chhand


chhand sanskrut vaangmaya mein saamanyataya laya ko bataane ke liye prayog kiya gaya hai.[1] vishisht arthon mein chhand kavita ya geet mein varnon ki sankhya aur sthaan se sambandhit niyamon ko kehte hain jinse kaavya mein laya aur ranjakata aati hai. chhoti-badi dhvaniyaan, laghu-guru uchchaaranon ke kramon mein, maatra bataati hain aur jab kisi kaavya rachana mein ye ek vyavastha ke saath saamanjasya praapt karti hain tab use ek shaastreeya naam de diya jaata hai aur laghu-guru maatraaon ke anusaar varnon ki yeh vyavastha ek vishisht naam wala chhand kahalaane lagti hai, jaise chaupaai, doha, aarya, indrvajra, gaayatri chhand ityaadi. is prakaar ki vyavastha mein maatra athva varnॊn ki sankhya, viraam, gati, laya tatha tuk aadi ke niyamon ko bhi nirdhaarit kiya gaya hai jinka paalan kavi ko karna hota hai. is doosare arth mein yeh angreji ke meter[2] athva urdoo faarasi ke rukn (araakaan) ke samakaksh hai. hindi saahitya mein bhi paramparaagat rachanaaeain chhand ke in niyamon ka paalan karte hue rachi jaati theen, yaani kisi na kisi chhand mein hoti theen. vishv ki anya bhaashaaoain mein bhi paramparaagat roop se kavita ke liye chhand ke niyam hote hain.

chhandon ki rachana aur gun-avagun ke adhyayan ko chhandashaastr kehte hain. chooainki, aachaarya piङagal dvaara rachit 'chhand:shaastr' sabse praacheen upalabdh granth hai, is shaastr ko piङagalashaastr bhi kaha jaata hai.[3]

anukram

itihaas

pracheen kaal ke granthon mein sanskrut mein kai prakaar ke chhand milte hain jo vaidik kaal ke jitne praacheen hain. ved ke sookt bhi chhandabaddh hain. piङagal dvaara rachit chhandashaastr is vishay ka mool granth hai. chhand ki sabse pehle charcha rigved mein hui hai. yadi gadya ki kasauti 'vyaakaran' hai to kavita ki kasauti 'chhandashaastr' hai. padyarachana ka samuchit gyaan chhandashaastr ki jaankaari ke bina naheen hota. kaavya or chhand ke praarambh mein 'agan' arthaat 'ashubh gan' naheen aana chaahiye.

shabdaarth

vaakya mein prayukt aksharon ki sankhya evam kram, maatra-ganana tatha yati-gati se sambaddh vishisht niyamon se niyojit padyarachana ''chhand'' kahalaati hai. handas shabd 'chhad' dhaatu se bana hai. iska dhaatugat vyutpattimoolak arth hai - 'jo apni ichha se chalta hai'. isi mool se svachhand jaise shabd aae hain . at: chhand shabd ke mool mein gati ka bhaav hai.

kisi vaaङaamaya ki samagr saamagri ka naam saahitya hai. sansaar mein jitna saahitya milta hai ' rigved ' unamein praacheenatam hai. rigved ki rachana chhandobaddh hi hai. yeh is baat ka pramaan hai ki us samay bhi kala va vishesh kathan hetu chhando ka prayog hota tha.chhand ko padya rachana ka maapdand kaha ja sakta hai. bina kathin saadhana ke kavita mein chhand yojana ko saakaar naheen kiya ja sakta.


