chol raajavansh
|
chetaavani: yeh maanadand rikt hai-> "common_name"
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
chol (tamil - சaaோaaழaaரaa்) praacheen Bhaarat ka ek raajavansh tha. chol shabd ki vyutpatti vibhinn prakaar se ki jaati rahi hai. Colonel jerino ne chol shabd ko sanskrut "kaal" evam "kol" se sambaddh karte hue ise dakshin Bhaarat ke krushnavarn aarya samudaaya ka soochak maana hai. chol shabd ko sanskrut "chor" tatha tamil "cholam" se bhi sambaddh kiya gaya hai kintu inmein se koi mat theek naheen hai. aaranbhik kaal se hi chol shabd ka prayog isi naam ke raajavansh dvaara shaasit praja aur bhoobhaag ke liye vyavahrut hota raha hai. sangamayugeen manimeklai mein cholon ko sooryavanshi kaha hai. cholon ke anek prachalit naamon mein sheinbiyn bhi hai. sheinbiyn ke aadhaar par unhein shibi se udbhoot siddh karte hain. 12veen sadi ke anek sthaaneeya raajavansh apne ko karikaal se udbhat kashyap gotreeya bataate hain.
cholon ke ullekh atyant praacheen kaal se hi praapt hone lagte hain. kaatyaayan ne chodon ka ullekh kiya hai. ashok ke abhilekhon mein bhi iska ullekh upalabdh hai. kintu inhonne sangamayug mein hi dakshin bhaarateeya itihaas ko sambhavat: pratham baar prabhaavit kiya. sangamakaal ke anek mahatvapoorn chol samraaton mein karikaal atyadhik prasiddh hue sangamayug ke pashchaat ka chol itihaas agyaat hai. fir bhi chol-vansh-parampara ekdam samaapt naheen hui thi kyonki renandu (jila kudaaya) pradesh mein chol pallavon, chaalukyon tatha raashtrakooton ke adheen shaasan karte rahe.
anukram
cholon ka udaya
uparyukt deerghakaalik prabhutvaheenata ke pashchaat naveen sadi ke madhya se cholon ka punarutthan hua. is chol vansh ka sansthaapak vijyaalaya (850-870-71 E.) pallav adheenata mein uraiyur pradesh ka shaasak tha. vijyaalaya ki vanshaparanpara mein lagabhas 20 raaja hue, jinhonne kul milaakar chaar sau se adhik varshon tak shaasan kiya. vijyaalaya ke pashchaat aaditya pratham (871-907), paraatank pratham (907-955) ne kramash: shaasan kiya. paraantak pratham ne paandya-sinhal nareshon ki sammilit shakti ko, pallavon, baanon, baidunbon ke atirikt raashtrakoot Krishna divateeya ko bhi paraajit kiya. chol shakti ev saamraajya ka vaastavik sansthaapak paraantak hi tha. usane lankaapati udaya (945-53) ke samay sinhal par bhi ek asafal aakraman kiya. paraantak apne antami dinon mein raashtrakoot samraat Krishna truteeya dvaara 949 E. mein badi buri tarah paraajit hua. is paraajaya ke falasvaroop chol saamraajya ki neenv hil gayi. paraantak pratham ke baad ke 32 varshon mein anek chol raajaaon ne shaasan kiya. inmein gandaraaditya, arinjaya aur sundar chol ya paraatak divateeya pramukh the.
iske pashchaat raajaraaj pratham (985-1014) ne chol vansh ki prasaaraneeti ko aage badhaate hue apni anek vijyon dvaara apne vansh ki maryaada ko pun: pratishthit kiya. usane sarvapratham pashchimi gangon ko paraajit kar unka pradesh chheen liya. tadanantar pashichmi chaalukyon se unka deerghakaalik parinaamaheen yuddh aarambh hua. iske vipreet raajaraaj ko sudoor dakshin mein aashaateet safalta mili. unhonne Kerala naresh ko paraajit kiya. paandyon ko paraajit kar madura aur kurg mein sthit udgai adhikrut kar liya. yahi naheen, raajaraaj ne sinhal par aakraman karke uske uttari pradeshon ko apne raajya mein mila liya.
