dakshin America
 |
|
| kshetrafal | 1,78,40,000 kimi2 |
|---|---|
| janasankhya | 38,20,00,000 |
| janasankhya ghanatv | 21.4 prati kimi2 |
| raashtreeyata | dakshin Amreeki, amareekan |
| desh | 12 (deshon ki soochi) |
| adheenasth kshetr | 3 |
| bhaasha (eain) | bhaashaaon ki soochi |
| samay kshetr | UTC-2 se UTC-5 |
| bade nagar |
|
dakshin America (speni: Améarica del Sur; purtagaali: Améarica do Sul) uttar America ke dakshin poorv mein sthit pashchimi golaarddh ka ek mahaadveep hai.[1] dakshini America uttar mein 130 uttari akshaansh (gailins antareep) se dakshin mein 560 dakshini akshaansh (haarn antareep) tak evam poorv mein 350 pashchimi deshaantar (reshiko antareep) se pashchim mein 810 pashchimi deshaantar (paarina antareep) tak vistrut hai.[2] iske uttar mein kaireebiyn saagar tatha panaama nahar, poorv tatha uttar-poorv mein andh mahaasaagar, pashchim mein prashaant mahaasaagar tatha dakshin mein antaarkatik mahaasaagar sthit hain.[3] bhoomadhya rekha is mahaadveep ke uttari bhaag se evam makar rekha madhya se gujarati hai jiske kaaran iska adhikaansh bhaag ushn katibndh mein padta hai. dakshini America ki uttar se dakshin lambaai lagbhag 7,200 kilometer tatha pashchim se poorv chaudaai 5,120 kilometer hai. vishv ka yeh chautha bada mahaadveep hai, jo aakaar mein Bhaarat se lagbhag 6 guna bada hai. panaama nahar ise panaama bhoodamarumadhya par uttari amareeka mahaadveep se alag karti hai. kintu panaama desh uttari amareeka mein aata hai.[4][5][6]
32,000 kilometer lambe samudratat vaale is mahaadveep ka samudri kinaara seedha evam sapaat hai, tat par dweep, praayadveep tatha khaadiyaaain kam hain jisse achhe bandaragaahon ka abhaav hai. khanij tatha praakrutik sampada mein dhani yeh mahaadveep garm evam nam jalavaayu, parvaton, pathaaron ghane jangalon tatha marusthalon ki upasthiti ke kaaran viksit naheen ho saka hai. yahaaain vishv ki sabse lambi parvat-shreni endeej parvatamaala evam sabse ooainchi teeteekaaka jheel hain. bhoomadhyarekha ke sameep peroo desh mein chimborejo tatha kotopaiksi naamak vishv ke sabse ooainche jvaalaamukhi parvat hain jo lagbhag 6,096 meter ooainche hain. amejan, oreeniko, Rio di la plaata yahaaain ki pramukh nadiyaaain hain. dakshin America ki anya nadiyaaain braajeel ki saao Francisco, kolambiya ki maigadaalena tatha arjentaaina ki raayo koloredo hain. is mahaadveep mein braajeel, Argentina, chili, urugve, pairaagve, boliviya, peroo, ikvaador, kolonbiya, venejuela, guyaana (british, dach, French) aur faakalaind dweep-samooh aadi desh hain.
anukram
itihaas
dakshin America ka itihaas aur sanskruti vishv ki praacheenatam sanskrutiyon mein se hain. peroo ki keindreeya pahaadiyon mein laakhon varshon poorv maanav jeevan ki shuruaat hui. yahaaain ki sarvapramukh sabhyata inka ki sabhyata thi jiska adhikaarakshetr peroo, ikvaador, boleeviya tatha Argentina aur chili ke uttari bhaagon mein faila hua tha. peroo ki rajdhani leema ke sameepavarti kshetron mein inka sabhyata ki hajaaron mamiyaaain praapt hui hain.[7] pandrahavi shataabdi ke ant mein yeh charamotkarsh par thi. inka sabhyata mein shaasak ko inka kaha jaata tha evam usaka sadaiv aadar kiya jaata tha. yeh sabhyata apni uttam yaataayaat, sanchaar evam daak vyavastha ke liye jaani jaati hai. maachoo pichchoo pramukh nagar tha jiske sundar puraataatvik avashesh aaj bhi dekhe ja sakte hain. Europeeya samudra abhiyaanon mein dakshini America ki sthiti ki khoj solahaveen sadi ke praarambh mein hui. iske tat ki vistrut khoj bhi amerigo vespoochi ne kuchh samay pashchaat ki, kintu adhikaansh aantarik agamya bhaagon mein dakshini yooropavaasiyon ka vistaar athaarahaveen sadi mein hi hua. yahaaain par raajyon evam unki seemaaon ka nirmaan tatha suchaaru vyavasthaaeain unneesaveen sadi ki hain. dakshin America mein adhikaansh deshavaasi praarambh se hi Spain va Portugal se aakar base. fir bhi yahaaain basane vaalon ko apne pitru desh ki gulaami solahaveen se unneesaveen sadi tak kamovesh bhugatani padi. Europeeya prabhaav ke kaaran ise laitin America ya laateeni America bhi kaha gaya. vartamaan mein dakshini America mein mukhya bhoomi par 13 desh evam faakalaind dweep samooh hai. iske atirikt madhya America mein 8 desh hain evam letin America mein in sabke saath-saath Mexico evam kyooba bhi sammilit hai.