chhand ke ang

chhand ke nimnalikhit ang hote hain -

  • gati - padya ke paath mein jo bahaav hota hai use gati kehte hain.
  • yati - padya paath karte samay gati ko todkar jo vishraam diya jaata hai use yati kehte hain.
  • tuk - samaan uchchaaran vaale shabdon ke prayog ko tuk kaha jaata hai. padya praay: tukaant hote hain.
  • maatra - varn ke uchchaaran mein jo samay lagta hai use maatra kehte hain. maatra 2 prakaar ki hoti hai laghu aur guru. hrasv uchchaaran vaale varnon ki maatra laghu hoti hai tatha deergh uchchaaran vaale varnon ki maatra guru hoti hai. laghu maatra ka maan 1 hota hai aur use. chinh se pradarshit kiya jaata hai. isi prakaar guru maatra ka maan maan 2 hota hai aur use ऽ chinh se pradarshit kiya jaata hai.
  • gan - maatraaon aur varnon ki sankhya aur kram ki suvidha ke liye teen varnon ke samooh ko ek gan maan liya jaata hai. ganon ki sankhya 8 hai - yagan (.ऽऽ), magan (ऽऽऽ), tagan (ऽऽ.), ragan (ऽ.ऽ), jagan (.ऽ.), bhagan (ऽ..), nagan (...) aur sagan (..ऽ).

ganon ko aasaani se yaad karne ke liye ek sootr bana liya gaya hai- yamaataaraajabhaanasalaga. sootr ke pehle aath varnon mein aath ganon ke naam hain. antim do varn 'l' aur 'g' chhandashaastr ke dagdhaakshar hain. jis gan ki maatraaon ka svaroop jaanana ho uske aage ke do aksharon ko is sootr se le lein jaise 'magan' ka svaroop jaanane ke liye 'ma' tatha uske aage ke do akshar- 'ta ra' = maataara (ऽऽऽ).

'gan' ka vichaar keval varn vrutt mein hota hai maatrik chhand is bandhan se mukt hote hain.

. ऽ ऽ ऽ . ऽ . . . ऽ

ya ma ta ra j bha na s l ga

gan chinh udaaharan prabhaav
yagan (ya) .ऽऽ nahaana shubh
magan (ma) ऽऽऽ aajaadi shubh
tagan (ta) ऽऽ. chaalaak ashubh
ragan (ra) ऽ.ऽ paalana ashubh
jagan (j) .ऽ. kareel ashubh
bhagan (bha) ऽ.. baadal shubh
nagan (na) ... kamal shubh
sagan (s) ..ऽ kamala ashubh

chhand ke prakaar

  • maatrik chhand ː jin chhandon mein maatraaon ki sankhya nishchit hoti hai unhein maatrik chhand kaha jaata hai. jaise - doha, rola, soratha, chaupaai
  • vaarnik chhand ː varnon ki ganana par aadhaarit chhand vaarnik chhand kahalaate hain. jaise - ghanaakshari, dandak
  • varnavrut ː sam chhand ko vrut kehte hain. ismein chaaron charan samaan hote hain aur pratyek charan mein aane vaale laghu guru maatraaon ka kram nishchit rahata hai. jaise - drutavilanbit, maalini
  • mukt chhandː bhaktikaal tak mukt chhand ka astitv naheen tha, yeh aadhunik yug ki den hai. iske praneta sooryakaant tripaathi 'niraala' maane jaate hain. mukt chhand niymabaddh naheen hote, keval svachhand gati aur bhaavapoorn yati hi mukt chhand ki visheshata hain.
  • mukt chhand ka udaaharan -
vah aata
do took kaleje ke karta, pachhataata path par aata.
pet-peeth donon milkar hain ek,
chal raha lakutiya tech,
mutthi-bhar daane ko, bhookh mitaane ko,
muainh fati-puraani jholi ka failaata,
do took kaleje ke karta, pachhataata path par aata.


kaavya mein chhand ka mahattv

  • chhand se hrudaya ko saundaryabodh hota hai.
  • chhand maanaveeya bhaavanaaon ko jhankrut karte hain.
  • chhand mein sthaayitv hota hai.
  • chhand saras hone ke kaaran man ko bhaate hain.
  • chhand ke nishchit aadhaar par aadhaarit hone ke kaaran ve sugamataapoorvak kanthast ho jaate hain.

udaaharan -

bhabhoot lagaavat shankar ko, ahilochan madhya parau jhari kai.
ahi ki fuainfakaar lagi shashi ko, tab anmrut boond girau chiri kai.
tehi thaur rahe mrugaraaj tuchaadhar, garjat bhe ve chale uthi kai.
surabhi-sut vaahan bhaag chale, tab gauri hainseen mukh aaainchal dai.