raajakaaj ne poorvi chaalukyon par aakraman kar veingi ko jeet liya. kintu iske baad poorvi chaalukya sinhaasan par unhonne shaktivrman ko pratishthit kiya aur apni putri kundava ka vivaah shaktavirman ke laghu bhraata vimlaaditya se kiya. is samay kaling ke gang raaja bhi veingi par drushti gadaae the, raajaraaj ne unhein bhi paraajit kiya.
raajaraaj ne pashchaat unke putr raajeindr pratham (1012-1044) sinhaasanaaroodh hue. raajeindr pratham bhi atyant shaktishaali samraat the. raajeindr ne cher, paandya evam sinhal jeeta tatha unhein apne raajya mein mila liya. unhonne pashchimi chaalukyon ko kai yuddhon mein paraajit kiya, unki rajdhani ko dhvast kiya kintu unapar poorn vijay na praapt kar sake. raajeindr ke do anya sainik abhiyaan atyant ullekhaneeya hain. unka pratham sainik abhiyaan poorvi samudratat se kaling, udeesa, dakshin koshal aadi ke raajaaon ko paraajit karta hua Bengal ke viruddh hua. unhonne pashchim evam dakshin Bengal ke teen chhote raajaaon ko paraajit karne ke saath saath shaktishaali paal raaja maheepaal ko bhi paraajit kiya. is abhiyaan ka kaaran abhilekhon ke anusaar gangaajal praapt karna tha. yeh bhi gyaat hota hai ki paraajit raajaaon ko yeh jal apne siron par dhona pada tha. kintu yeh maatr aakraman tha, isse chol saamraajya ki seemaaon par koi asar naheen pada.
raajeindr ka doosra mahatvapoorn aakraman malayadveep, jaava aur sumaatra ke shaileindr shaasan ke viruddh hua. yeh poorn roop se nausainik aakraman tha. shaileindr samraaton ka raajaraaj se maitreepoorn vyavahaar tha kintu raajeindr ke saath unki shatruta ka kaaran agyaat hai. raajeindr ko ismein safalta mili. raajaraaj ki bhaaainti raajeindr ne bhi ek raajadoot cheen bheja.
raajaadhiraaj pratham (1018-1054) raajeindr ka uttaraadhikaari tha. usaka adhikaansh samay vidrohon ke shaman mein laga. aarambh mein usane anek chhote chhote raajyon, tatha cher, paandya evam sinhal ke vidrohon ka daman kiya. anantar iske chaalukya someshvar se hue koppam ke yuddh mein usaki mrutyu hui. yuddhakshetr mein hi raajeindr dviteeya (1052-1064) abhishikt hue. chaalukyon ke viruddh hue is yuddh mein unki vijay hui. chaalukyon ke saath yuddh deerghakaalik tha. raajeindr dviteeya ke uttaraadhikaari veer raajeindr (1063-1069) ne anek yuddhon mein vijay praapt ki aur praaya: sampoorn chol saamraajya par poorvavat shaasan kiya. adhiraajeindr (1067-1070) veer raajeindr ka uttaraadhikaari tha kintu kuchh maheenon ke shaasan ke baad kulottung pratham ne usase chol raajyashri chheen li.
