cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya

中aa华aa人aa民aa共aa和aa国 jhonghue renmen geingheguo[1] cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya
dhvaj kul chinh
raashtragaan: svayansevakon ka kadamataal
rajdhani		Beijing 39°a55′aN 116°a23′aE / 39.917°aN 116.383°aE / 39.917; 116.383
sabse bada nagar		Shanghai
raajabhaasha(eain)		maanak mandaarin
nivaasi		cheeni
sarkaar		samaajavaadi ganaraajya
-	raashtrapati	shee_jinping
-	pradhaanamantri	li kachiyaang
sthaapana
kshetrafal
-	kul	95,96,960 varg kilometer (teesara) 37,04,427 varg meal
-	jal (%)	2.8
janasankhya
-	2010 anumaan janaganana	1,33,86,12,968 (pratham)
-	2000 janaganana	1,24,26,12,226
sakal ghareloo utpaad (PPP)		2010 anumaan praakkalan
-	kul	10.084 kharab $ (doosra)
-	prati vyakti	7,518 $ (99vaaain)
maanav vikaas soochakaank (2010)		0.663 madhyam · 89vaan
mudra		ren min bi (yuaan) (see॰aaena॰aavaai)
samay mandal		cheeni maanak samay (yoo॰atee॰asee॰+8)
doorabhaash koot		+86
Internet teeeladi		.seeen

cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya (cheeni: 中aa华aa人aa民aa共aa和aa国) jise praay: cheen naam se bhi sambodhit kiya jaata hai, poorvi Asia mein sthit ek desh hai. 1.3 arab nivaasiyon ke saath yeh vishv ka sarvaadhik janasankhya wala desh hai aur 96,41,144 varg kilometer kshetrafal ke saath yeh roos aur Canada ke baad vishv ka teesara sabse bada kshetrafal wala desh hai. itna vishaal kshetrafal hone ke kaaran iski seema se lagte deshon ki sankhya bhi vishv mein sarvaadhik (roos ke baraabar) hai jo is prakaar hai (uttar se dakshinaavartt): roos, mangoliya, uttar Korea, viytanaam, laaos, myaanmaar, Bhaarat, bhootaan, Nepal, Pakistan, afgaanistaan, taajikistaan, kirgistaan aur kajaakhistaan. uttar poorv mein Japan aur dakshin Korea mukhya bhoomi se doori par sthit hain.

cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya ki sthaapana 1 October, 1949 ko hui thi, jab saamyavaadiyon ne gruhayuddh mein kuomintaang par jeet praapt ki. kuomintaang ki haar ke baad ve log taaivaan ya cheeni ganaraajya ko chale gaye aur mukhyabhoomi cheen par saamyavaadi dal ne saamyavaadi ganaraajya ki sthaapana ki. lekin cheen, taaivaan ko apna svaayatt kshetr kehta hai jabki taaivaan ka prashaasan swayam ko svatantr raashtra kehta hai. cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya aur taaivaan donon apne-apne ko cheen ka vaidh pratinidhi kehte hain.

cheen vishv ki sabse praacheen sabhyataaon mein se ek hai jo abhi bhi astitv mein hai. iski sabhyata 5,000 varshon se adhik bhi puraani hai. vartamaan mein yeh ek "samaajavaadi ganaraajya" hai, jiska netrutv ek dal ke haathon mein hai, jiska desh ke 22 praanton, 5 svaayattashaasi kshetron, 4 nagarapaalikaaon aur 2 vishesh prashaasanik kshetron par niyntran hai.