arthaat (praat: snaan ke pashchaat) paarvati ji Bhagwan shankar ke mastak par bhabhoot laga rahi theen tab thoda sa bhabhoot jhad kar Shiv ji ke vaksh par lipte huye saaainp ki aaainkhon mein gira. (aaainkh mein bhabhoot girne se saaainp fuainfakaara aur usaki) fuainfakaar shankar ji ke maathe par sthit chandrama ko lagi (jiske kaaran chandrama kaaainp gaya tatha uske kaaainpane ke kaaran uske bheetar se) amrut ki booaind chhalak kar giri. vahaaain par (shankar ji ki aasani) jo baaghambar tha, vah (amrut boond ke prataap se jeevit hokar) uth kar garjana karte huye chalne laga. Singh ki garjana sunakar gaaya ka putr - bail, jo Shiv ji ka vaahan hai, bhaagane laga tab Gauri ji muainh mein aaainchal rakh kar hainsane lageen maano Shiv ji se pratihaas kar rahi hon ki dekho mere vaahan (paarvati ka ek roop durga ka hai tatha durga ka vaahan Singh hai) se dar kar aapka vaahan kaise bhaag raha hai.

chhandon ke kuchh prakaar

doha

doha maatrik chhand hai. dohe ke chaar charan hote hain. iske visham charanon (pratham tatha truteeya) charan mein 13-13 maatraaeain aur sam charanon (dviteeya tatha chaturth) charan mein 11-11 maatraaeain hoti hain. sam charanon ke ant mein ek guru aur ek laghu maatra ka hona aavashyak hota hai. udaaharan -

murali vaale mohana, murali nek bajaay.
tero murali man haro, ghar aaingana na suhaaya.

rola

rola maatrik sam chhand hota hai. iske visham charanon mein 11-11 maatraaeain aur sam charanon mein 13-13 maatraaeain hoti hain. udaaharan -

yahi sayaano kaam, Ram ko sumirn keejai.
par-svaarath ke kaaj, sheesh aage dhar deejai.

soratha

soratha maatrik chhand hai aur yeh doha ka theek ulata hota hai. iske visham charanon charan mein 11-11 maatraaeain aur sam charanon (dviteeya tatha chaturth) charan mein 13-13 maatraaeain hoti hain. visham charanon ke ant mein ek guru aur ek laghu maatra ka hona aavashyak hota hai. udaaharan -

jo sumirt sidhi hoya, gananaayak karibr badan.
karahu anugrah soya, buddhi raasi subh gun sadan.

chaupaai

chaupaai maatrik sam chhand hai. iske pratyek charan mein 16-16 maatraaeain hoti hain. udaaharan -

bandauain guru pad padum paraaga. suruchi subaas saras anuraaga.
amiya moorimya chooran chaaroo. saman sakal bhav ruj parivaaroo.

kundaliya

kundaliya maatrik chhand hai. do dohon ke beech ek rola mila kar kundaliya banti hai. pehle dohe ka antim charan hi role ka pratham charan hota hai tatha jis shabd se kundaliya ka aarambh hota hai, usi shabd se kundaliya samaapt bhi hota hai. udaaharan -

kamari thore daam ki, bahutai aavai kaam.
khaasa malamal vaafta, unakar raakhai maan.
unakar raakhai maan, baind jahain aade aavai.
bakucha baaaindhe mot, raati ko jhaari bichhaavai.
kah 'giridhr kaviraaya', milt hai thore damari.
sab din raakhai saath, badi maryaada kamari.

inhein bhi dekhein

sandarbh

  1. ↑ Mukherjee, Sujit (angreji mein) (Google pustak). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&lpg=PA76&dq=chhand%20sanskrit&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q=chhand%20sanskrit&f=false.
  2. ↑ Mukherjee, Sujit (angreji mein) (Google pustak). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&lpg=PA76&dq=chhand%20sanskrit&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q=chhand%20sanskrit&f=false.
  3. ↑ www.anubhuti-hindi.org/kavyacharcha/Chhand.htm

baahari kadiyaaain

  • Follow Us:
  • Get daily news by email:

  • Delivered by FeedBurner