kulottung pratham (1070-1120) poorvi chaalukya samraat raajaraaj ka putr tha. kulottung ki maaain evam maataamahi kramash: raajeindr (pratham) chol tatha raajaraaj pratham ki putriyaaain theen. kulottanug pratham swayam raajeindr dviteeya ki putri se vivaahit tha. kulottung ne apne vipaksh evam adhiraajeindr ke paksh se hue samast vidrohon ka daman karke apni sthiti sudrudh kar li. apne vistrut shaasanakaal mein usane adhiraajeindr ke himaayati evam bahanoi chaalukya samraat vikramaaditya ke anek aakramanon evam vidrohon ka safalataapoorvak saamana kiya. sinhal fir bhi svatantr ho hi gaya. Yuvraj vikram chol ke prayaas s kaling ka dakshini pradesh kulottung ke raajya mein mila liya gaya. kulottung ne apne antim dinon tak sinhal ke atirikt praaya: sampoorn chol saamraajya tatha dakshini kaling pradesh par shaasan kiya. usane ek raajadoot bhi cheen bheja.
vikram chol (1118-1133) kulottung ka uttaraadhikaari hua. lagbhag 1118 mein vikramaaditya chhathe ne veingi cholon se chheen li. hoyasalon ne bhi cholon ko kaaveri ke paar bhaga diya aur Mysore pradesh ko adhikrut kar liya.
kulottung pratham ke baad ka lagbhag sau varsh ka chol itihaas adhik mahatvapoorn naheen hai. is avadhi mein vikram chol, kulottung dviteeya (1133-1150), raajaraaj dviteeya (1146-1173), raajaadhiraaj dviteeya (1163-1179), kulottung truteeya (1178-1218) ne shaasan kiya. in raajaaon ke samay cholon ka uttarottar avsaan hota raha. raajaraaj truteeya (1216-1246) ko paandyon ne buri tarah paraajit kiya aur usaki rajdhani chheen li. chol samraat apne aakraamakon evam vidrohiyon ke viruddh shaktishaali hoyasalon se sahaayata lete the aur isi kaaran dheere-dheere ve unke saath ki kathaputali ban gaye. raajaraaj ko ekabaar paandyon se paraajit hokar bhaagte samay kopperunjig ne aakraman kar bandi bana liya, par chhod diya.
chol vansh ka antim raaja raajeindr truteeya (1246-1279) hua. aarambh mein raajeindr ko paandyon ke viruddh aanshik safalta mili, kintu aisa prateet hota hai ki telugu-chod saamraajya par gandagopaal tikk raajaraaj truteeya ki naamamaatr ki adheenata mein shaasan kar raha tha. ganapati kaakateeya ke kaanchi aakraman ke pashchaat tikk ne usi ki adheenata sveekaar ki. antat: jataavarman sundar paandya ne uttar par aakraman kiya aur cholon ko paraajit kiya. iske baad se chol shaasak paandyon ke adheen rahe aur unki yeh sthiti bhi 1310 mein malik kaafoor ke aakraman se samaapt ho gayi. (chol samraat saadhaaranataya apne raajya ka aarambh apne yauvaraajyaabhishek se maanate the aur iseeliye unke kaal ke kuchh aaranbhik varsh evam unke tatkaal poorvavarti samraat ke kuchh antim varshon mein samaanata praapt hoti hai). ii
shaasan vyavastha
cholo ke abhilekhon aadi se gyaat hota hai ki unka shaasan susangathit tha. raajya ka sabse bada adhikaari raaja mantriyon evam raajyaadhikaariyon ki salaah se shaasan karta tha. shaasanasuvidha ki drushti se saara raajya anek mandalon mein vibhkt tha. mandal kottam ya balanaaduon mein bainte hote the. inke baad ki shaasakeeya parampara mein naadu (jila), kurram (graamasamooh) evam graamam the. chol raajyakaal mein inka shaasan janasabhaaon dvaara hota tha. chol graamasabhaaeain "ur" ya "sabha" kahi jaati theen. inke sadasya sabhi graamanivaasi hote the. sabha ki kaaryakaarini parishd (aaduganam) ka chunaav ye log apne mein se karte the. uttarameroor se praapt abhilekh se us graamasabha ke kaaryon aadi ka vistrut gyaan praapt hota hai. uttarameroor graamashaasan sabha ki paaainch upasamitiyon dvaara hota tha. inke sadasya avaitanik the evam unka kaaryakaal keval varsh bhar ka hota tha. ye apne shaasan ke liye svatantr theen evam samraataadi bhi unki kaaryavaahi mein hastakshep naheen kar sakte the.
