan, kshetreeya mithkon, kinvadantiyon, aur maanyataaon par nirbhar karta hai.

praacheen hindu granth raamaayan mein bataaya gaya hai ki, kai log deepaavali ko 14 saal ke vanavaas pashchaat Bhagwan Ram va patni seeta aur unke bhaai Lakshman ki vaapasi ke sammaan ke roop mein maanate hain.[26] anya praacheen hindu mahaakaavya mahaabhaarat anusaar kuchh deepaavali ko 12 varshon ke vanavaas va 1 varsh ke ajnyaaatavaas ke baad paandavon ki vaapasi ke prateek roop mein maanate hain. kai hindu deepaavali ko Bhagwan vishnu ki patni tatha utsav, dhan aur samruddhi ki devi lakshmi se juda hua maanate hain. deepaavali ka paanch divseeya mahotsav devataaon aur raakshason dvaara doodh ke laukik saagar ke manthan se paida hui lakshmi ke janm diwas se shuroo hota hai. deepaavali ki raat vah din hai jab lakshmi ne apne pati ke roop mein vishnu ko chuna aur fir unase shaadi ki.[11][27] lakshmi ke saath-saath bhakt baadhaaon ko door karne ke prateek ganesh; sangeet, saahitya ki prateek sarasvati; aur dhan prabandhak kuber ko prasaad arpit karte hain[11] kuchh deepaavali ko vishnu ki vaikunth mein vaapasi ke din ke roop mein manaate hai. maanyata hai ki is din lakshmi prasann rahati hain aur jo log us din unki pooja karte hai ve aage ke varsh ke dauraan maanasik, shaareerik dukhon se door sukhi rahate hain. [28]

Bhaarat ke poorvi kshetr udeesa aur pashchim Bengal mein hindu lakshmi ki jagah kaali ki pooja karte hain, aur is tyohaar ko kaali pooja kehte hain.[29][30] Mathura aur uttar madhya kshetron mein ise Bhagwan Krishna se juda maanate hain. anya kshetron mein, govardhan pooja (ya annakoot) ki daavat mein Krishna ke liye 56 ya 108 vibhinn vyanjanon ka bhog lagaaya jaata hai aur saanjhe roop se sthaaneeya samudaaya dvaara manaaya jaata hai.

Bhaarat ke kuchh pashchim aur uttari bhaagon mein deevaali ka tyohaar ek naye hindu varsh ki shuruaat ka prateek hain.

deep jalaane ki pratha ke peechhe alag-alag kaaran ya kahaaniyaaain hain. Ram bhakton ke anusaar deevaali vaale din ayodhya ke raaja Ram lanka ke atyaachaari raaja raavan ka vadh karke ayodhya laute the. unke lautane ki khushi me aaj bhi log yeh parv manaate hai. Krishna bhaktidhaara ke logon ka mat hai ki is din Bhagwan shri Krishna ne atyaachaari raaja narakaasur ka vadh kiya tha.[31][32][33] is nrushans raakshas ke vadh se janta mein apaar harsh fail gaya aur prasannata se bhare logon ne ghi ke deee jalaae. ek pauraanik katha ke anusaar vinshnu ne narasinh rup dhaaranakar hirnyakashyap ka vadh kiya tha[33] tatha isi din samudramanthan ke pashchaat lakshmi va dhanvantari prakat hue.

jain

mukhya lekh : deepaavali (jain)

jain mataavalanbiyon ke anusaar chaubeesavein teerthankar, mahaaveer svaami ko is din moksh ki praapti hui thi.[33] isi din unke pratham shishya, Gautam ganadhar ko keval gyaan praapt hua tha.

sikh

sikkhon ke liye bhi deevaali mahattvapoorn hai kyonki isi din hi amrutasar mein 1577 mein svarn mandir ka shilaanyaas hua tha.[33] aur iske alaava 1619 mein deevaali ke din sikkhon ke chhathe guru haragobind Singh ji ko jail se riha kiya gaya tha.

aitihaasik mahatva

Punjab mein janme svaami raamateerth ka janm va mahaaprayaan donon deepaavali ke din hi hua. inhonne deepaavali ke din gangaatat par snaan karte samay 'om' kehte hue samaadhi le li. maharshi dayaanand ne bhaarateeya sanskruti ke mahaan jananaayak bankar deepaavali ke din Ajmer ke nikat avsaan liya. inhonne aarya samaaj ki sthaapana ki. deen-A-ilaahi ke pravartak mugal samraat Akbar ke shaasanakaal mein daulatakhaane ke saamane 40 gaj ooainche baaains par ek bada Akashdeep deepaavali ke din latakaaya jaata tha. baadshah jahaaaingeer bhi deepaavali dhoomadhaam se manaate the. mugal vansh ke antim samraat bahaadur shaah jafar deepaavali ko tyohaar ke roop mein manaate the aur is avsar par aayojit kaaryakramon mein ve bhaag lete the. shaah aalam dviteeya ke samay mein samooche shaahi mahal ko deepon se sajaaya jaata tha evam laalakile mein aayojit kaaryakramon mein hindu-musalmaan donon bhaag lete the.

