company

company (Company) vyaapaarik sangathan ka ek roop hota hai. sanyukt raajya America mein company ek nigam hota hai- jiska aashay ek sangh, sangathan, bhaageedaari se ho sakta hai aur ye ek audyogik uddeshya se judi honi chaahiye.

'company' shabd laitin bhaasha se liya gaya hai jismein company ka aashay 'saath-saath' se hai. praarambh mein company ek aise vyaktiyon ke sangh ko kaha jaata tha jo apna khaana saath-saath khaate the. is khaane par vyavasaaya ki baatein bhi hoti thi. aajkal companyon ka aashay aise sangh se ho gaya jismein sanyukt poonji hoti hai.

company ka aashay company adhiniyam ke adheen nirmit ek 'krutrim vyakti' se hai, jiska apne sadasyon se pruthak astitv evam avichhinn uttaraadhikaar hota hai. saadhaaranat: aisi company ka nirmaan kisi vishesh uddeshya ki praapti ke liye hota hai aur jiski ek saarvamudra hoti hai.

Bhaarat mein company vidhaan ka itihaas inglaind ke company vidhaan se juda hua hai, kyonki 15 August, 1947 se pehle angrejon ka shaasan tha aur unhonne Bhaarat mein apni marji ke aadhaar par vidhaanon ki rachana ki thi, jinka mool aadhaar british vidhaan rahe hain. 19veen shataabdi ke madhya mein san 1844 E. mein inglaind mein company sambandhi vidhaan paarit kiya gaya. isi vidhaan se milta-julata vidhaan Bhaarat ke liye san 1850 mein pratham baar sanyukt pooainji company adhiniyam banaaya gaya. is adhiniyam ki sabse badi kami yeh thi ki ismein seemit daayitv ke tatv ko maanyata pradaan naheen ki gayi. san 1857 mein naya sanyukt pooainji company adhiniyam paarit karke seemit daayitv ki kami ko kuchh seema tak poora kar diya gaya.

san 1860 mein naya company adhiniyam paarit kiya gaya jismein bainkig evam beema companyon ko bhi seemit daayitv ki chhoot de di gayi. samay ke saath-saath paristhitiyon mein parivartan hone se company adhiniyam mein bhi nirntar kuchh naye-naye praavadhaanon ki aavashyakta anubhav ki gayi. at: san 1860 ke baad san 1866, 1882, 1913 tatha 1956 mein ek ke baad ek naye adhiniyam Bhaarat mein british vidhaan mein hone vaale parivrtanon ke maddenajar paarit kiye jaate rahe hain.

company adhiniyam, 1956 ki dhaara 3 (1) 'company' shabd ko paribhaashit karti hain : "is adhiniyam ke antargat sangathit aur panjeekrut ki gayi company ya ek vidyamaan company." saamaanya vyakti ke liye ”acompany“ shabd se taatparya ek vyaavasaayik sangathan se hai. parantu ham yeh bhi jaante hain ki sabhi prakaar ke vyaavasaayik sangathanon ko takaneeki roop se 'company' naheen kaha ja sakta. Bhaarat ka saamaanya kaanoon ekal svaami ke niji sansaadhanon ko, uske vyavasaaya se pruthak naheen maanata. iske parinaamasvaroop, vyaavasaayik sankat ke daur mein uske vyaavasaayik rinon ki poorti uske niji sansaadhanon se kar li jaati hai. is prakaar gananaatmak ashuddhiyon ki kuchh aparihaarya ghatanaaeain swayam usaki aur uske parivaar ke vinaash ka kaaran ban sakti hai. aisi sthiti mein uske liye aisa jokhim uthaana uchit naheen hai. at: vah apne vyavasaaya ko ek niji company ke roop mein chalaane ka nirnaya kar sakta hai. ek saajhedaar ki sthiti aur bhi adhik jokhimpoorn hoti hai. saajhedaari ka sambandh paarasparik vishvaas par aadhaarit hota hai. yadi koi saajhedaar is vishvaas ka durupyog karta hai to vah anya saajhedaaron ko gambhir sankat mein daal sakta hai, kyonki saajhedaaron ka daayitv aseemit hota hai. is aseemit daayitv ke jokhim se bachane ke liye saajhedaar swayam ko company adhiniyam ke antargat panjeekrut kara sakte hain, kyonki us sthiti mein pratyek sadasya ka daayitv uske dvaara liye gaye sheyaron ke moolya tak hi seemit hota hai. vyaktigat jokhim ki seemaaon ke atirikt aiese bahut se anya kaaran hain jo vyaktiyon ke samooh ko is adhiniyam ke antargat nigmit kendra ka roop dhaaran karne ke liye baadhya kar sakte hain, jaise- takaneeki gyaan ko praapt karne, prabandhakeeya yogyataaon se yukt neetiyon ko praapt karne, vishaal pooainji, nigmit vyaktitv, sheyaron ki antaraneeyata aadi.