chol shaasak prasiddh bhavananirmaata the. sinchaai ki vyavastha, raajamaargon ke nirmaan aadi ke atirikt unhonne nagaron evam vishaal mandir tanjaur mein banavaaya. yeh praacheen bhaarateeya mandiron mein sabse adhik ooaincha evam bada hai. tanjaur ke mandir ki deevaaron par ankit chitr ullekhaneeya evam bade mahatvapoorn hain. raajeindr pratham ne apne dvaara nirmit nagar gangaikondapuram (trichnaapalli) mein is prakaar ke ek anya vishaal mandir ka nirmaan karaaya. cholon ke raajyakaal mein moortikla ka bhi prabhoot vikaas hua. is kaal ki paashaan evam dhaatumoortiyaaain atyant sajeev evam kalaatmak hain.
chol shaasan ke antargat saahitya ki bhi badi unnati hui. inke shaaktishaali vijetaaon ki vijyon aadi ko lakshya kar anekaanek prashasti poorn granth likhe gaye. is prakaar ke granthon mein jayangondaar ka "kaliganttuparni" atyant mahatvapoorn hai. iske atirikt tiruttakkadev likhit "jeevak chintaamani" tamil mahaakaavyon mein anyatam maana jaata hai. is kaal ke sabse bade kavi kanban the. inhonne tamil "raamaayan" ki rachana kulottung truteeya ke shaasanakaal mein ki. iske atirikt vyaakaran, kosh, kaavyashaastr tatha chhand aadi vishyon par bahut se mahatvapoorn granthon ki rachana bhi is samay hui.
saanskrutik sthiti
chol saamraajya ki shakti badhne ke saath hi samraat ke gaurav or aishvarya ke bhavya pradarshan ke kaarya badh gaye the. Rajbhavan, usamein sevakon ka prabandh or darbaar mein utsavon aur anushthaanon mein yeh pravrutti parilkshit hoti hai. samraat apne jeevanakaal hi mein Yuvraj ko shaasanaprabandh mein apne saath sambandhit kar leta tha. samraat ke paas usaki maukhik aajnyaa ke liye bhi vishay ek sunishchit pranaali ke dvaara aata tha, ek sunishchit vidhi mein hi vah kaarya roop mein parint hota tha. raaja ko paraamarsh dene ke liye vibhinn pramukh vibhaagon ke karmachaariyon ka ek dal, jise udanakoottam kehte the. samraat ke nirantar sampark mein rahata tha. samraat ke nikat sampark mein adhikaariyon ka ek sangathit vibhaag tha jise olai kehte the1 chol saamraajya mein naukarashaahi susangathit aur viksit thi jismein adhikaariyon ke uchch (perundanam) aur nimn (shirudanam) do varg the. keindreeya vibhaag ki or se sthaaneeya adhikaariyon ka nireekshan aur niyantran karne ke liye kanakaani naam ke adhikaari hote thee. shaasan ke liye raajya valanaadu athva mandalam, naadu aur koorram mein vibhaajit tha. sampoorn bhoomi naapi hui thi aur karadaayi tatha karamukt bhoomi mein bainti thi. karadaayi bhoomi ke bhi svaabhaavik utpaadanashakti aur fasal ke anusaar, kai star the. kar ke liye sampoorn gram uttaradaayi tha. kabhi-kabhi kar ekatrit karne mein kathorata ki jaati thi. bhoomikr ke atirikt chungi, vyavasaayon aur makaanon tatha vishesh avsaron aur utsavon par bhi kar the. sena anek sainya dalon mein bainti thi jinmein se kai ke vishisht naamon ka ullekh abhilekhon mein milta hai. sena raajya ke vibhinn bhaagon mein shivir (kadagam) ke roop mein faili thi. dakshin-poorvi Asia mein cholon ki vijay unke jahaaji bede ke sangathan aur shakti ka spasht pramaan hai. nyaaya ke liye gaaainv aur jaati ki sabhaaon ke atirikt raajya dvaara sthaapit adaalatein bhi theen. nirnaya saamaajik vyavasthaaon, lekhapatr aur saakshi ke pramaan ke aadhaar par hote the. maanaveeya saakshyon ke abhaav mein divyon ka bhi sahaara liya jaata tha.