1494 mein us samay ki do mahaan samudri shaktiyon, Portugal aur Spain ne tordesilaas ki sandhi par hastaakshar kar is baat par sahamati jataai ki, Europe se baahar dhoondhi jaane waali saari jameen par un donon deshon ka vishesh dvayaadhikaar hoga. sandhi ke paalan ke liye uttar-dakshin madhyaahn 370 league, kep varde dweep samooh ke pashchim se ek kaalpanik rekha ka nirdhaaran kiya gaya jo mote taur par 46° 37' pashchim thi. sandhi ke anusaar yeh nishchit kiya gaya ki is rekha ke pashchim mein paayi jaane waali samast bhoomi Spain ke hisse me jaayegi aur poorv ki sabhi jameen Portugal ki hogi. us samay deshaantar rekhaaon ka sateek aur nishchit maapan asambhav tha, is kaaran is sandhi ka aksharaksh: paalan naheen ho saka jiske parinaamasvaroop madhyaahn ke pashchim me hone ke baavajood Brazil mein purtagaali vistaar ho gaya. 1530 ke dashak ke shuruaat mein, dakshin America ke logon aur praakrutik sansaadhanon ka videshi vijetaaon dvaara baar baar shoshan kiya gaya, pehle Spain aur baad mein Portugal dvaara. nirdayataapoorvak in par videshi bhaasha aur dharm laade gaye aur bandhak majadoor banaae gaye. in donon pratispardhi aupaniveshik deshon ne is mahaadveep ke sansaadhanon ko unka apna hone ka daava kiya aur is mahaadveep ko upaniveshon mein baaaint diya.
lambe chale svatantrata sangraam ke baad 1804 aur 1826 ke beech dakshin America ke sabhi spainish upanivesh, svatantr ho gaye. purtagaali upanivesh Brazil mein, dom pedro pratham (Portugal ka dom pedro chaturth bhi kehte hain), jo purtagaali naresh dom joaayo shashtam ka putr tha, ne 1822 mein Brazil ki svatantrata ki ghoshana ki aur Brazil ka pehla samraat bana. Portugal ke raaj parivaar ne ise shaanti se sveekaar kar liya. guyaana iske bahut baad 1966 mein sanyukt raajashaahi ke niyantran aur sooreenaam 1975 mein dach niyantran se mukt hua jabki French gayaana aaj bhi France ka ek hissa bana hua hai. kolambiya is samay tak aantarik sangharsh se joojh raha hai, jo 1964 mein maarksavaadi chhaapaamaaron ke gathan ke saath shuroo hua tha aur ab kai vaamapanthi vichaaradhaara rakhane vaale avaidh sashastr samooh aur nasheeli davaaon ka vyaapaar karne vaale maafiyaaon ki niji senaayein ismein shaamil ho gaye hain.
bhoo-prakruti
dharaataleeya svaroop ke antar ki drushti se dakshin America mahaadveep vishesh mahattvapoorn hai. pashchim ki or tat ke samaanaantar endeej kaardilera parvat shrunkhala uttar se dakshin ki or faili hui hai[8] jo uttari America ke raaki parvat ka hi silsila hai. 7,200 kilometer lambi yeh vishv ki sabse lambi parvatamaala himaalaya ke baad sabse ooainchi parvat shrunkhala bhi hai. ismein anek ooainchi-ooainchi parvat shreniyaaain, pathaar, tatha jvaalaamukhi shikhar paaye jaate hain. sansaar ka sabse ooaincha jvaalaamukhi parvat kotopaiksi (5,970 meter) isi bhaag mein sthit hai. is parvatamaala ki sabse ooainchi choti akaakaaguaa (6,969 meter) sadaiv barf se dhaki rahati hai. endeej ki saadhaaranat: do shreniyaaain hain jinke madhya bolaviya evam peroo ke pathaar tatha vishaal meethe jal ki jheel titikaaka hai. is mahaadveep mein mukhya teen pathaari bhaag hai, gaayana ka pathaar, braajeel ka pathaar evam petaagoniya ka pathaar. gaayana ka kata-chhata pathaari bhaag jo oreeneeko evam amejan nadi ke muhaane ke beech hai, 900 se 1,800 meter ooaincha hai evam jal vibhaajak ka kaarya karta hai. tribhujaakaar braajeel ka pathaar dakshin America ke madhyavarti bhaag mein atalaantik mahaasaagar ke tat par uttar-poorv mein keparaag se praarambh hokar dakshin mein Rio gredo di sul tak vistrut hai. kathor valit chattaane se nirmit hone ke kaaran abhi tak kshaya se bacha hua hai. petaagoniya ka pathaar arjentaaina mein limye nadi se dakshini America ke antim chhor tak faila hai. 300 se 900 meetak ooaincha yeh pathaar pashchim mein endeej parvatamaala se seemit hokar poorv mein vedikaayukt dhaalon ke roop mein atalaantik mahaasaagar tak vistrut hai.[3]
pashchimi pahaad tatha poorvi pathaaron ke madhya uttar se dakshin poore mahaadveep ki lambaai mein faila hua ek vishaal maidaan hai. is maidaan ka kshetrafal poore dakshin America ke kshetrafal ka lagbhag aadha hai. iske uttari bhaag ko laanoj kehte hain. oreeniko nadi dvaara nirmit laanoj venejuela evam Columbia mein hai. maidaan ka madhya bhaag amejn nadi ka besin hai jise braajeelavaasi selvaaj kehte hain. yeh nadi pradesh uttar mein gaayana ke pathaar, pashchim mein endij parvat evam dakshin mein Brazil ke pathaar se ghira hai. amejn evam iski sahaayak 200 nadiyon mein sada baadh aane ke kaaran is tribhujaakaar maidaan ka bada bhaag daladal bana rahata hai jisse yaataayaat ka vikaas naheen ho paata hai. paraana, paraagve aur yurugve nadiyon ne milkar pampaas kshetr ki rachana ki hai jise laaplaata ka besin bhi kehte hain. madhya dakshin ka yeh upajaaoo maidaan aarthik drushti se atyant mahattvapoorn hai. iski ausat oochaai 185 meter se bhi kam hai evam Argentina, uroogve, paraagve tatha kuchh anshon mein dakshin Brazil evam dakshin bolaviya mein faila hai. sabse dakshin bhaag mein paitaagoniya ka marusthal hai. endeej parvat maala tatha prashaant mahaasaagar ke madhya nimn bhoomi ki atyant sankari tateeya patti paayi jaati hai. lagbhag 100 kilomeetak chaudi yeh patti dakshini America ke pashchimi tat ke saath-saath uttar se dakshin tak faili hui hai. poorvi tateeya pradesh apekshaakrut adhik chauda hai, iski chaudaai 150 se 200 kilometer hai. ismein chhoti-chhoti tej bahne waali nadiyaaain bahti hain jo delta ka nirmaan naheen karti hain.