company adhiniyam ki katipya paribhaashaaeain nimnalikhit hain -

”asamast uddeshya ke liye sangathit vyaktiyon ka sangh company hai.“ - nyaayaadheesh James

”akampani vidhaan dvaara nirmit ek krutrim vyakti hai jiska pruthak astitv, avichhinn uttaraadhikaari evam saarvamudra hoti hai.“ - pro. haine

”acompany bahut se aise vyaktiyon ka ek sangh hai jo dravya ya dravya ke baraabar ka anshadaan ek sanyukt kosh mein jama karte hain aur usaka prayog ek nishchit uddeshya ke liye karte hain. is prakaar ka sanyukt kosh mudra mein prakat kiya jaata hai aur company ki poonji hoti hai jo vyakti ismein anshadaan dete hai, iske sadasya kahe jaate hain. pooainji ke utane anupaat par kisi sadasya ka adhikaar hota hai jo uske kraya kiye hue ansh ke baraabar hai.“ - laard lindale

”akampani raajaniym dvaara nirmit ek krutrim vyakti hai. yeh ek pruthak vaidhaanik aastitv rakhati hai. ise avichhinn uttaraadhikaar praapt hai aur iski ek saarvamudra hoti hai.“ - company adhiniyam 1956 ke anusaar

”akampani ka aashay kai vyaktiyon ke aise sangh se hai jo mudra ya mudra ke baraabar koi anya sampatti ek sanyukt kosh mein anshadaan karte hain tatha jiska upayog kisi saamaanya uddeshya ki poorti ke liye karte hain.“ - American vidhivetta maarshal James

”akampani ek krutrim vyakti hai jo adrushya evam amoort hai aur jiska astitv keval kaanoon ki drushti se hai.“ - nyaayaadheesh maarshal

”akampani ek krutrim vyakti hai, jiska samaamelan kuchh vishisht nirdhaarit uddeshyon ke liye hua hai.“ - nyaayaadheesh chaarlsavarth

”anigam raajya ki ek rachana hai jiska astitv un vyaktiyon se bhinn hota hai jo us (nigam) ki pooainji athva pratibhootiyon ke svaami hote hain .“ - Dr. William aar. sprigl

is adhiniyam ki aavashyakta companyon ke prabandh tatha unke kaarya karne ki vidhiyon mein is prakaar sudhaar karna hai taaki pravartakon, viniyogiyon tatha prabandhakon mein ghanishth sambandh sthaapit ho sake, jisse companyon ke sangathan ki kaaryakshamata badhe, viniyogiyon ke uchit adhikaariyon ke saath prabandhakon ki kaaryakshamata mel kha sake, lenadaaron, shramikon tatha anya vyaktiyon ke hiton ki utpaadan tatha vitran mein paryaapt raksha ho sake.

1) pablik companyon ke prabandhakon se unke karttavyon ka paalan karaana.