aarthik mahattv

deevaali ka tyauhaar Bhaarat mein ek pramukh khareedaari ki avadhi ka prateek hai. upabhokta khareed aur aarthik gatividhiyon ke sandarbh mein deevaali, pashchim mein christmas ke baraabar hai. yeh parv nae kapde, ghar ke saamaan, upahaar, sone aur anya badi khareedadaari ka samay hai. is tyohaar par kharch aur khareed ko shubh maana jaata hai kyonki lakshmi ko, dhan, samruddhi, aur nivesh ki devi maana jaata hai.[34][35] deevaali Bhaarat mein sone aur gahane ki khareed ka sabse bada season hai.[36][37]mithaai, candy aur aatishbaaji ki khareed bhi is dauraan apne charam seema par rahati hai. pratyek varsh deevaali ke dauraan paanch hajaar karod rupae ke pataakhon adi ki khapat hoti hai.[38]

sansaar ke anya hisson mein

deepaavali ko vishesh roop se hindu, jain aur sikh samudaaya ke saath vishesh roop se duniya bhar mein manaaya jaata hai. ye, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, myaanmaar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, fiji, maureeshas, kenya, tanjaaniya, dakshin Africa, guyaana, sooreenaam, Trinidad aur Tobago, Netherland, Canada, Britain shaamil sanyukt arab ameeraat, aur sanyukt raajya America. bhaarateeya sanskruti ki samajh aur bhaarateeya mool ke logon ke vaishvik pravaas ke kaaran deevaali maanaane vaale deshon ki sankhya dheere-dheere badh rahi hai. kuchh deshon mein yeh bhaarateeya pravaasiyon dvaara mukhya roop se manaaya jaata hai, anya doosare sthaanon mein yeh saamaanya sthaaneeya sanskruti ka hissa banta ja raha hai. in deshon mein adhikaanshat: deevaali ko kuchh maamooli badlaav ke saath is lekh mein varnit roop mein usi tarj par manaaya jaata hai par kuchh mahatvapoorn vividhtaaeain ullekh ke laayak hain.

Asia

Nepal

Nepal mein, kai jaanvaron ko deevaali utsav mein shaamil kiya jaata hai. kauaa, kutta (oopar), gaaya aur bail ko apne tyohaar tihaar ke dauraan khilaaya aur sajaaya bhi jaata hai.[39][40]

deepaavali ko "tihaar" ya "svanti" ke roop mein jaana jaata hai. yeh Bhaarat mein deepaavali ke saath hi paanch din ki avadhi tak manaaya jaata hai. parantu paramparaaon mein Bhaarat se bhinnata paayi jaati hai. pehle din kaag tihaar par, kaue ko paramaatma ka doot hone ki maanyata ke kaaran prasaad diya jaata hai. doosare din kukur tihaar par, kutton ko apni imaandaari ke liye bhojan diya jaata hai. kaag aur kukur tihaar ke baad gaaya tihaar aur goru tihaar mein, gaaya aur bail ko sajaaya jaata hai. teesare din ko lakshmi pooja ki jaati hai. is Nepal samvat anusaar yeh saal ka aakhiri din hai, is din vyaapaari apne saare khaaton ko saaf kar unhein khtm kar dete hain. lakshmi pooja se pehle, makaan saaf ​a​akiya aur sajaaya jaata hai; lakshmi pooja ke din, tel ke diyon ko darvaaje aur khidkiyon ke paas jalaaya jaata hai. chauthe din ko nae varsh ke roop mein manaaya jaata hai. saanskrutik juloos aur anya samaarohon ko bhi isi din manaaya jaata hai.paanchave aur antim din ko "bhaai teeka" kaha jaata, bhaai bahanon se milte hain, ek doosare ko maala pahanaate va bhalaai ke liye praarthana karte hain. maathe par teeka lagaaya jaata hai. bhaai apni bahanon ko upahaar dete hain aur bahne unhein bhojan karavaati hain. [40]

Malaysia

deepaavali Malaysia mein ek sangheeya saarvajanik avakaash hai. yahaan bhi yeh kaafi had tak bhaarateeya upamahaadveep ki paranparaaon ke saath hi manaaya jaata hai. 'open haauses' maleshiyaai hindu (tamil,telugu aur malayaali)dvaara aayojit kiye jaate hain jismein bhojan ke liye apne ghar mein alag alag jaatiyon aur dharmon ke saathi maleshiyaai logon ka svaagat kiya jaata hai. Malaysia mein deevaali ka tyauhaar dhaarmik sadbhaavana aur Malaysia ke dhaarmik aur jaateeya samoohon ke beech maitreepoorn sambandhon ke liye ek avsar ban gaya hai.