raajaneeti
21 veen sadi ke pehle dashak ke dauraan, dakshin America ke deshon ki sarkaaron ka jhukaav vaamapanth ki taraf ho gaya jiske chalte chili, urugve, Brazil, Argentina, ikvaador, boliviya, pairaagve aur Venezuela jaise deshon me hue chunaavon me saamyavaadi netaaon ko jeet mili hai. saamyavaad ki upasthiti ke baavajood dakshin ka adhikaansh bhaag aaj bhi mukt baajaar ki neetiyon ka anusaran karta hai aur is neeti ke kaaran aaj poore mahaadveep ka aarthik ekeekaran badi teji se ho raha hai. haal hi mein, ek antarasarakaari sanstha ka gathan kiya gaya hai jiska uddeshya do maujooda seema shulk sanghon: markosur aur endiyn samudaaya, ka vilay kar duniya ka teesara sabse bada vyaapaar block banaane ka hai.[9] is naye raajaneetik sangathan ko dakshin ameriki raashtra sangh ke naam se jaana jaata hai aur iska uddeshaya logon ki ek desh se doosare desh mein mukt aavaajaahi, aarthik vikaas, ek aam raksha neeti aur shulkon ke unmoolan karna hai.
raajanaitik anubhaag
| up-vibhaag | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kshetr | kshetrafal (varg kilometer) | janasankhya (karod) | kshetr | kshetrafal (varg kilometer) | janasankhya (karod) | |||
| 1 | Argentina | 2791810 | 3.62 |  |
9 | peru | 1285220 | 2.83 |
| 2 | boleeviya | 1098581 | 0.84 | 10 | sooreenaam | 163270 | 0.043 | |
| 3 | braajeel | 8514877 | 18.75 | 11 | urugve | 176220 | 0.33 | |
| 4 | chili | 756950 | 1.61 | 12 | venejuela | 916445 | 2.72 | |
| 5 | Columbia | 1141748 | 4.27 | 13 | faakalaind dweep-samooh (Britain) | 12173 | 0.0003 | |
| 6 | ikvaador | 283560 | 1.34 | 14 | dakshin jorjiya aur dakshin saindavich dveepasamooh (Britain) | 3093 | ||
| 7 | guyaana | 214970 | 0.069 | 15 | French guyaana (fraaains) | 91000 | 0.018 | |
| 8 | pairaagve | 406750 | 0.58 | |||||
jalavaayu
bhoomadhya rekha dakshini ameriki ke uttari bhaag se hokar gujarati hai evam is mahaadveep ki sabse adhik chaudaai uttar mein hi hai. at: dakshini America ka adhikaansh bhaag ushn katibndh mein padta hai isliye yahaaain ki jalavaayu mote taur par garm evam nam hai. iska adhikaansh bhaag dakshini golaardh mein padne ki vajah se yahaaain ke rituon ka kram uttari golaardh ke vipreet hota hai. yahaaain January mein garmi ki ritu tatha July mein jaade ki ritu hoti hai. mahaadveep ke pashchim mein uttar se dakshin disha mein endeej parvat sthit hai jo ek jalavaayu sambandhi baadha ka kaarya karti hai. ushn katibndh mein sthit hone par bhi endeej parvat tatha braajeel evam gaayana ke pathaari bhaagon par adhik ooainchaai ke kaaran taapakram kam tatha aanandaayak rahata hai. endeej parvat vyaapaarik havaaon ko pashchim ki or jaane se rokata hai jisse iske poorvi bhaag mein to khoob varsha hoti hai parantu pashchimi tateeya sainkari patti mein bahut kam varsha hoti hai. iske vipreet dakshini America ka dakshini bhaag pachhuaa havaaon ki peti mein sthit hai at: pashchimi tateeya bhaag mein to khoob varsha hoti hai parantu poorv ki or jaane par ye havaaeain shushk ho jaati hain jisse endeej parvat ke poorvi bhaag mein bahut kam varsha hoti hai. dakshini bhoomadhyarekheeya tatha braajeel ki garm dhaaraaon ke prabhaav se dakshini America ke uttari bhaag ka taapakram ooaincha rahata hai. saath hi inke oopar se jaane waali havaaeain garm hokar adhik jalavaashp grahan kar leti hain jisse unase paryaapt varsha hoti hai. iske vipreet mahaadveep ke dakshini bhaag mein pashchimi tat ke sameep peeroo ya hambolt ki thandi dhaara tatha poorvi tat ke sameep faakalaind ki thandi dhaara bahti hai. in dhaaraaon ke prabhaav se sameepavarti bhaag ki jalavaayu thandi evam shushk rahati hai. makar rekha ke dakshin dakshini America ki chaudaai atyant kam ho jaati hai. at: samudra ki sameepata ke kaaran mahaadveep ke dakshini bhaag ki jalavaayu praay: sam rahati hai.