chol shaasan ki pramukh visheshata susangathit naukarashaahi ke saath uchch koti ki kushalataavali sthaaneeya svaayatt sansthaaon ka sundar aur safal saamanjasya hai. sthaaneeya jeevan ke vibhinn angon ke liye vividh saamoohik sansthaaeain theen jo paraspar sahayog se kaarya karti theen. nagaram un sthaanon ki sabhaaeain theen jahaaain vyaapaari varg pramukh tha. oor gainv ke un sabhi vyaktiyon ki sabha thi jinke paas bhoomi thi. sabha brahmadeya gaaainvon ke braahmanon ki saamoohik sanstha ka vishisht naam tha. raajya ki or se saadhaaran niyantran aur samay par aayavyaya ke nireekshan ke atirikt in sabhaaon ko poorn svatantrata thi. inke kaaryon ke sanchaalan ke liye atyant kushal aur samvidhaan ke niyamon ki drushti se sangathit aur viksit samitiyon ki vyavastha thi jinhein vaariym kehte the. uttarameroor ki sabha ne paraantak pratham ke shaasanakaal mein alp samay ke antar par hi do baar apne samvidhaan mein parivartan kiye jo is baat ka pramaan hai ki ye sabhaaeain anubhav ke anusaar adhik kushal vyavastha ko apnaane ke liye tatpar rahati theen. in sabhaaon ke kartavyon ka kshetr vyaapak aur vistrut tha.
chol nareshon ne sinchaai ki suvidha ke liye kueain aur taalaab khudavaae aur nadiyon ke pravaah ko rokakar patthar ke baaaindh se ghire jalaashaya (daim) banavaae. karikaal chol ne kaaveri nadi par baaaindh banavaaya tha. raajeindr pratham ne gangaikond-cholapuram ke sameep ek jheel khudavaai jiska baaaindh 16 meal lamba tha. isko do nadiyon ke jal se bharne ki vyavastha ki gayi aur sinchaai ke liye iska upayog karne ke liye patthar ki pranaaliyaaain aur naharein banaai gain. aavaagaman ki suvidha ke liye prashast raajapath aur nadiyon par ghaat bhi nirmit hue.
saamaajik jeevan mein yadyapi braahmanon ko adhik adhikaar praapt the aur anya vargon se apna paarthakya dikhlaane ke liye unhonne apni alag bastiyaaain basaani shu degree kar di theen, fir na vibhinn vargon ke paraspar sambandh katu naheen the. saamaajik vyavastha ko dharmashaastron ke aadeshon aur aadarshon ke anukool rakhane ka prayant hota tha. kulottung pratham ke shaasanakaal mein ek gaaainv ke bhatton ne shaastron ka adhyayan kar rathakaar naam ki anulom jaati ke liye sammat jeevikaaon ka nirdesh kiya. udyog aur vyavasaaya mein lage saamaajik varg do bhaagon mein vibhkt the- valangai aur idangai. striyaaain par saamaajik jeevan mein kisi bhi prakaar ka pratibandh naheen tha. ve sampatti ki svaamini hoti theen. uchch varg ke purush bahuvivaah karte the. sati ka prachaar tha. mandiron mein gunasheela devadaasiyaaain rah karti theen. samaaj mein daasapratha prachalit thi. daason ki kai kotiyaaain hoti theen.