cheen vishv ki doosari sabse badi arthavyavastha hai aur yeh sanyukt raashtra suraksha parishad ka sthaai sadasya bhi hai. yeh vishv ka sabse bada niryaatak aur doosra sabse bada aayaatak hai aur ek maanyata praapt naabhikeeya mahaashakti hai. cheeni saamyavaadi dal ke adheen rahakar cheen mein "samaajavaadi baajaar arthavyavastha" ko apnaaya jiske adheen poonyajeevaad aur adhikaaravaadi raajanaitik niyntran sammitlit hai. vishv ke raajanaitik, aarthik aur saamaajik dhaaainche mein cheen ko 21veen sadi ki aparihaarya mahaashakti ke roop mein maana aur sveekrut kiya jaata hai.^[2]

yahaaain ki mukhya bhaasha cheeni hai jiska paamparik tatha aadhunik roop donon roopon mein upayog kiya jaata hai. pramukh nagaron mein Beijing (rajdhani), Shanghai (pramukh vitteeya kendra), Hongkong, shenjen, gvaangajhou ityaadi hain.

cheen mein saamaanya roop se prayukt hone vaale naam hain "jhonghuaa" (中aa华/中aa華) aur "jhongguo" (中aa国/中aa國), jabki cheeni mool ke logon ko aamtaur par "haan" (汉/漢) aur "taang" (唐) naam diya jaata hai. anya prayukt hone vaale naam hain huaashiya, shenjhou aur jijhou. cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya (中aa华aa人aa民aa共aa和aa国) aur cheeni ganaraajya (中aa国aa共aa和aa国) un do samprabhoo deshon ke aadhikaarik naam hai jo paaramparik roop se cheen naam se jaane jaane vaale kshetr par apni daavedaari karte hain. "mukhyabhoomi cheen" un kshetron ke sandarbh mein prayukt kiya jaata hai jo kshetr cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya ke adheen hain aur ismein haang kaang aur makaau sammilit naheen hain.

vishv ke anya bhaagon mein, cheen ke liye bahut se naam upayog mein hain, jinmein se adhiktar "kin" ya "jin" aur haan ya taan ke lipyantaran hain. hindi mein prayukt naam bhi isi lipyantaran se liya gaya hai.

cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya ki ghoshana karte maao

cheen ki sabhyata vishv ki praacheenatam sabhyataaon mein se ek hai. iska chaar hajaar varsh puraana likhit itihaas hai. yahaan vibhinn prakaar ke aitihaasik va saanskrutik granth aur puraatan sanskruti ke avashesh paae gaye hain. duniya ke anya raashtron ke samaan cheeni raashtra bhi apne vikaas ke dauraan aadim samaaj, das samaaj aur saamanti samaaj ke kaalon se gujara tha. aitihaasik vikaas ke is lambe daur mein, cheeni raashtra ki vibhinn jaatiyon ki parishrami, saahasi aur buddhimaan janta ne apne sanyukt prayaason se ek shaanadaar aur jyotirmaya sanskruti ka srujan kiya, tatha samoochi maanavajaati ke liye bhaari yogadaan bhi kiya. yeh un gini-chuni sabhyataaon mein se ek hai jinhonne praacheen kaal mein apni svatantr lekhan paddhati ka vikaas kiya. anya sabhyataaon ke naam hain - [praacheen Bhaarat] [sindhu ghaati sabhyata], mesopotaamiya ki sabhyata, [misr] aur [dakshin America] ki [maaya sabhyata]. cheeni lipi ab bhi cheen, Japan ke saath-saath aanshik roop se Korea tatha viytanaam mein prayukt hoti hai.

puraataatvik saakshyon ke aadhaar par cheen mein maanav basaasat lagbhag saadhe baais lakh varsh puraana hai.