2) laabh ke us bhaag par niyntran karna jo prabandhakon ko unki sevaaon ke badle mein paarishramik ke roop mein diya jaata hai aur unke un vyavahaaron par rok lagaana, jiske kaaran unke hiton tatha karttavyon mein virodh hone ki sambhaavana ho.

3) sanyukt skandh company ke nirmaan aur prabandh par sarkaar ka adhik niyntran hona, taaki companyon ki raashiyon ko us or jaane se roka ja sake, jisse raashtra ki unnati mein baadha padti ho.

4) prabandh mein anshadhaariyo ka adhik se adhik niyntran karna.

5) company ke chitthe tatha laabh-haani khaate mein sachcha evam uchit varnan dena.

6) lekhaakarm evam ankekshan ke uchch star ki sthaapana.

7) company ke anusandhaan ka prabandh karna jabki company ka prabandhan bura ho ya alpasankhyak anshadhaariyon ko haani pahuainchaane wala ho.

8) company ke pravartan aur prabandh mein achhe vyavahaar tatha imaandaari ka star laana.

9) anshadhaariyon aur lenadaaron ke uchit hiton ko maanyata dena tatha prabandhakon dvaara unke hiton ko kshati na pahuainchaana.

10) company ke prabandh ko ek bahut badi seema tak prajaatantreeya dhang par laana tatha iske doshon ko door karna.

11) desh ki aarthik tatha saamaajik unnati mein companyon ka sahayog praapt karna.

• (1) vidhaan dvaara krutrim vyakti: company vidhaan dvaara nirmit krutrim, adrushya, kaalpanik evam amoort vyakti hai. company ko vidhaan dvaara nirmit krutrim vyakti isliye kaha jaata hai ki ek or to iska janm apraakrutik tareeke se hota hai tatha doosari or praakrutik vyakti ki tarah iske adhikaar evam daayitv hote hain.

kisi vyaapaar aadi kaaryon mein jitne adhikaaron ka prayog vaastavik vyakti kar sakta hai aur jitne uttaradaayitv ek vaastavik vyakti ke hote hain, utane hi company ke bhi hote hain.

• (2) pruthak astitv: company ki doosari visheshata yeh bhi hai ki iska apne sadasyon se pruthak astitv hota hai. jis prakaar saajhedaari mein saajhedaari farm evam saajhedaaron ka astitv ek hi maana jaata hai, usi prakaar company ka astitv uske sadasyon se pruthak hota hai. iska kaaran yeh hai ki company swayam vidhaan dvaara nirmit krutrim vyakti hone ki vajah se company dvaara kiye gaye kaaryon ke liye company swayam hi uttaradaayi hoti hai aur sadasyon dvaara kiye gaye kaaryon ke liye naheen hoti hai.

• (3) shaashvat (avichhinn) uttaraadhikaar: ”asamaamelan ki tithi se hi company shaashvat uttaraadhikaar waali ho jaati hai.“ company ke ansh hastaantaraneeya hone ke kaaran, chaahe uske sabhi sadasya anshadhaari bhale hi kyon na badal jaayein, company ka astitv yathaavat bana rahata hai. company ke sadasyon ki mrutyu, paagalapan athva ansh-hastaantaran jaisi ghatanaaeain bhi company ke astitv evam uske jeevan par koi prabhaav naheen daal sakti. apitu usaka mool astitv yathaavat bana rahata hai.

• (4) saarvamudraa: saarvamudra majaboot dhaatu par is prakaar khudi hui mudra hai jismein company ka naam likha hota hai. jahaan bhi company ko hastaakshar karne hote hain, vahaaain company ke sanchaalak saarvamudra ka prayog karte hain. saarvamudra ;bavauuvad emansaddhaka prayog kiye bina company ko kisi kaarya ke liye uttaradaayi naheen thaharaaya ja sakta hai. at: har company ke paas apni ek saarvamudra ka hona anivaarya hai.