aarthik jeevan ka aadhaar krushi thi. bhoomika svaamitv samaaj mein sammaan ki baat thi. krushi ke saath hi pashupaalan ka vyavasaaya bhi samunnat tha. svarnakaar, dhaatukaar aur julaahon ki kala unnat dasha mein thi. vyaapaariyon ki anek shreniyaaain theen jinka sangathan vistrut kshetr mein kaarya karta tha. naanaadesh-tishaiyaayirttu aijjoorunvar vyaapaariyon ki ek vishaal shreni thi jo varma aur sumaatra tak vyaapaar karti thi.
chol samraat Shiv ke upaasak the leki unki neeti dhaarmik sahishnuta ki thi. unhonne bauddhon ko bhi daan diya. jain bhi shaantipoorvak apne dharm ka paalan aur prachaar karte the. poorvayug ke tamil dhaarmik padya vedon jaise poojit hone lage aur unke rachayita devata svaroop maane jaane lage. nanbi aandaar nanbi ne sarvapratham raajaraaj pratham ke raajyakaal mein shaiv dharmagranthon ko sankalit kiya. vaishnav dharm ke liye yahi kaarya naathamuni ne kiya. unhonne bhakti ke maarg ka daarshanik samarthan prastut kiya. unke pautr aalavandaar athva yaamunaachaarya ka vaishnav aachaaryon mein mahatvapoorn sthaan hai (de. "yaamunaachaarya"). raamaanuj ne vishishtaadvait darshan ka pratipaadan kiya mandiron ki pooja vidhi mein sudhaar kiya aur kuchh mandiron mein varsh mein ek din antyajon ke pravesh ki bhi vyavastha ki. shaivon mein bhaktimaarg ke atirikt beebhats aachaaronvaale kuchh sanpradaaya, paashupat, kaapaalik aur kaalaamukh jaise the, jinmein se kuchh streetv ki aaraadhana karte the, jo praaya: vikrut roop le leti thi. devi ke upaasakon mein apna sir kaatkar chadhaane ki bhi pratha thi. is yug ke dhaarmik jeevan mein mandiron ka vishesh mahatva tha. chhote ya bade mandir, chol raajya ke praaya: sabhi nagaron aur gaaainvon mein is yug mein bane. ye mandir, shiksha ke kendra bhi the. tyohaaron aur utsavon par inmein gaan, nrutya, naatya aur manoranjan ke aayojan bhi hote the. mandiron ke svaamitv mein bhoomi bhi hoti thi aur kai karmachaari inki adheenata mein hote the. ye bank ka kaarya the. kai udyogon aur shilpon ke vyaktiyon ko mandiron ke kaaran jeevika milti thi.
cholon ke mandiron ki visheshata unke vimaanon aur praanganon mein dikhlaai padti hai. inke shikhrastanbh chhote hote hain, kintu gopuram par atyadhik alankaran hota hai. praarambhik chol mandir saadhaaran yojana ki krutiyaaain hain lekin saamraajya ki shakti aur saadhanon ki vruddhi ke saath mandiron ke aakaar aur prabhaav mein bhi parivartan hua. in mandiron mein sabse adhik prasiddh aur prabhaavotpaadak raajaraaj pratham dvaara tanjor mein nirmit raajaraajeshvar mandir, raajeindr pratham dvaara gangaikondacholapuram mein nirmit gangaikondacholeshvar mandir hai. chol yug apni kaansya pratimaaon ki sundarata ke liye bhi prasiddh hai. inmein nataraaj ki moortiyaaain sarvaatkrusht hain. iske atirikt Shiv ke doosare kai roop, brahma, saptamaatruka, lakshmi tatha bhoodevi ke saath vishnu, apne anucharon ke saath Ram aur seeta, shaiv sant aur kaaliydaman karte hue Krishna ki moortiyaaain bhi ullekhaneeya hain.