dakshin America ke amejn nadi ke besin mein varsh bhar garm va nam bhoomadhyarekheeya jalavaayu pai jaati hai.[10] savaana tulya jalavaayu amejn besin ke uttar mein oreeniko nadi ke besin tatha dakshin mein Brazil ke pathaari bhaag par pai jaati hai. is bhaag par taapakram to ooaincha rahata hai parantu varsha keval garmi ke kuchh hi maheenon mein tatha kam maatra mein hoti hai. poorvi braajeel mein vyaapaarik havaaon ke prabhaav se keval garmi mein varsha hoti hai aur jaade mein ritu shushk hoti hai. yahaaain garmi mein adhik garmi tatha jaade mein saadhaaran jaada padta hai. is prakaar yahaaain Bhaarat ki tarah ushn monsoon jalavaayu pai jaati hai. dakshin peeroo tatha uttari chili ke kuchh bhaagon mein ushn marusthaleeya jalavaayu pai jaati hai. is marusthal ko ataakaama marusthal kehte hain. yahaaain ki jalavaayu atyant visham hoti hai tatha varsha naamamaatr ko hoti hai. yahaaain kai varshon tak to ek booaind bhi varsha naheen hoti hai. ataakaama marusthal ke dakshin madhya chili mein bhoomadhyasaagareeya jalavaayu pai jaati hai. is bhaag mein keval jaade mein varsha hoti hai aur garmi ki ritu shushk hoti hai. garmi mein saadhaaran garmi tatha jaade mein saadhaaran jaada padta hai. uttari-poorvi Argentina aur pashchimi paraagve ke maidaani bhaag mein yaan chaako evam pampaas pradesh mein greeshm ritu mein kuchh varsha ho jaati hai tatha sheet ritu sookhi rahati hai. yahaaain garmi mein kaafi garmi padti hai tatha jaade mein taapakram kaafi kam ho jaata hai. is prakaar yahaaain preyari tulya jalavaayu pai jaati hai. uttari America ke preyari pradesh ki tulana mein is bhaag ki jalavaayu kam visham hai. mahaadveep ke sudoor dakshin arthaat dakshini chili mein pachhuaa havaaon se varsh bhar varsha hoti hai. yeh bhaag samasheetoshn katibndh mein sthit hai. is prakaar ki jalavaayu saamaanyataya sheet sheetoshn katibndh mein mahaadveepon ke pashchimi bhaag mein pai jaati hai. is jalavaayu ko pashchimi Europe tulya jalavaayu ya british tulya jalavaayu bhi kehte hain. panpaas pradesh ke dakshin tatha endeej parvatamaala ke poorvi bhaag par paitaagoniya ka sheetoshn marusthaleeya bhaag hai. endeej parvaton ke vrushtichhaaya pradesh mein sthit hone ke kaaran yahaaain ki jalavaayu atyant shushk hai. endeej ke parvateeya bhaag mein ooainchaai ke kaaran taapakram kaafi kam rahata hai.
praakrutik vanaspati evam vanya jeev
praakrutik vanaspati jalavaayu ka anusaran karti hai. dakshin America mein jalavaayu ki vibhinnata ke aadhaar par vibhinn prakaar ki praakrutik vanaspati paayi jaati hai. amejan nadi ke besin mein, jahaaain varsh bhar ushn evam nam jalavaayu pai jaati hai atyant ghane chaudi patti vaale sadaabahaar van paae jaate hain. in vanon ka sthaaneeya naam selvaaj hai. yahaan vruksh itne ghane hain ki soorya ka prakaash bhi chhanakar neeche naheen pahuainch paata hai. vruksh kisi khaas mausam mein apni pattiyaaain naheen giraate hain. in vanon mein rabad, mahogani, aabanoos, sinkona, rojavud, taad aadi ke vruksh paae jaate hain. garmi ke kaaran yahaaain ki lakadiyaaain kaafi kadi hoti hain. in vanon mein vaalsa naamak sansaar ki sabse halki lakdi bhi milti hai. in ghane jangalon mein vibhinn prakaar ke bandar, saaainp, tatha ajagar jaise sareesrup, dariyaai ghode, daladali hiran aadi vibhinn prakaar ke jangali jaanavar paae jaate hain. yahaaain enaakonda naamak 10 meter lamba sarp paaya jaata hai jo ghadiyaal ko bhi maar kar kha jaata hai. aarmedilo ek vishaal cheenti-khor jeev hai. amejan besin ke uttar evam dakshin mein kam varsha hone ke kaaran ushn katibndheeya ghaas ke maidaan paae jaate hain jinhe uttar mein venejuela desh ke oreeniko nadi ke besin mein laanoj tatha dakshin mein braajeel desh mein kampos kehte hain. varsha hote hi lambi ghaas ug aati hai parantu sookha padne par yeh pradesh sookhakar bhoora aur peela ho jaata hai. poorvi braajeel mein jahaaain keval garmi mein varsha hoti hai, chaudi patti vaale patajhad ke van paae jaate hain. shushk mausam ke shuroo hote hi ye vruksh apne patte gira dete hain. yahaaain ke vanon mein mukhya vruksh piraana paain tatha seesal hain. dakshini peeroo tatha uttari chili ke ataakaama ke marusthal mein varsha na hone se keval naagafani tatha kainteeli jhaadiyaaain pai jaati hain.