• (5) laabh ke liye aichhik panjeekrut sangh: company vyaktiyon ka ek aichhik sangh hai, jiska mool prayojan laabhaarjan hota hai. vyakti svechha se company ki sadasyata sveekaar karta hai, kisi ke dabaab mein aakar naheen. laabh ke liye banaaye gaye aise aichhik sangh ka panjeeyan bhi aavashyak hota hai. panjeeyan company vidhaan ke adheen karavaaya jaata hai.

• (6) lokataantrik prabandh: company swayam ek krutrim vyakti hai, jo swayam apna prabandh naheen kar sakti hai. aisi sthiti mein saamoohik uddeshyon ki praapti lokataantrik prabandh vyavastha dvaara ki jaati hai. company ke sadasya evam anshadhaari swayam company ka prabandh naheen kar sakte, kyonki ve bikhre hue hote hain, unke ansh kraya ka mukhya prayojan laabhaansh arjit karna hota hai, na ki company ko chalaana. ise pratinidhi prabandh ke naam se bhi pukaara jaata hai.

• (7) seemit daayitv: vyaavasaayik svaamitv ke vibhinn praaroopon mein company ke roop mein jo praaroop hain, vaheen uske sadasyon ka daayitv apne hisse (ansh) ki seema tak seemit ho sakta hai. yadi kisi company ke sadasyon ne apne dvaara kiye gaye anshon ki poori raashi company ko chuka di hai to ve atirikt dhanaraashi ke liye baadhya naheen kiye ja sakte, chaahe company ko apne daayitv chukaane ke liye kitne hi dhan ki aavashyakta kyon na ho.

• (8) kaaryakshetr ki seemaaeain: pratyek sanyukt pooainjeevaali company apne kaarya mein company adhiniyam, apne paarshad seema-niyam tatha paarshad antarniym se poornataya bandhi hui hai. inmein varnit vyavasthaaon ke baahar jaakar vah koi bhi kaarya naheen kar sakti hai.

• (9) hastaantaraneeya ansh: kisi bhi company ka koi bhi anshadhaari kisi anya vyakti ko ek svatantr adhikaar ke roop mein anshon ka hastaantaran kar sakta hai aur is prakaar vah swayam company ki sadasyata se mukt ho sakta hai.

• (10) abhiyog chalaane ka adhikaar: company anya pakshakaaron par tatha anya pakshakaar company par vaad bhi chala sakti hai. itna hi naheen company apne sadasyon par tatha sadasya apni company par bhi vaad prastut karne ka adhikaar rakhati hai.

• (11) sadasya sankhyaa: saarvajanik companyon mein kam se kam 7 sadasya hona anivaarya hai. ismein adhiktam sadasyon ki koi seema naheen hoti hai. jabki niji company mein kam se kam 2 tatha adhiktam 50 vyaktiyon tak sadasya ho sakte hain.

• (12) vyaavasaayik sampattiyaaain: ”acompany ki sampatti anshadhaariyon ki sampatti naheen hai, yeh company ki sampatti hai.“ anshadhaari na to vyaktigat roop se aur na hi sanyukt roop mein company ki sampattiyon ke svaami ho sakte hain. company ek vidhaan sangat vyakti hone ke kaaran use vyaavasaayik sampattiyon ko apne naam mein rakhane, bechne tatha khareedne ka poornataya adhikaar hai.

• (13) company ka saamaajik svaroop: company ka us samaaj ke prati bhi uttaradaayitv hai jiske liye nirmaan hua hai tatha jismein vah vikaas karti hai samaajavaadi vyavasthaaon mein kisi bhi sanyukt poonji sangathan ko maatr laabhaarjan ka sankuchit uddeshya lekar naheen chalne diya ja sakta hai.