tamil saahitya ke itihaas mein chol shaasanakaal ko svarn yug ki sanjnyaa di jaati hai. prabandh saahityarachana ka pramukh roop tha. darshan mein shaiv siddhaant ke shaastreeya vivechan ka aarambh hua. shekkilaar ka tiruttondar puraanam ya periypuraanam yugaantarakaari rachana hai. vaishnav bhakti-saahitya aur teekaaon ki bhi rachana hui. aashcharya hai ki vaishnav aachaarya naathamuni, yaamunaachaarya aur raamaanuj ne praaya: sanskrut mein hi rachanaaeain ki hain. teekaakaaron ne bhi sanskrut shabdon mein aakraant manipravaal shaili apnaai. raamaanuj ki prashansa mein sau padon ki rachana raamaanujanoorradaadi is drushti se pramukh apavaad hai. jain aur bauddh saahitya ki pragati bhi ullekhaneeya thi. jain kavi tiruttakkadevar ne prasiddh tamil mahaakaavya jeevakachintaamani ki rachana 10veen shataabdi mein ki thi. tolaamoli rachit soolaamani ki ganana tamil ke paaainch laghu kaavyon mein hoti hai. kallaadanaar ke kallaadam mein prem ki vibhinn manodashaaon par sau pad hain. raajakavi jayangonda ne kalingattupparani mein kulottung pratham ke kalingayuddh ka varnan kiya hai. ottakoottan bhi raajakavi tha jiski anek krutiyon mein kulottung dviteeya ke baalyakaal par ek pillaittaamil aur teen chol raajaaon par ula ullekhaneeya hain. prasiddh tamil raamaayanam athva raamaavataaram ki rachana kanban ne kulottung truteeya ke raajyakaal mein ki thi. kisi agyaat kavi ki sundar kruti kulottungankovai mein kulottanug dviteeya ke praarambhik krutyon ka varnan hai. jain vidvaan amitsaagar ne chhandashaastr par yaapparungalam naam ke ek granth aur uske ek sankshipt roop (kaarigai) ki rachana ki. bauddh buddhamitr ne tamil vyaakaran par veerasholiym naam ka granth likha. dandiylangaaram ka lekhak agyaat hai; yeh granth dandin ke kaavyaadarsh ke aadarsh par racha gaya hai. is kaal ke kuchh anya vyaakaran granth hain- gunaveer pandit ka neminaadam aur vachchanandimaalai, pavanandi ka nannool tatha aiyanaaridnaar ka purapporalavenbaamaalai. pingalam naam ka kosh bhi isi kaal ki kruti hai.
cholavansh ke abhilekhon se gyaat hota hai ki chol nareshon ne sanskrut saahitya aur bhaasha ke adhyayan ke liye vidyaalaya (brahmapuri, ghatika) sthaapit kiye aur unki vyavastha ke liye samuchit daan diye. kintu sanskrut saahitya mein, srujan ki drushti se, cholon ka shaasanakaal atyalp mahatva ka hai. unke kuchh abhilekh, jo sanskrut mein hain, shaili mein tamil abhilekhon se neeche hain. fir bhi veinkat maadhav ka rigved par prasiddh bhaashya paraantak pratham ke raajyakaal k rachana hai. keshavasvaamin ne naanaarthaarnavasankshep naamak kosh ko raajaraaj dviteeya ki aajnyaa par hi banaaya tha.
vanshaavali
- vijyaalaya chol 848-871(?)
- aaditya 1 871-907 -
- parantak chol 1 907-950
- gandharaaditya 950-957
- arinjaya chol 956-957
- sundar chol 957-970
- uttam chol 970-985
- raajaaraaj chol 1 985-1014
- Rajendra chol 1 1012-1044
- raajaadhiraaj chol 1 1018-1054
- Rajendra chol 2 1051-1063
- veeraraajendr chol 1063-1070
- adhiraajendr chol 1067-1070
- chaalukya chol
- kulotung chol 1 1070-1120
- kulotung chol 2 1133-1150
- raajaaraaj chol 2 1146-1163
- raajaadhiraaj chol 2 1163-1178
- kulotung chol 3 1178-1218
- raajaaraaj chol 3 1216-1256
- Rajendra chol 3 1246-1279