ataakaama marusthal ke dakshin arthaat madhya chili mein bhoomadhyasaagareeya van paae jaate hain. garmi mein varsha na hone par bhi yahaaain chaudi patti vaale sadaabahaar vruksh paae jaate hain kyonki garmi ki shushkata se bachane ke liye yahaaain ke vrukshon ne kai upaaya kar liye hain jaise in vrukshon ki chhaalein moti, jade gahari tatha pattiyaaain moti hoti hain. is pradesh ke mukhya vruksh ok, akharot, chestanat tatha anjeer hain. yahaaain jangali jaanvaron ka abhaav hai. mukhyat: paalatoo pashu paae jaate hain. uttari Argentina aur pashchimi paraagve mein jahaaain varsha kam hoti hai sheetoshn katibndheeya ghaas ke maidaan paae jaate hain. inhein uttari bhaag mein graan chaako tatha dakshini bhaag mein panpaas kehte hain. ghaasein chhoti-chhoti hoti hain. in ghaas ke maidaanon mein pashupaalan ka kaam hota hai. yahaaain riya, gvaanaako, jaguaar, hiran tatha maara naamak jaanavar paae jaate hain. dakshin chili mein, jahaaain pashchimi Europe tulya jalavaayu pai jaati hai, sheetoshn mishrit van paae jaate hain. cheed aur beech in vanon ke mukhya vruksh hain. in vanon mein nukeeli patti vaale sadaabahaar tatha patajhad ke vrukshon ke mishrit van paae jaate hain. endeej parvat ke poorvi bhaag mein sthit paitaagoniya ke marusthal mein marusthaleeya vanaspati milti hain. vanaspati ka praay: abhaav hai. kaheen-kaheen kuchh ghaas ke paudhe va jhaadiyaaain milti hain. endeej ke uchch parvateeya bhaagon mein himpaat hone ke kaaran nukeeli patti vaale konadhaari van paae jaate hain. inki lakadiyaaain mulaayam hoti hain.
jal apavaah pranaali
dakshin America mahaadveep ke pashchimi tat par endeej parvatamaala uttar se dakshin ko faili hai. yeh parvatamaala jal vibhaajak ka kaarya karti hai. is mahaadveep ki sabse pramukh nadi amejan vishv ki sabse vishaal nadi hai jismein duniya ki kisi bhi nadi ki tulana mein adhik jal pravaahit hota hai. 6300 kilometer lambi yeh nadi peru desh mein endeej parvat shrrunkhala se nikalkar braajeel desh mein pashchim se poorv bahti hui andh mahaasaagar mein girti hai. iski sahaayak nadiyaaain tapaija, riyoneegro, tokintins mairaanan tatha maideera hai. vishv ki sabse shaktishaali ya teevravaahini oreeniko nadi bhi dakshin America mein hi bahti hai. yeh endeej parvatamaala se nikalkar gaayana ke pathaar ka chakkar kaatati hui 2,400 kilometer ki doori tay karke venejuela tatha kolonbiya deshon mein bahti hui andh mahaasaagar mein girti hai. iski sahaayak nadiyaaain meta, aapoor, gvaaviyaar, kaara tatha kaaroni hain. oreeniko nadi ki ek sahaayak nadi Rio gaayana par vishv ka sabse ooaincha jalaprapaat enjel prapaat (979 meter) hai jo niyaagra jalaprapaat se bhi 13 guna ooaincha hai.[11] braajeel ke pathaar ke madhyavarti bhaag se paraana aur usaki sahaayak paraagve niklati hai. urugve sera do maar parvat se niklati hai. pilkomaayo tatha salaado nadiyaaain endeej parvat se nikalkar kramash: pairaagve tatha paraana nadiyon se mil jaati hain. Argentina ki uttari seema par pairaagve nadi paraana nadi mein mil jaati hain. paraana, pairaagve evam uroogve nadiyon ki mili hui dhaara ko laaplaata kehte hain. laaplaata ke maidaan ko uttari bhaag mein graan chaako tatha dakshin bhaag mein panpaas kehte hain. dakshin America ki anya nadiyaaain braajeel ki saao Francisco, kolonbiya ki maigadaalena tatha Argentina ki raayo koloredo hain.
janasaankhyiki
laitin America ki janasankhya ka ek bada bhaag Mexico, Argentina va braajeel mein rahata hai. in teenon deshon ki janasankhya kul milaakar 30 karod se adhik hai. is mahaadveep ki aaj bhi adhiktar janasankhya tateeya kshetron mein paayi jaati hai, jahaaain tat evam tateeya saagar mein viksit yaataayaat atyant sugam hai aur videshon se sampark aasaani se rakha ja sakta hai. aise kshetr braajeel ke saao paaulo aur seintos tak tatha pathaari va poorvi Mexico, uttari Argentina aur venejuela ke tateeya bhaag mein hain. madhyavarti akshaanshon mein Argentina aur urugve se laaplaata nadi ke maidaan mein krushi aur suvidhaaon ke kaaran janasankhya adhik saghan milti hai.[12] uttari-poorvi braajeel mein ushnaardr kheti ke antargat kahava aur kapaas paida kiye jaane se janasankhya adhik saghan milti hai. yahaaain par sabhi prakaar ki ushn, ardhoshn va sheetoshn fasalein paida ki jaati hain. yahaaain par jan-ghanatv 25 se 100 vyakti ke madhya hai. 65 pratishat aabaadi tateeya nagaron mein basi hai. in kshetron ke vipreet, amejan ke jangali aur daladali bhaag, endeej ki ooainchaaiyon, paitaagoniya, chili aur peru ke marusthaleeya tatha madhya America ki maleriya kaarak jalavaayu, grenachaako ke garm, daladali aur baadhgrast kshetr tatha braajeel ke garm ghaas ke maidaan mein janasankhya bahut hi virl milti hai. yahaaain ka ghanatv 5 vyakti prati varg kilometer se bhi kam hai.