Singapore

little India mein deevaali ki sajaavat, Singapore mein hinduon ke liye yeh ek vaarshik utsav hai.[41]

deepaavali ek raajapatrit saarvajanik avakaash hai. alpasankhyak bhaarateeya samudaaya (tamil) dvaara ise mukhya roop se manaaya jaata hai, yeh aam taur par chhote bhaarateeya jilon mein, bhaarateeya samudaaya dvaara laait-ap dvaara chihnit kiya jaata hai. iske alaava baajaaron, pradarshaniyon, parade aur sangeet ke roop mein anya gatividhiyon ko bhi little India ke ilaake mein is dauraan shaamil kiya jaata hai. Singapore ki sarkaar ke saath-saath Singapore ke hindu bandobasti board is utsav ke dauraan kai saanskrutik kaaryakramon ke aayojan karta hai.[42]

shri lanka

yeh tyauhaar is dweep desh mein ek saarvajanik avakaash ke roop mein tamil samudaaya dvaara manaaya jaata hai. is din par log dvaara saamaanyat: subah ke samay tel se snaan kara jaata hai , nae kapde pahane jaate hain, upahaar diye jaate hai, pusai (pooja) ke liye koil (hindu mandir) jaate hain. tyohaar ki shaam ko pataakhe jalana ek aam baat hai. hinduon dvaara aasheervaad ke liye va ghar se sabhi buraaiyon ko sada ke liye door karne ke liye dhan ki devi lakshmi ko tel ke diye jalaakar aamantrit kiya jaata hai. Sri Lanka mein jashn ke alaava khel, aatishbaaji, gaayan aur nrutya, va bhoj aadi ka ayojan kiya jaata hai.

Asia ke pare

melaborn mein deevaali aatishbaaji.[43]

Australia

Australia ke melabaurn mein, deepaavali ko bhaarateeya mool ke logon aur sthaaneeya logon ke beech saarvajanik roop se manaaya jaata hai. federation square par deepaavali ko viktoriyn aabaadi aur mukhyadhaara dvaara garmajoshi se apnaaya gaya hai. selibret India inkaurporeshan ne 2006 mein melaborn mein pratishthit federation square par deepaavali samaaroh shuroo kiya tha. ab yeh samaaroh melabaurn ke kala calendar ka hissa ban gaya hai aur shahar mein is samaaroh ko ek saptaah se adhik tak manaaya jaata hai.

pichhle varsh 56,000 se adhik logon ne samaaroh ke antim din par federation square ka daura kiya tha aur manoranjak live sangeet, paaramparik kala, shilp aur nrutya aur yaara nadi (en:yarra river) par shaanadaar aatishbaajeee ke saath hi bhaarateeya vyanjanon ki vividhta ka aanand liya.

viktoriyn sansad, melaborn sangrahaalaya, federation square, melaborn havaai adde aur bhaarateeya vaanijya dootaavaas sahit kai pratishthit imaaraton ko is saptaah adhik sajaaya jaata hai. iske saath hi, kai baahari nrutya ka pradarshan hota hain. deepaavali ki yeh ghatna niyamit roop se raashtreeya sangathanon eefael, cricket Australia, white ribn, melaborn havaai adde jaise sangathanon aur kalaakaaron ko aakarshit karti hai. svayansevakon ki ek team va unki bhaageedaari aur yogadaan se yeh ek vishaal aayojan ke roop mein bhaarateeya samudaaya ko pradarshit karta hai.

akele is tyohaar ke dauraan ek saptaah ki avadhi mein bhaag lene aaye logon ki sankhya ke kaaran federation square par divaali ko Australia mein sabse bade utsav ke roop mein pahachaana jaata hai.

Australiaee baahari raajya kshetr, christmas dweep par, deepaavali ke avsar par Australia aur Malaysia ke kai dveepon mein aam anya sthaaneeya samaarohon ke saath, ek saarvajanik avakaash ke roop mein maanyata praapt hai.[44][45]

sanyukt raajya America

sanyukt raajya America mein kai shaharon mein deevaali ki ghatnaaon aur samaarohon ka aayojan kiya jaata hai. oopar: sain entoniyo, Texas ki ek ghatna.[46]

2003 mein deevaali ko white house mein pehli baar manaaya gaya aur poorv raashtrapati George vaukar bush dvaara 2007 mein sanyukt raajya America Congress dvaara ise aadhikaarik darja diya gaya.[47][48] 2009 mein Barack Obama, white house mein vyaktigat roop se deevaali mein bhaag lene vaale pehle raashtrapati bane. sanyukt raajya America ke raashtrapati ke roop mein Bhaarat ki apni pehli yaatra ki poorv sandhya par, Obama ne deevaali ki shubhakaamanaaen baantane ke liye ek aadhikaarik bayaan jaari kiya.[49]

