chunaav

chunaav peti

chunaav ya nirvaachan (election), lokatantr ka ek mahatvapoorn prakriya hai jiske dvaara janta (log) apne pratinidhiyon ko chunati hai. chunaav ke dvaara hi aadhunik lokatantron ke log vidhaayika (aur kabhi-kabhi nyaayapaalika evam kaaryapaalika) ke vibhinn padon par aaseen hone ke liye vyaktiyon ko chunate hain. chunaav ke dvaara hi kshetreeya evam sthaaneeya nikaayon ke liye bhi vyaktion ka chunaav hota hai. vastut: chunaav ka prayog vyaapak star par hone laga hai aur yeh niji sansthaanon, clubon, vishvavidyaalayon, dhaarmik sansthaanon aadi mein bhi prayukt hota hai.

bhaarateeya lokatantr mein chunaav prakriya ke alag-alag star hain lekin mukhya taur par samvidhaan mein poore desh ke liye ek Loksabha tatha pruthak-pruthak raajyon ke liye alag vidhaanasabha ka praavadhaan hai.

bhaarateeya samvidhaan ke bhaag 15 mein anuchhed 324 se anuchhed 329 tak nirvaachan ki vyaakhya ki gayi hai. anuchhed 324 nirvaachanon ka adheekshan, nideshan aur niyantran ka nirvaachan aayog mein nihit hona bataata hai. samvidhaan ne anuchhed 324 mein hi nirvaachan aayog ko chunaav sampann karaane ki jimmedaari di hai. 1989 tak nirvaachan aayog keval ek sadasyeeya sangathan tha lekin 16 October 1989 ko ek raashtrapateeya adhisoochana ke dvaara do aur nirvaachan aayukton ki niyukti ki gayi.

Loksabha ki kul 543 seaton mein se vibhinn raajyon se alag-alag sankhya mein pratinidhi chune jaate hain. isi prakaar alag-alag raajyon ki vidhaanasabhaaon ke liye alag-alag sankhya mein vidhaayak chune jaate hain. nagareeya nikaaya chunaavon ka prabandh raajya nirvaachan aayog karta hai, jabki Loksabha aur vidhaanasabha chunaav Bhaarat nirvaachan aayog ke niyantran mein hote hain, jinmein vayask mataadhikaar praapt matadaata pratyaksh matadaan ke maadhyam se saansad evam vidhaayak chunate hain. Loksabha tatha vidhaanasabha donon ka hi kaaryakaal paanch varsh ka hota hai. inke chunaav ke liye sabse pehle nirvaachan aayog adhisoochana jaari karta hai. adhisoochana jaari hone ke baad sampoorn nirvaachan prakriya ke teen bhaag hote hain- naamaankan, nirvaachan tatha mataganana. nirvaachan ki adhisoochana jaari hone ke baad naamaankan patron ko daakhil karne ke liye saat dinon ka samay milta hai. uske baad ek din unki jaanch padtaal ke liye rakha jaata hai. ismein anyaanya kaaranon se naamaankan patra radd bhi ho sakte hain. tatpashchaat do din naam vaapasi ke liye diye jaate hai taaki jinhe chunaav naheen ladna hai ve aavashyak vichaar vinimay ke baad apne naamaankan patra vaapas le sakein. 1993 ke vidhaanasabha chunaavon tatha 1996 ke Loksabha chunaavon ke liye vishisht kaaranon se chaar-chaar dinon ka samay diya gaya tha. parantu saamaanyat: yeh kaarya do dinon mein sampann karne ka prayaas kiya jaata hai. kabhi kabhaar kisi kshetr mein pun: matadaan ki sthiti paida hone par uske liye alag se din tay kiya jaata hai. matadaan ke liye tay kiye gaye matadaan keindron mein matadaan ka samay saamaanyat: subah 7 baje se saayan 5 baje tak rakha jaata hai.

electronic voting machine aane ke baad mataganana ke liye saamaanyat: ek din ka samay rakha jaata hai. mataganana lagaataar chalti hai tatha iske liye vishisht mataganana kendra tay kiye jaate hain jismein matadaan keindron ke samaan hi anaadhikrut vyaktiyon ka pravesh varjit rahata hai. sabhi pratyaashiyon, unke pratinidhiyon tatha patrakaaron aadi ke liye nirvaachan adhikaariyon dvaara pravesh patra jaari kiye jaate hain. vartamaan mein nirvaachan kshetraanusaar mataganana ki jaati hai tatha uske liye uske sabhi matadaan keindro ke mat ki ganana kar parinaam ghoshit kiya jaata hai. parinaam ke anusaar jis dal ko bahumat praapt hota hai, vah kendra ya raajya mein apni sarkaar ka gathan karta hai. Bhaarat mein vote daalne ki koi kaanooni baadhyata naheen hai aur yeh naagrikon ka adhikaar hai, kartavya naheen.

raashtrapati, uparaashtrapati evam Rajyasabha sadasyon ke chunaav pratyaksh na hokar apratyaksh roop se hote hain. inhein janta dvaara chune gaye janapratinidhi chunate hain. chunaav ke vakt poori prashaasanik machinery chunaav aayog ke niyantran mein kaarya karti hai. chunaav ki ghoshana hone ke pashchaat aachaar sanhita laagoo ho jaati hai aur har raajanaitik dal, uske kaaryakarta aur ummeedavaar ko iska paalan karna hota hai.

• matadaan
• mataadhikaar
• anivaarya matadaan
• nirvaachan pranaaliyaaain
• bahumat

• Bhaarat ke pehle aam chunaav ki kahaani... (vebaduniya)
• PARLINE database on national parliaments. Results for all parliamentary elections since 1966
• ElectionGuide.org — Worldwide Coverage of National-level Elections
• parties-and-elections.de: Database for all European elections since 1945
• ACE Electoral Knowledge Network — electoral encyclopedia and related resources from a consortium of electoral agencies and organizations.
• Angus Reid Consultants: Election Tracker
• IDEA's Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide
• European Election Law Association (Eurela)