pehle ka cheen

shiya raajavansh ka astitv ek lokakatha lagta tha par henaan mein puraataatvik khudaai ke baad iske astitv ki satyata saamane I. pratham pratyaksh raajavansh tha - shaang raajavansh, jo poorvi cheen mein 18veen se 12veen sadi isa poorv mein peeli nadi ke kinaare bas gaye. 12veen sadi isa poorv mein pashchim se jhaaoo shaasakon ne inapar aakraman kiya aur inke kshetron par adhikaar kar liya. inhonne 5veen sadi isa poorv tak raaj kiya. iske baad cheen ke chhote raajya aapasi sangharshon mein bhid gaye. 221 isa poorv mein kin raajaaon ne cheen ka pratham baar ekeekaran kiya. inhonne raaja ka kaaryaalaya sthaapit kiya aur cheeni bhaasha ka maanakeekaran kiya. 220 se 206 isa poorv tak haan raajavansh ke shaasakon ne cheen par raaj kiya aur cheen ki sanskruti par apni amit chhaap chhodi. yeh prabhaav ab tak vidyamaan hai. haanon ke patan ke baad cheen mein fir se araajakata ka daur gaya. sui raajavansh ne 580 isvi mein cheen ka ekeekaran kiya jiske kuchh hi varshon baad (614 E.) is raajavansh ka patan ho gaya.

madhyakaaleen cheen

fir thaang aur song raajavansh ke shaasan ke dauraan cheen ki sanskruti aur vigyaan apne charam par pahunch gaye. saataveen se baarahaveen sadi tak cheen vishv ka sabse susanskrut desh ban gaya. 1271 mein mangol sardaar kubalaya Khan ne yuaan raajavansh ki sthaapana ki jisne 1279 tak song vansh ko satta se hataakar apna adhiptya sthaapit kiya. ek kisaan ne 1368 mein mangolon ko bhaga diya aur ming raajavansh ki sthaapana ki jo 1664 tak chala. manchoo logon ke dvaara sthaapit kving raajavansh ne cheen par 1911 tak raaj kiya jo cheen ka antim raajavansh tha.

aadhunik cheen

yuddh kala mein madhya Asiaee deshon se aage nikal jaane ke kaaran cheen ne madhya Asia par apna prabhutv jama liya, par saath hi saath vah Europeeya shaktiyon ke samaksh ksheen padne laga. cheen shesh vishv ke prati satark hua aur usane Europeeya deshon ke saath vyaapaar ka raasta khol diya. british, Bhaarat tatha Japan ke saath hue yuddhon tatha gruhayuddho ne kving raajavansh ko kamjor kar daala. antat: 1912 mein cheen mein ganatantr ki sthaapana hui.

cheen kshetrafal ki drushti se vishv ka teesara sabse bada desh hai. itna vishaal bhoobhaag hone ke kaaran, desh ke bheetar vividh bhooprakaar aur mausam kshetr paae jaate hain. poorv mein, peela saagar aur poorvi cheen saagar se lagte jalodh maidaan hain. dakshin cheen saagar se lagta tateeya kshetr parvateeya bhoobhaag wala hai aur dakshin cheen kshetr pahaadiyon aur teelon se saghan hai. madhya poorv mein nadeemukh-bhoomi kshetr (delta) hai jo do nadiyon peeli nadi aur yaangtje se milkar bana hai. anya pramukh nadiyaaain hain parl, mekaung, brahmaputr, amoor, huaai he aur shi jeeyaang.

pashchim mein himaalaya parvat shrrunkhala hai jo cheen ki Bhaarat, bhootaan aur Nepal ke saath praakrutik seema banaati hai. iske saath-saath pathaar aur nirjaleeya bhoodrushya bhi hain jaise takala-makan aur gobi marusthal. sookhe aur atyadhik krushi ke kaaran basant ke dauraan dhool bhare toofaan aam ho gaye hain. gobi marusthal ka failaav bhi in toofaanon ka ek kaaran hai aur isse uthane vaale toofaan uttarapoorvi cheen, Korea aur Japan tak ko prabhaavit karte hain.

jalavaayu

cheen ki jalavaayu mukhya roop se shushk mausam aur ativrsha maunasoon ke prabhutv waali hai, jiske kaaran sardiyon aur garmiyon ke taapamaan mein antar aata hai. sardiyon mein, uchch akshaansh kshetron se aa rahi havaaen thandi aur shushk hoti hain; jabki garmiyon mein, nimn akshaanshon ke samudri kshetron se aane waali dakshini havaaen garm aur aadr hoti hain. desh ke vishaal bhoobhaag aur jatil sthalaakruti ke kaaran cheen ke bhinn-bhinn kshetron ki jalavaayu mein bahut parivartan aata hai.