2009 mein kaaubauya stadium mein, deevaali mela mein 100,000 logon ki upasthiti ka daava kiya tha. 2009 mein, sain entoniyo aatishbaaji pradarshan sahit ek adhikaarik deevaali utsav ko praayojit karne wala pehla ameriki shahar ban gaya; jisme 2012 mein, 15,000 se adhik logon ne bhaag liya tha.[50] varsh 2011 mein New York shahar, piyre mein, joki ab tata samooh ke taaj hotel dvaara sanchaalit hain, ne apni pehli deevaali utsav ka aayojan kiya.[51] sanyukt raajya America mein lagbhag 3 lakh hindu hain.[52]

Britain

leesestar, United kingadam mein deevaali ki sajaavat.[53]

Britain mein bhaarateeya log bade utsaah ke saath divaali manaate hain. log apne gharon ko deepak aur momabattiyon ke saath sajaate aur svachh karte hain. deeya ek prakaar ka prasiddh momabatti hain. log laddoo aur barfi jaisi mithaaiyo ko bhi ek doosare mein baatate hai, aur vibhinn samudaayon ke log ek dhaarmik samaaroh ke liye ikattha hote hai aur usame bhaag lete hain. Bhaarat mein parivaar se sampark karne aur sanbhavat: upahaar ke aadaan pradaan ke liye bhi yeh ek bahut achha avsar hai.

vyaapak british ke adhik gair-hindu naagariko ko saraahana chetna ke roop mein deepaavali ke tyohaar ki sveekruti milna shuroo ho gaya hai aur is avsar par vo hindu dharm ka jashn maanate hai. hinduo ka is tyauhaar ko poore Britain bhar mein manaana samudaaya ke baaki logo ke liye vibhinn sanskrutiyon ko samajhne ka avsar laata hai..[54][55] pichhle dashak ke dauraan prince Charles (en:Charles, Prince of Wales) jaise raashtreeya aur naagrik netaaon ne Britain ke Neasden mein sthit svaameenaaraayan mandir jaise kuchh pramukh hindu mandiron mein deevaali samaaroh mein bhaag liya hai, aur british jeevan ke liye hindu samudaaya ke yogadaan ki prashansa karne ke liye is avsar ka upayog kiya.[56][57][58] varsh 2013 mein pradhaanamantri David Cameron aur unki patni, deevaali aur hindu navavarsh ankan Annakut tyohaar manaane ke liye Neasden mein beeepeees svaameenaaraayan mandir mein hajaaron bhakton ke saath shaamil ho gaye.[59] 2009 ke baad se, deevaali har saal british pradhaanamantri ke nivaas sthaan, 10 Downing street, par manaaya ja raha hai. [60] vaarshik utsav, gaurdan brown dvaara shuroo karna aur David Cameron dvaara jaari rakhana, british pradhaanamantri dvaara ki mejabaani ki sabse pratyaashit ghatnaaon mein se ek hai.[61]

leesestar (en:Leicester) Bhaarat ke baahar kuchh sabse badi divaali samaaroh ke liye mejabaan nibhaata hai.[62]


nyoojeelaind

New Zealand mein, deepaavali dakshin Asiaee pravaasi ke saanskrutik samoohon mein se kai ke beech saarvajanik roop se manaaya jaata hai. New Zealand mein ek bade samooh divaali maanate hain jo Bhaarat-feeji samudaayon ke sadasya hain joki pravaasit hain aur vahaaain base hain. divaali 2003 mein, ek adhikaarik svaagat ke baad New Zealand ki sansad par aayojit kiya gaya tha.[63] deevaali hinduon dvaara manaaya jaata hai. tyohaar andhakaar par prakaash, anyaaya par nyaaya, ajnyaaan se adhik buraai aur khufiya par achhaai, ki vijay ka prateek hain. lakshmi maata ko pooja jaata hai. lakshmi maata prakaash, dhan aur saundarya ki devi hain. barfi aur prasaad divaali ke vishesh khaadya padaarth hain.

fiji

fiji mein, deepaavali ek saarvajanik avakaash hai aur is dhaarmik tyauhaar ko hinduon (jo fiji ki aabaadi ka kareeb ek tihaai bhaag ka gathan karte hai) dvaara ek saath manaaya jaata hai, aur saanskrutik roop se fiji ke daud ke sadasyon ke beech hissa lete hai aur yeh bahut samay intajaar karne ke baad saal mein ek baar aata hai. yeh mool roop se 19 veen sadi ke dauraan fiji ke tatkaaleen kaaloni mein british shaasan ke dauraan bhaarateeya upamahaadveep se aayaatit girmitiya majadooron dvaara manaaya hai, sarkaar ki kaamna ke roop mein fiji ke teen sabse bade dharmon, yaani, isaai dharm, hindu dharm aur islaam ke pratyek ki ek alag se dhaarmik saarvajanik chhutti karne ki sthaapana ke liye yeh 1970 mein svatantrata par ek chhutti ke roop mein sthaapit kiya gaya tha.