boliviya aur peroo jaise dakshin America deshon ki kul janasankhya ka adhikaansh yahaan ke mool nivaasiyon ke vanshaj jaise kveshuaa aur aayamaara se bana hai.[13][14] iske alaava adhiktar anya poorv speni upaniveshon mein bhi inka pratishat, janasankhya ke hisaab se mahatvapoorn hain. venejuela aur kolonbiya ki janasankhya ka lagbhag 25% shvet aur Europeeya vansh ke vyaktiyon ka hai.[15] jabki Europeeya mool ke log Argentina[16], urugve[17] aur chili[18][19] mein bahusankhyak hain. dakshin America mein badi sankhya mein afreekaai mool ke log bhi nivaas karte hain. afreekaai mool ke log mukhyat: guyaana, braajeel, kolonbiya, venejuela, sooreenaam, French gayaana aur ikvaador[20] mein rahate hain. mestijo (shvet aur moolanivaasiyon ki mishrit santaanein) pairaagve, venejuela, Columbia aur ikvaador ka sabse bada jaateeya samooh hai. bhaarateeya mool ke logon ke vanshaj guyaana aur sooreenaam ke sabse bade jaateeya samoohon mein se hain. braajeel aur uske baad peroo mein dakshin America ka sabse bada Japani aur cheeni samudaaya hai.[21] braajeel dakshin America ka sabse jyaada vividhtaapoorn desh hai, jismein shveton , ashveton aur mulaatuon ki ek badi aabaadi ke saath saath madhya poorvi aur Asiaee samudaaya ka bhi ek bada hissa maujood hai. amejan besin evam laitin America ke anya pradeshon ke bhojan ekatr karne vaalon aur pashuchaari samudaayon ki jeevan-shaili, arthavyavastha, samaaj, dharm, aasthaaen evam saanskrutik moolya adhikaanshat: jalavaayu evam praakrutik vanaspati dvaara niyntrit hoti hain.[22]
arthavyavastha
krushi evam khanij
dakshin America khanij padaarthon ki drushti se vipnn mahaadveep hai, yaani khanij padaarthon ki prachurata yahaaain naheen hai. chili, braajeel tatha Argentina mein lohe ki khaanein hain. braajeel vishv mein uchch koti ke lauh-ayask ka sabse bada utpaadak hai. peroo aur chili taaainbe ke sabse bade utpaadak hain. boliviya, Argentina, tatha venejuela mein bhi taaainba milta hai. mainganeej ki khaanein braajeel mein hain. sansaar ke tin utpaadan ka paaainchavaan bhaag keval boliviya se hi praapt hota hai. braajeel bhi tin ke sabse bade utpaadakon mein hai. guyaana tat par ailyoominiym milta hai. chaaaindi utpaadak kshetr chili, peroo tatha boliviya hain. braajeel, peroo, boliviya, venejuela, kolonbiya, chili tatha ikvaador mein sone ki khaanein hain. khanij tel venejuela, Argentina, chili, peroo aur kolonbiya mein praapt hota hai.
dakshini amareeka ke nivaasiyon ki aajeevika ka mukhya saadhan krushi aur pashupaalan hai. krushi mahaadveep ke keval paaainch pratishat bhaag mein hoti hai. mahaadveep ke do bade desh braajeel aur arjeteena krushi mein agrani hai. krushi yogya bhoomi ke lagbhag aadhe bhaag mein khaadyaannon ki upaj hoti hai evam shesh aadhe bhaag mein anya vyaapaarik evam audyogik kachche maalon ka utpaadan hota hai. gehooain pramukh khaadyaann hai jiski upaj ka 60 pratishat bhaag niryaat kar diya jaata hai. gehooain pramukhata se Argentina, madhyachili, dakshin braajeel ke rio grande doo sool evam uragve mein ugaai jaati hai. kahave ki upaj is mahaadveep mein sabse adhik hoti hai. saao paaulo sahit braajeel ke sabhi raajyon mein iski kheti hoti hai. iske atirikt venejuela, kolonbiya, guyaana, ikvaador tatha boliviya mein bhi kahava paida hota hai. guyaana, braajeel, kolonbiya, peroo, tatha ikvaador ke maidaani bhaag mein dhaan utpann hota hai. braajeel, Argentina, peroo, kolonbiya, venejuela, boliviya tatha pairaagve mein kapaas ki kheti hoti hai. iske atirikt dakshini amareeka mein makka, jai, tanbaakoo, koko, rabar tatha falon ki kheti bhi ki jaati hai. plaata kshetr mein maveshiyon ka paalan adhik hota hai. anya mavashiyon ki tulana mein yahaaain ki ushn katibandheeya jalavaayu bhedon ke liye adhik pratikool hai, parantu peroo ke uchch bhaagon mein kaafi sankhya mein bhedein paali jaati hain. pepaanj aur urugve ke ghaas ke maidaan mein inki sankhya adhik hai. krushi yogya bhoomi ke vistaar ke saath-saath inki sankhya ab kam ho gayi hai. bhedon ka maans, oon evam chamada bhi baahar bheja jaata hai.
udyog
thal golaarddh mein dakshini America ki sthiti kendra se bahut door seemaavarti peti mein hai. at: yooropiyn deshon se pravaas karke jaane vaale manushyon ne jab tak apna saath le jaai hui Europeeya taiknolauji ko in doorasth deshon mein naheen pahuaincha diya tha, tab tak is dakshini kshetr mein aadikaaleen logon ka nivaas raha tha.[23] udyog-dhandhon ki drushti se dakshini amareeka aviksit mahaadveep hai. yahaaain par krushi, pashupaalan, maans ko surakshit rakhane, makkhan tatha paneer (cheej) banaane aur bhedon ke paalne ka udyog hota hai. cheeni banaana, aata peesana bhi pramukh udyog hai. yahaaain udyogon ka aadhaar koyala naheen ke baraabar paaya jaata hai. khanij padaarthon ke vartamaan kshetr rikt ho chuke hain. khanij bhandaar mahaadveep ke pathaari aur parvateeya kshetr mein hain, jinka vikaas aavaagaman evam yaataayaat ki kathinaaiyon ke kaaran naheen ho paaya hai. mahaadveep ka ek vistrut bhaag sadaabahaar vanon se dhaka hai. in kshetron mein bahanevaali nadiyaaain bhi badi aur naugamya hain. parantu shram ki kami tatha vanon ki saghanata ke kaaran kaashth udyog adhik viksit naheen hai. in vanon ki lakadiyaaain bhi sheetoshn vanon ki tulana mein adhik kathor hoti hain.