jaiv vividhta

vishv ke satrah atyadhik-vividh deshon mein se ek, cheen vishv ke do pramukh jaivakshetron mein se ek, vivrnaaarkatik aur hindomaalaya mein nihit hai. vivrnaarkatik anchal mein paae jaane vaale sthanapaai hain ghode, ooaint, tapeer aur jebra. hindomaalaya kshetr ki prajaatiyaaain hain tenduaa billi, bamboo chooha, treeshrau aur vibhinn prakaar ke bandar aur vaanar kuchh praakrutik failaav aur pravaas ke kaaran donon kshetron mein atichhaadan paaya jaata hai aur hiran ya mrug, bhaaloo, bhediye, suar aur mooshak sabhi vividh mausami aur bhoovaijnyaaanik vaataavaranon mein paae jaate hain. prasiddh vishaal paanda chaaङag jiyaaङag ke seemit kshetr mein paaya jaata hai. luptapraaya prajaatiyon ka vyaapaar ek satat samasya hai, haalaanki is prakaar ki gatividhiyon par rok lagaane sambandhi kaanoon hain.

cheen mein vibhinn van prakaar paae jaate hain. donon uttarapoorv aur uttarapashchim failaavon mein parvateeya aur thande shankudhaari van hain, jo jaanvaron ki prajaatiyon jaise moos aur Asiaee kaale bhaaloo ke atirikt 120 prakaar ke pakshiyon ka ghar hain. nam shankuvruksh vanon mein nichle sthaanon par baaains ki jhaadiyaaain pai jaati hain jo junipr aur you ke parvateeya sthaanon par burunsh ke vanon dvaara pratisthaapti ho jaate hain. uposhnakatibndhiya van, jo madhya aur dakshini cheen mein bahulata se upalabdh hain, 1,46,000 prakaar ki vanaspatiyon ka ghar hain. ushnakatibndhiya varshaavan aur mausami varshaavan, jo haalaanki yoonnaan aur hainaan dweep par seemit hain, par vaastav mein cheen mein paae jaane vaale paudhon aur pashuon ki prajaatiyon ka ek-chauthaai hain.

paryaavaran

cheen ke kuchh praasangik paryaavaran niyam hain: 1979 ka paryaavaran sanrakshan kaanoon, jo mote taur par ameriki kaanoon par pratidrshit hai. lekin paryaavaran hraas jaari hai. yadyapi niyam bahut kade hain, par unki aarthik vikaas ke ichhuk sthaaneeya samudaayon dvaara bahudha anadekhi ki jaati hai. kaanoon ke vaarah varshon ke baad bhi keval ek cheeni nagar ne apne jal nirvahan ko saaf karne ka prayaas kiya hai.

cheen apni samruddhi ka moolya paryaavaran kshati ke roop mein bhi chuka raha hai. agrani cheeni paryaavaran prachaarak ma June ne chetaaya hai ki jal pradooshan cheen ke liye sabse gambheer khataron mein se ek hai. jal sansaadhan mantraalaya ke anusaar, lagbhag 30 karod cheeni asurakshit paani pi rahe hain. yeh jal ki kami ke sankat ko aur adhik dabaavi bana deta hai, jabki cheen 600 mein se 400 nagar jal ki kami se joojh rahe hain.

svachh praudyogiki mein 2009 mein 34.5 arab $ ke nivesh ke saath, cheen vishv ka Akshay oorja praudyogikiyon mein nivesh karne wala agrani niveshak hai. cheen kisi bhi anya desh ki tulana mein saur painalon aur pavan tarbaainon ka adhik utpaadan karta hai.