fiji mein, Bhaarat mein divaali samaaroh se ek bade paimaane par manaaya jaane ke roop mein deepaavali par aksar bhaarateeya samudaaya ke logon dvaara virodh kiya jaata hai, aatishbaaji aur deepaavali se sambandhit ghatnaaon ko vaastavik din se kam se kam ek saptaah shuroo pehle kiya jaata hai. iski ek aur visheshata hai ki deepaavali ka saanskrutik utsav (apne paaramparik roop se dhaarmik utsav se alag), jahaan fijeevaasiyon bhaarateeya mool ya Bhaarat-fijeevaasiyon, hindu, isaai, sikh ya anya saanskrutik samoohon ke saath muslim bhi fiji mein ek samay par doston aur parivaar ke saath milne aur fiji mein chhuttiyon ke mausam ki shuruaat ka sanket ke roop mein deepaavali ka jashn manaate hai. vyaavasaayik paksh par, deepaavali kai chhote bikri aur muft vigyaapan vastueain ke liye ek sahi samay hai. fiji mein deepaavali samaaroh ne, upamahaadveep par samaaroh se spasht roop se alag, apne khud ke ek svabhaav par le liya hai.

samaaroh ke liye kuchh din pehle nae aur vishesh kapde, saath saadi aur anya bhaarateeya kapadon mein dresing ke saath saanskrutik samoohon ke beech khareedna, aur safaai karna, deepaavali is samay ka pratik hota hai. gharon ko saaf karte hain aur tel ke lainp ya deeye jalaate hain. sajaavat ko rangeen roshani, momabattiyaaain aur kaagaj laalaten, saath hi dhaarmik prateekon ka upayog kar rang ke chaaval aur chaak se baahar ka ek rangeen sarani saath gathan kar ke ghar ke aaspaas banaate hai. parivaar, doston aur padosiyon aur gharon ke liye banaae gaye nimantran patra khul jaate hai. upahaar bante hain aur praarthana ya pooja hinduon dvaara kiya jaata hai. mithaai aur sabjiyon ke vyanjan aksar is samay ke dauraan khaaya jaata hai aur aatishbaaji divaali se do din pehle aur baad tak mein jalaae jaate hai.

Africa

Mauritius

afreeki hindu bahusankhyak desh Mauritius mein yeh ek adhikaarik saarvajanik avakaash hai.

reeyooniyn

riyooniyn mein, kul janasankhya ka ek chauthaai bhaag bhaarateeya mool ka hai aur hinduon dvaara ise manaaya jaata hai.

parvon ka samooh deepaavali

rangoli

deepaavali ke din Bhaarat mein vibhinn sthaanon par mele lagte hain.[64] deepaavali ek din ka parv naheen apitu parvon ka samooh hai. dashahare ke pashchaat hi deepaavali ki taiyaariyaaain aarambh ho jaati hai. log nae-nae vastr silvaate hain. deepaavali se do din poorv dhanateras ka tyohaar aata hai. is din baajaaron mein chaaron taraf janasamooh umad padta hai. baratanon ki dukaanon par vishesh saaj-sajja va bheed dikhaai deti hai. dhanateras ke din baratan khareedna shubh maana jaata hai ataiv pratyek parivaar apni-apni aavashyakta anusaar kuchh na kuchh khareedaari karta hai. is din tulasi ya ghar ke dwaar par ek deepak jalaaya jaata hai. isse agale din narak chaturdashi ya chhoti deepaavali hoti hai. is din yam pooja hetu deepak jalaae jaate hain. agale din deepaavali aati hai. is din gharon mein subah se hi tarah-tarah ke pakavaan banaae jaate hain. baajaaron mein kheel-bataashe, mithaaiyaaain, khaand ke khilaune, lakshmi-ganesh aadi ki moortiyaaain bikne lagti hain. sthaan-sthaan par aatishbaaji aur pataakhon ki dookaanein saji hoti hain. subah se hi log rishtedaaron, mitron, sage-sanbandhiyon ke ghar mithaaiyaaain va upahaar baaaintane lagte hain. deepaavali ki shaam lakshmi aur ganesh ji ki pooja ki jaati hai. pooja ke baad log apne-apne gharon ke baahar deepak va momabattiyaaain jalaakar rakhate hain. chaaron or chamakate deepak atyant sundar dikhaai dete hain. rang-birange bijli ke balbon se baajaar va galiyaaain jagamaga uthate hain. bachche tarah-tarah ke pataakhon va aatishbaajiyon ka aanand lete hain. rang-birangi fulajhadiyaaain, aatishbaajiyaaain va anaaron ke jalne ka aanand pratyek aayu ke log lete hain. der raat tak kaartik ki aaindheri raat poornima se bhi se bhi adhik prakaashayukt dikhaai padti hai. deepaavali se agale din govardhan parvat apni aainguli par uthaakar Indra ke kop se doobate brajavaasiyon ko banaaya tha. isi din log apne gaaya-bailon ko sajaate hain tatha gobar ka parvat banaakar pooja karte hain. agale din bhaai dooj ka parv hota hai.bhaai dooj ya bhaiya dveej ko yam dviteeya bhi kehte hain. is din bhaai aur bahin gaanth jod kar yamuna nadi mein snaan karne ki parampara hai. is din bahin apne bhaai ke mastak par tilk laga kar uske mangal ki kaamna karti hai aur bhaai bhi pratyuttar mein use bheint deta hai. deepaavali ke doosare din vyaapaari apne puraane baheekhaate badal dete hain. ve dookaanon par lakshmi poojan karte hain. unka maanana hai ki aisa karne se dhan ki devi lakshmi ki un par vishesh anukanpa rahegi. krushak varg ke liye is parv ka vishesh mahattv hai. khareef ki fasal pak kar taiyaar ho jaane se krushakon ke khalihaan samruddh ho jaate hain. krushak samaaj apni samruddhi ka yeh parv ullaasapoorvak manaata hain.