dakshini amareeka mein yaataayaat ke pramukh saadhan nadiyaaain, sadkein, vaayumaarg aur samudreen maarg hain. parvateeya aur pathaari pradeshon ke vistaar ke saath-saath vishuvat rekheeya ghane jangalon ki durgamata ke kaaran mahaadveep ka adhiktar bhaag yaataayaat ke saadhanon se viheen hai. mahaadveep ke aayaat-niryaat mein samudri maargon ka vishesh sthaan hai. tateeya pradeshon ke antarkshetreeya vyaapaar mein iska upayog hota hai. relon ka bhi vikaas hua hai. is mahaadveep ke liye vartamaan yug mein vaayumaarg ka adhik mahatva hai. seintiyaago se uttar pashchimi kinaare ke pramukh nagar vaayumaarg se jude hue hain. antardesheeya sambandh ki drushti se yahaaain sadkon ka mahatva kam hai. dharaatal ki vishmata ke kaaran sadkon ka vistaar adhik naheen ho saka hai, keval maidaani bhaagon mein kuchh sadkon ka nirmaan hua hai. dakshin amareeka kahava, kapaas, gehooain, khaal tatha chamada, sookha doodh, maans, tanbaakoo, chai, sona, chaaaindi, rabad, cheeni, taaainba, aadi ka niryaat karta hai. masheenein, kapde, lohe aur ispaat ke saamaan, chaaval, sookhe fal, aata, ooni vastr, tel, koyala, rasaayan, tatha davaaon ka aayaat karta hai. iske vyaapaarik sambandh sanyukt raajya amareeka, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, Canada, Netherland aadi deshon se hain.
saahitya evam sanskruti
dakshin America saanskrutik roop se samruddh hai. Europe ke saath aitihaasik sanbandh hone ke kaaran dakshin ameriki logon par Europeeya sanskruti, vishesh roop se Spain tatha Portugal ki sanskrutiyon ki jhalak dekhi ja sakti hai. dakshin America par sanyukt raajya America ki sanskruti ka bhi prabhaav hai. kolambiya, boleeviya aur amejn ke kuchh hisse mein upanivesh-poorv svadeshi sanskruti ka gahra prabhaav tha. aupaniveshik yug ke baad hue raajyon ke vibhaajan ka aadhaar saanskrutik vibhinnata hi thi. dakshin ameriki deshon ke sangeet mein bahut vividhta hai. kolonbiya ki kambiya, braajeel ke saamba aur bossa nova tatha Argentina evam urugve ke taingo pramukh paaramparik sangeet hain. iske alaava nyoova kaansion naamak avyaavasaayik lokasangeet aandolan bhi bahut prasiddh hai jo arjentina evam chili mein shuroo hokar shesh laitin America mein bahut teji se fail gaya. duniya bhar mein dakshin ameriki sanskruti vibhinn roopon mein maujood hai. udaaharan ke liye rediyn hastashilp jaise hastashilp ke roop ki Europe ke vibhinn baajaaron mein kaafi maang hai.
dakshin America mein kaafi mahttvapoorn saahitya racha gaya hai. gebriyl gaarsiya maarkhes evam paablo nerooda jaise lekhakon ko lokapriya sveekruti praapt hui hai.[24] khel dakshin ameriki sanskruti ka ek abhinn ang hai. football sabse mahattvapoorn khel hai, anya khelon ka bhi khoob abhyaas kiya jaata hai. mahaadveep ki sabse mahattvapoorn khel pratiyogita kopa America cup ko unmaad ke star par khela aur dekha jaata hai. pratham FIFA vishv cup ka aayojan 1930 mein uroogve mein hi hua tha. baasketabaal, tairaaki aur vauleebaul anya lokapriya khel hain. vibhnn deshon mein kisi vishesh khel ko raashtreeya khel ka darja praapt hai.
bhaasha
upaniveshavaad ka ant hote-hote adhiktar laitin ameriki deshon ne Europeeya bhaashaaon ko apna liya aur unhein sthaaneeya bhaashaaon ke saath raashtreeya bhaasha ka darja diya. Spanish evam purtagaali bhaasha dakshin America mein pramukhata se boli jaati hai. purtagaali dakshin America ki sarvaadhik boli jaane waali bhaasha hai. purtagaali braajeel ki aadhikaarik bhaasha hai jabki Spanish mahaadveep ke adhikaansh deshon ki aadhikaarik bhaasha hai. dach sooreenaam ki aadhikaarik bhaasha hai tatha angreji guyaana ki aadhikaarik bhaasha hai guyaana mein baarah anya bhaashaayein bhi boli jaati hain jinmein hindi aur arabi pramukh hain.[25] angreji faukalaind dweep mein bhi boli jaati hai. fraanseesi, French gayaana ki aadhikaarik bhaasha hai. ikvaador mein kveshuaa, pairaagve aur boleeviya mein guaaraani, peroo, chili evam boleeviya mein aayamaara naamak sthaaneeya bhaashaaeain boli jaati hai. maapudungun chili ke kuchh kshetron aur Argentina ke kuchh logon dvaara boli jaati hai. kveshuaa, aayamaara aur guaaraani aisi teen bhaashaayein hain jinhein mukhya bhaasha spainish ke saath saath raashtreeya bhaasha ke roop mein maanyata mili hai.