samay kshetr

cheen ek bahut vishaalaakaar desh hai jo poorv se pashchim mein 5,000 kilometer mein faila hua hai lekin fir bhi desh mein keval ek hi samay kshetr hai jo yooteesi se 8 ghante aage hai. cheen ke vishaal aakaar ko dekhte hue yahaaain kam se kam chaar samay kshetr hone chaahiye lekin itne vishaalaakar desh mein ek hi samay kshetr hone ke kaaran jab sudoor poorv mein shaam ke 5 baj rahe hote hain tab sudoor pashchim mein samay dopahar 1 baje hona chaahiye. lekin poore desh mein ek hi samay kshetr hone ke kaaran, jismein poorvi samay kshetr ko praathamikta di jaati hai, pashchimi kshetr ke logon ko dini prakaash ka kam samay mil paata hai jiske kaaran desh ka pashchimi bhaag, poorvi bhaag ki tulana mein pichhda hai.

cheen mein raajanaitik dhaaaincha is prakaar hai: sabse oopar cheeni saamyavaadi dal aur fir sena aur sarkaar. cheen ka raashtrapramukh raashtrapati hota hai, jabki dal ka neta usaka aam sachiv hota hai aur cheeni mukti sena ka mukhiya kendreeya sainya aayog ka adhyaksh hota hai. vartamaan mein cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya ke raashtrapati shi jinping hain, jo hoo jintaao ke uttaraadhikaari hain. shi jinping teenon padon ke pramukh bhi hain. teenon padon ka ek hi mukhiya hone ke peechhe kaaran hai satta sangharsh ko taalana - jaisa pehle hua karta tha. raashtrapati ke praadhikran adheen cheen ki raajya parishad hai, jo cheen ki sarkaar hai. sarkaar ke mukhiya vartamaan mein [li kekiyang]] hain, jo parivrti upamantriyon ke mantreemandal ke mukhiya hain, jismein vartamaan mein chaar sadasya hain, iske atirikt anya bahut se mantraalaya bhi unke adheen hain. yadyapi raashtrapati aur raajya parishad kaaryakaari sabha banaate hain lekin cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya ki sarvochch satta cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya ki janasabha hai, jise cheeni sansad bhi kah sakte hain jismein teen hajaar pratinidhi hain aur jo varsh mein ek baar milte hain.

cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya ki koi svatantr nyaayapaalika naheen hai. haalaanki 1970 ke uttarakaal se mukhayat: mahaadvipeeya Europeeya nyaaya pranaali ke aadhaar par ek prabhaavashaali vidhik pranaali viksit karne ka prayaas kiya gaya lekin nyaayapaalik saamyavaadi dal ke adheen hi hai. is pralaani ke do apavaad hain haang kaang aur makaau, jahaaain kramash: british aur purtagaali nyaayapaalika vyavastha hai.

cheeni saamyavaadi dal ke saath-saath, cheen mein aath anya raajanaitik dalon ko bhi sakriya rahane ki anumati hai lekin in dalon ko cheeni saamyavaadi dal ki mukhyata ko sveekrut karna hota hai aur inko deerghakaalik sahaastitv ke siddhaant ke anusaar keval paraamarshadaata ki bhoomika hi nibhaani hoti hai. haang kaanh mein aur pravaasi cheeni samudaayo ke bahut se sakriytaavaadi samoohon dvaara bahudaleeya vyavastha ke liye dabaav banaae jaane ke baad bhi saamyavaadi dal in parivrtanon ke prati sadaiv udaaseen bana raha hai. 1980 se sthaaneeya kshetron mein chunaav hote rahein hai jinmein gram mukhiya chuna jaata hai. is prakaar ke chunaav haal hi mein nagareeya kshetron mein bhi vistaarit kiye gaye hain. iske atirikt dal ke peepals Congress ke liye bhi nagarapaalika aur jila star par chunaav hue hain. haalaanki naamaankan pranaali ke kaaran, jo aamtaur par dal ke adheen hai, chunaavi vyavastha mein saamyavaadi dal ki mukhya bhoomika hai. haang kaang aur makaau mein chunaav to hot hain lekin vidhaayika ke ek tihaai sadasyon ko chunane ke liye.

prashaasanik vibhaag

cheen ki sarkaar ke niyantran mein kul 33 prashaasanik vibhaag hain aur iske atirikt yeh taaivaan ko apna ek praant maanata hai, par ispar usaka niyantran naheen hai.