• (14) company ka saamaajik charitr: company se sambandhit aadhunik vichaaradhaara ke anusaar samaaj ke prati bhi uttaradaayitv maana jaane laga hai.

• (15) udhaar lenaa: samaamelan ke pashchaat company ek vaidhaanik vyakti ho jaati hai. at: apni aavashyakataaon ki poorti ke liye rin le sakti hai aur iske liye yadi aavashkata ho to vah apni chal va achal sampatti ko bandhak rakh sakti hai.

• (16) company ka samaapan: company ka janm raaj niyam ke dvaara hota hai aur jeevan paryant raaj niyam ke anuroop hi kaarya karti hai. company ka samaapan bhi raaj niyam ke dvaara hi hota hai at: kaha jaata hai ki kisi bhi company ka samaapan raaj niyam ke bina naheen ho sakta hai.

• (17) nikaaya vitt vyavastha : atirikt kaarya vistaar ki dasha mein adhik dhanaraashi ki aavashyakta hone par company, paarshad seema niyam ke anusaar anshon evam rin patron ka bhi nirgaman kar sakti hai is prakaar anshon evam rin patron ke roop mein nikaaya vitt praapt karne ki suvidha keval company roopi praaroop mein hi upalabdh hai, anya praaroopon mein naheen.

• (18) company ek naagrik naheen : company ke sabhi sadasya Bhaarat ke naagrik hon to bhi company, Bhaarat ki naagrik naheen ban sakti hai. theek usi prakaar ki jis tarah se company ke sabhi sadasyon ka vivaah ho jaane se, company ka vivaah naheen ho jaata hai.

kisi company ko saamaanya naagrik ke mool adhikaar praapt naheen hain fir bhi kampaniyaaain apne adhikaaron ke sanrakshan ke liye nyaayaalaya ki sharan le sakti hai.

• (19) raashtreeyata evam nivaas sthaan : yadyapi company desh ki naagrik naheen hoti hai kintu usaki raashtreeyata avashya hoti hai. company ki raashtreeyata us desh ki maani jaati hai jismein usaka samaamelan hota hai. company ka nivaas sthaan vah hota hai jahaaain se company ke vyavasaaya ka prabandh evam niyntran kiya jaata hai. company ke saath patraachaar karne koi anya sandesh dene-lene ki drushti se company ke panjeekrut kaaryaalaya ko hi company ka nivaas sthaan maana jaata hai.

• (20) company ka charitr: company ek krutrim vyakti hai jiska apna dil, dimaag, aatma aadi naheen hota hai. yeh kisi ke prati nishthaavaan to kisi anya ke prati nishthaaheen bhi naheen ho sakti hai. yeh na kisi ki mitr hoti hai aur na shatru. vaastav mein company ka apna koi charitra naheen hota hai. kintu kabhi-kabhi koi company shatru ka charitra dhaaran kar sakti hai.

• (21) sthaayi astitv: company ka astitv sthaayi hota hai. iska pramukh kaaran yeh hai ki company ke ansh hastaantaraneeya hote hain tatha company ka apne sadasyon se pruthak astitv hota hai. parinaamasvaroop company mein koi naya sadasya banta hai ya sadasyata chhodta hai athva sadasya mar jaata hai athva divaaliya ya paagal ho jaata hai to bhi company par koi prabhaav naheen padta hai. vaastav mein company ka janm vidhaan praavadhaanon ke anusaar hota hai. at: company ka samaapan bhi vidhaan mein varnit prakriya ka paalan karne ke baad hi ho sakta hai. company to tab bhi chalti rahati hai chaahe company ke nirmaan karne vaale samast sadasyon ki hi mrutyu kyon na ho jaaya.

• company adhiniyam, 1956
• nigam

• corporate kaarya mantraalaya, Bhaarat
• Dignam, A and Lowry, J (2006) Company Law, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-928936-3.
• John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, The Company: a Short History of a Revolutionary Idea (New York: Modern Library, 2003)