parampara

andhakaar par prakaash ki vijay ka yeh parv samaaj mein ullaas, bhaai-chaare va prem ka sandesh failaata hai. yeh parv saamoohik va vyaktigat donon tarah se manaae jaane wala aisa vishisht parv hai jo dhaarmik, saanskrutik va saamaajik vishishtata rakhata hai. har praant ya kshetr mein deevaali manaane ke kaaran evam tareeke alag hain par sabhi jagah kai peedhiyon se yeh tyohaar chala aa raha hai. logon mein deevaali ki bahut umang hoti hai. log apne gharon ka kona-kona saaf karte hain, naye kapde pahanate hain. mithaaiyon ke upahaar ek doosare ko baaaintate hain, ek doosare se milte hain. ghar-ghar mein sundar rangoli banaayi jaati hai, diye jalaae jaate hain aur aatishbaaji ki jaati hai. bade chhote sabhi is tyohaar mein bhaag lete hain. andhakaar par prakaash ki vijay ka yeh parv samaaj mein ullaas, bhaai-chaare va prem ka sandesh failaata hai. har praant ya kshetr mein deevaali manaane ke kaaran evam tareeke alag hain par sabhi jagah kai peedhiyon se yeh tyohaar chala aa raha hai. logon mein deevaali ki bahut umang hoti hai.

deevaali tyauhaar

vivaadaspad tathya

duniya ke anya pramukh tyohaaron ke saath hi deevaali ka paryaavaran aur svaasthya par prabhaav chinta yogya hai.

vaayu pradooshan

vidvaanon ke anusaar aatishbaaji ke dauraan itna vaayu pradooshan naheen hota jitna aatishbaaji ke baad. jo pratyek baar poorv deevaali ke star se kareeb chaar guna badatar aur saamaanya dinon ke ausat star se do guna bura paaya jaata hai. is adhyayan ki vajah se pata chalta hai ki aatishbaaji ke baad hava mein dhool ke maheen kan (en:PM2.5) hava mein upasthit rahate hain. yeh pradooshan star ek din ke liye rahata hai, aur pradooshak saandrata 24 ghante ke baad vaastavik star par lautane lagti hai.[65] atri eight al ki report anusaar nae saal ki poorv sandhya ya sambandhit raashtreeya ke svatantrata diwas par duniya bhar aatishbaaji samaaroh hote hain jo ojon parat mein chhed ke kaarak hain. [66]

jalne ki ghatnaaen

deevaali ki aatishbaaji ke dauraan Bhaarat mein jalne ki choton mein vruddhi paayi gayi hai. anaar naamak ek aatashabaaji ko 65% choton ka kaaran paaya gaya hai. adhikaanshat: vayask iska shikaar hote hain. samaachaar patra, ghaav par samuchit nursing ke saath prabhaavon ko kam karne mein madad karne ke liye jale hue hisse par turant thande paani ko chhidkane ki salaah dete hain adhikaansh chotein chhoti hi hoti hain jo praathamik upachaar ke baad bhar jaati hain.[67][68]

deevaali ki praarthanaaen

praarthanaaen

kshetr anusaar praarthanaaen agala-alag hoti hain. udaaharan ke liye bruhadaaranyak upanishd ki ye praarthana jismein prakaash utsav chitrit hai:[69][70][71][72]

asato ma sadgamaya .
tamaso ma jyotirgamaya .
mrutyorma amrutan gamaya .
Om shaanti: shaanti: shaanti: .