dakshin America ki anya bhaashaaon mein hindi aur indoneshiyaai sooreenaam mein, itaalavi Argentina, braajeel, urugve, venejuela chili aur jarman Argentina, chili, venejuela aur pairaagve ke kuchh ilaakon mein boli jaati hai. braajeel ke dakshini raajyon ke kai kshetron mein jarman bhi boli jaati hai. velsh ko bolne aur likhne vaale Argentina vaasi paitaagoniya ke aitihaasik shahar trelyoo aur rausan mein milte hain. Japani-vaktaaon ke chhote samooh braajeel, boliviya, kolonbiya, pairaagve, peroo aur ikvaador mein milte hain. arabi Lebanon, Syria fileesteeni mool ke logon dvaara evam braajeel, ikvaador, peroo, chili, Argentina ke arab samudaayon ke beech boli jaati hai. is mahaadveep ke adhikaansh deshon ke uchch aur uchch shikshit varg niyamit roop se angreji, fraanseesi, jarman, ya itaalavi bhaashaaon ka adhyayan karte hain aur in bhaashaaon me paarangat hote hain. un kshetron mein jahaan paryatan ek mahatvapoorn udyog hai, angreji tatha kuchh anya Europeeya bhaashaayein aksar boli jaati hain. braajeel se niktata ke kaaran uttari urugve ke kshetron mein purtagaali boli jaati hain.
dharm
dakshin America ke adhikaansh log roman Catholic isaai[26] hain, iske alaava protesteint isaaiyo ki sankhya Brazil, chili, gvaatemaala aur pyoorto reeko mein vishesh roop se badh rahi hai. boliviya, gvaatemaala, Mexico aur peroo jaise deshon ke mool nivaasi aaj bhi apne mool sampradaaya aur anushthaanon ka paalan karte hain. afreeki mool ke dakshin ameriki naagrik mukhya roop se kyooba, Brazil aur haiti mein apne vibhinn puraatan panthon jaise ki sainteriyo, kaindombal, umbaanda, maakumba aur aadivaasi-voodoo aadi ka paalan aaj bhi karte hain. duniya mein elan kaardek ke adhyaatmavaad ke sarvaadhik anuyaayi braajeel mein basate hai. yahoodi, mormonijm, jenova ke gavaah, bauddh, islaam, hindu, bahaai aur shinto dharm ke maanane vaale bhi dakshin America mein basate hain.[27] haal ke varshon me dakshin America ke adhiktar deshon ne dharmanirpekshata ko apnaaya hai saath hi naastik logon ki sankhya bhi bade nagaron aur Argentina, Brazil, chili, kyooba aur Mexico jaise deshon mein teji se badhi hai.
chitr deergha
-
varsha vanon mein nadiyaaain
-
endij parvat-maala
-
Rio di la plaata nadi ka delta
-
braajeel ka sabse bada shahar saao paaulo -
Panoramic Cusco from Sacsayhuaman.jpg
peroo ka ek bandaragaah shahar -
Brazil ke doosare sabse bade shahar Rio di jenero mein sthaapit isa maseeh ki prasiddh moorti, kraaist the reedimr
sandarbh
 |
vikimeediya kaumans par dakshin America se sambandhit media hai. |
- ↑ "dakshin amareeka. Columbia vishvakosh, shashtam sanskaran 2001-6 new yaurk, Columbia yunivrsiti press": "fourth largest continent ..., the southern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere."
- ↑ tivaari, vijay shankar (July 2004). aalok bhoo-darshan. Kolkata: nirmal prakaashan. pa॰ 66.
- ↑ a aa tivaari, archana (July 2004). bhoogol parichay. Kolkata: bhaarati sadan. pa॰ 58-81.
- ↑ "amerikaaj" staindard country end area kods klaasifikeshan (M49), sanyukt raashtra saankhyiki prabhaag
- ↑ "uttari amareeka" [[Canada ka etalas
- ↑ uttari amareeka ka etalas national jyaugraifik
- ↑ "peroo mein mila mami ka khjaana". BBC hindi dot kam. http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/news/020417_mummy_nk.shtml. abhigman tithi: 2009.
- ↑ maamoriya, chaturbhuj (November 2008). bhaugolik chintan evam teen dakshini mahaadveep. Agra: saahitya bhavan. pa॰ 154.
- ↑ global paaleesi (jaal prushth)
- ↑ sihan, savindr (July 2002). bhautik bhoogol. Gorakhpur: vasundhara prakaashan. pa॰ 494.
- ↑ enjel faals (2006). inasaaikalopidiya britenika se
- ↑ rai, shailesh Kumar (November 2005). uchch maadhyamik bhoogol. Kolkata: Sushma prakaashan mandir. pa॰ 189.
- ↑ "si I A (CIA) vishv tathya pustak". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html.
- ↑ "si I A (CIA) vishv tathya pustak". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html.
- ↑ gugal books se
- ↑ "si I A (CIA) vishv tathya pustak". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/ar.html.
- ↑ "urugve mein shvet aabaadi". Geografia.fflch.usp.br. http://www.geografia.fflch.usp.br/publicacoes/Geousp/Geousp13/Geousp13_Intercambio_Maurel.htm.
- ↑ letin America.
-
↑ "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}". Geografia.fflch.usp.br. http://www.geografia.fflch.usp.br/publicacoes/Geousp/Geousp13/Geousp13_Intercambio_Maurel.htm. - ↑ "Bartleby". Bartleby. http://www.bartleby.com/64/C006/036.html.
- ↑ "Japan Times". Search.japantimes.co.jp. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080115i1.html=search.japantimes.co.jp.
- ↑ husain, maajid (1997). maanav bhoogol. Jaipur: raavat pabvikeshans. pa॰ 9.
- ↑ kaushik, S di (July 1989). bhaugolik vichaaradhaaraaeain evam vidhi-tantr. Meerut: rastogi pablikeshans. pa॰ 25.
- ↑ "paablo neruda ki janmashati par samaaroh". BBC hindi dot kam. http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/entertainment/story/2004/07/040712_pablo_neruda.shtml. abhigman tithi: 2009.
- ↑ kirk smok (angreji mein). Guyana: The Bradt Travel Guide [guyaana: yaatra dishaanirdesh]. braudat. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978 1 84162 223 1.
- ↑ "si I A (CIA) vishv tathya pustak dharm". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html.
- ↑ letin America network inforameshan center -- dharm prushth