anuvaad:[73][74]

asatya se satya ki or.
andhakaar se prakaash ki or.
mrutyu se amarata ki or.(hamein le jaao)
Om shaanti shaanti shaanti..

chitr

  • Melbourne me divaali manaanepar bhaarateeya tiranga laharaaya jaata hai

  • deepaavali ke din saanskrutik kaaryakarmon ka aayojan kiya jaata hai

  • melaborn mein deevaali aatishbaaji

  • leesestar, United kingadam mein deevaali ki sajaavat.

sandarbh

  1. ↑ Charles M Townsend, The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199699308, page 440
  2. ↑ The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X – p.540 "Diwali /dɪaawɑaaːaali/ (also Divali) noun a Hindu festival with lights...".
  3. ↑ Diwali Encyclopedia Britannica (2009)
  4. ↑ a aa Diwali – Celebrating the triumph of goodness Hinduism Today (2012)
  5. ↑ Jean Mead, How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?, ISBN 978-0-237-534-127
  6. ↑ Vera, Zak (February 2010). Invisible River: Sir Richard's Last Mission. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-1-4389-0020-9. http://books.google.com/?id=8HhVcspIBU4C&pg=PA179&dq=lamps+kept+on+diwali+lakshmi+evil+spirit#v=fjhfgyuiuyuiyuuiyii99wtwtyeryyywruiuhyuiyy&q&f=false. abhigman tithi: 26 October 2011. "First Diwali day called Dhanteras or wealth worship. We perform Laskshmi-Puja in evening when clay diyas lighted to drive away shadows of evil spirits."
  7. ↑ Sharma, S.P.; Gupta, Seema (2006). Fairs and Festivals of India. Pustak Mahal. pa॰ 79. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-81-223-0951-5. http://books.google.com/?id=wPPr9HdmnHcC&pg=PA79&dq=diwali+mahavira+527.
  8. ↑ Upadhye, A. N. (Jan–Mar 1982). Cohen, Richard J.. ed. "Mahavira and His Teachings". Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society) 102 (1): 231–232. doi:10.2307/601199. JSTOR 601199.
  9. ↑ Ramcharitmanas, Uttarkand
  10. ↑ "Indian Government Holiday Calendar". National Portal of India. http://india.gov.in/calendar/calendar.php. abhigman tithi: 15 March 2010.
  11. ↑ a aa i Pintchman, Tracy. Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares, pp. 59–65. State University of New York Press, 2005. ISBN 0-7914-6596-9.
  12. ↑ Lochtefeld, James G. "Kartik" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, p. 355. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
  13. ↑ Diwali - the season of Festivals Tarang (October 2003), page 4
  14. ↑ Max Müaller (Translator), The Upanishads, Katha Upanishad at Google Books, Quote: "The wise prefers the good to the pleasant, but the fool chooses the pleasant through greed and avarice. Wide apart are these two, ignorance and wisdom. [...] What is called a treasure is transient, for the eternal is not obtained by things which are not eternal. The wise who, by means of meditation on his Self, recognizes the Ancient, he indeed leaves (transient) joy and sorrow far behind. [...] Beyond the senses there are the objects, beyond the objects there is the mind, beyond the mind there is the intellect, the Self is beyond the intellect. Beyond the Self is the Undeveloped, beyond the Undeveloped is the Purusha. Beyond the Purusha there is nothing, this is the goal, the highest road. A wise man should keep down speech and (impulses of) mind, he should keep them within the Self which is knowledge."
  15. ↑ a aa BN Sharma, Festivals of India, South Asia Books, ISBN 978-0836402834, pp. 9–35
  16. ↑ Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1987). History of Indian Theatre, Volume 1. Abhinav Publications. pa॰ 159. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 9788170172215.
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  19. ↑ a aa Deborah Heiligman, Celebrate Diwali, ISBN 978-0-7922-5923-7, National Geographic Society, Washington DC
  20. ↑ a aa Suzanne Barchers (2013), The Big Book of Holidays and Cultural Celebrations, Shell Education, ISBN 978-1425810481
  21. ↑ Jean Mead, How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?, ISBN 978-0-237-534-127, pages 8–12
  22. ↑ Diwali, India's Festival of Light R.M. Hora, National Geographic (2011)
  23. ↑ Hindu Festivals Hinduism Today (2010)
  24. ↑ Thompson, Elizabeth Kelley (2013), Shouldn't Their Stories Be Told In Their Voices: International Students' Experiences of Adjustment Following Arrival to the U.S., Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee
  25. ↑ Carol Plum-Ucci (2007), Celebrate Diwali, Enslow Publishers, ISBN 978-0766027787, page 39-57
  26. ↑ Jillian Powell, Divali (Why Is This Festival Special), ISBN 978-1583409466, p. 8
  27. ↑ Pechilis, Karen (2007). "Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares". The Journal of Asian Studies 66 (1): 273–5. doi:10.1017/S0021911807000460.
  28. ↑ Diwali History Indian Express (2007)
  29. ↑ BUCK, C. (2008), HINDU FESTIVALS, Festivals In Indian Society (2 Vols. Set), Vol 1, ISBN 81-8324-113-1
  30. ↑ Holm, Jean (2006). "Growing Up in Hinduism". British Journal of Religious Education 6 (3): 116–20. doi:10.1080/0141620840060303.
  31. ↑ deepaavali mein narakaasur dahan ki parampara. Yahoo jaagaran. 27 October,2008.(hindi)
  32. ↑ paanch deepak jalaakar manaayi chhoti deevaali. Yahoo jaagaran.(hindi)
  33. ↑ a aa i E deepaavali se jude kuchh rochak tathya. web duniya.(hindi)
  34. ↑ India's banks face pre-Diwali cash crunch James Lamont, The Financial Times (29 October 2010)
  35. ↑ Diwali lights up consumer spending, festive spirit beats inflation M.G. Arun, India Today (1 November 2013)
  36. ↑ Festive season to boost India gold buying Bullion Street (15 October 2013)
  37. ↑ Gold, Key markets: India World Gold Council (2013)
  38. ↑ Firecrackers to cost a bomb this Diwali The Times of India (24 October 2013)
  39. ↑ Tanka Bahadur Subba (1999), Politics of Culture: A Study of Three Kirata Communities, Orient Longman, ISBN 978-8125016939, pages 108-109
  40. ↑ a aa Bandana Rai (2009), Gorkhas: The Warrior Race, ISBN 978-8178357768, pages 135-136
  41. ↑ Deepavali Decoration in Singapore Little India, Singapore
  42. ↑ Deepavali in Singapore Little India, Singapore (2013)
  43. ↑ Diwali Indian Festival of Light 2013 Federation Square, Multicultural Festivals Melbourne, Australia (October 26, 2013)
  44. ↑ https://www.christmas.net.au/visitor-guide/files/inc/Christmas-Island-Visitors-Guide.pdf
  45. ↑ https://www.christmas.net.au/about/culture.html
  46. ↑ Diwali San Antonio Festival of Lights Texas, United States (2013)
  47. ↑ Sanchez, Aurelio (2 November 2007). "Fest celebrates triumph of light over dark". The Albuquerque Journal: p. 10. "According to a resolution passed recently by the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Representatives, the festival is celebrated by almost 2 million in the United States and many millions more around the world. The bill, H.R. 747, calls for the U.S. Congress to acknowledge 'the religious and historical significance of the festival of Diwali.'"
  48. ↑ "US House passes resolution on significance of Diwali". The Hindustan Times. 30 October 2007.
  49. ↑ "Statement by the President on Diwali". 4 November 2010. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/04/statement-president-diwali.
  50. ↑ Diwali San Antonio Festival of Lights Celebrates 5th Anniversary
  51. ↑ Vora, Shivani (20 October 2011). "New York's Pierre Hotel Celebrates its First Diwali". The New York Times India blog. http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/20/a-fifth-avenue-festival-of-lights/. abhigman tithi: 2011-10-20.
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  53. ↑ Leicester Diwali celebrations draw large crowds BBC News (3 November 2013)
  54. ↑ Roy, Amit (25 October 2011). "Dazzle at downing, colour at commons". Mumbai Miday. http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/oct/251011-Dazzle-at-downing-colour-at-commons.htm. abhigman tithi: 3 November 2013.
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  56. ↑ PTI (10 November 2007). "Prince Charles, Camilla celebrate Diwali in UK". Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/uk/27962079_1_royal-couple-diwali-celebrations-temple. abhigman tithi: 3 November 2013.
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  59. ↑ Jones, Toni (4 November 2013). "Samantha Cameron glitters in a spectacular autumnal sari as she celebrates Diwali on visit to Hindu temple". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2487180/Samantha-Cameron-glitters-spectacular-autumnal-sari-celebrates-Diwali-visit-Hindu-temple.html. abhigman tithi: 4 November 2013.
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  70. ↑ Brhadaranyaka Upanishad, I.iii.28
  71. ↑ Diwali The Tribune, India (2013)
  72. ↑ Shashanka, Swami (2012). "Role of Spiritual Science in Leadership and Management". Purushartha 5 (2): 93–106. http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/ojs/index.php/PS/article/view/1502.
  73. ↑ Ancient vedic prayer World Prayers Society (2012)
  74. ↑ Derrett, J. Duncan M. (2009). "An Indian metaphor in St John's Gospel". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 9 (2): 271–86. doi:10.1017/S1356186300011056. JSTOR 25183679.

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