• praant

cheen ke kul 23 praant hain. iske naam hain - anhui, fujiyaan, gaanshu, gvaangadong, guijhou, heinaan, hebei, hunaan, jiaangshu, jyaangashi, jilin, liyaaoning, kingahaai, shaankjhi, shaangadong, shaankshi, shichuaan, taaivaan, yunnaan, jhejiyaang

• svaayatt kshetr

bheetari mangoliya, gvaangshi, ningsya, bod svaayatt kshetr, shinjaang svaayatt kshetr, Tibet

• nagarapaalika

Beijing, shaanghaai, chonging, tyaanjin

• vishesh prashaasanik kshetr

Hongkong, makaaoo

sena

teis lakh sakriya sainikon ke saath, cheeni mukti sena vishv ki sabse badi padaveebal sena hai. cheemuse ke antargat thalasena, nausena, vaayusena aur rananeetik naabhikeeya bal sammilit hain. desh ka aadhikaarik raksha vyaya 132 arab ameriki $(808.2 arab yuaan, 2014 ke liye prastaavit) hai. 2013 mein cheen ka raksha bajat lagbhag 118 arab dollar tha, jo 2012 ke bajat se 10.7 pratishat adhik tha. tulanaatmak roop se dekha jaae to cheen ke sabse bade padosi Bhaarat ka 2014 ka raksha bajat 36 arab dollar hai.^[3] haalaanki America ka daava hai ki cheen apne vaastavik sainya vyaya ko gupt rakhata hai. sanraaamerika ki ek sanstha ka anumaan hai ki 2008 ka aadhikaarik cheeni raksha vyaya 70 arab ameriki $ tha kintu vaastavik vyaya 105 se 150 arab ke beech mein kaheen tha.^{[krupaya uddharan jodein]}

cheen ke paas naabhikiya astr aur prakshepan pranaaliyaan hain aur ise ek pramukh kshetreeya mahaashakti aur ek ubharati hui vaishvik mahaashakti sveekaar kiya jaata hai. cheen sanyukt raashtra suraksha parishad ka ekamaatr sthaai sadasya hai jiske paas seemit shakti prakshepan kshamataaen hain, jiske kaaran yeh videshi sainya sambandh sthaapit kar raha hai jiski string of parls (sainik gherebandi) se tulana ki gayi hai.

yeh anubhaag khaali hai, arthaat paryaapt roop se vistrut naheen hai ya adhoora hai. aapki sahaayata ka svaagat hai!

videsh neeti

cheen ke vishv ke sabhi pramukh deshon ke saath raajanayik sambandh hain. sveedan 9 May, 1950 ko cheen ke saath raajanayik sambandh sthaapit karne wala pehla pashchimi desh bana. 1071 mein, cheejag, cheeni ganaraajya ko pratisthaapit karte hue cheen ka pratinidhitv karte hue sanyukt raashtra suraksha parishad ka sthaai sadasya aur paaainch sthaai sadasyon mein se ek bana. cheejag gut nirpeksh aandolan ka bhi agrani aur bhootapoorv sadasya tha aur abhi bhi swayam ko vikaasasheel deshon ka pairaveekaar samajhta hai.

ek-cheen neeti ki apni vyaakhya ke antargat, cheejag ne raajanayik sambandh sthaapit karne se poorv yeh shart anivaarya kar di hai ki vah desh taaivaan ke oopar usaka prabhutv maane aur cheeni ganaraajya ki sarkaar se koi bhi aadhikaarik sambandh na rakhe; aur jab-jab kisi bhi desh ne raajanayik sambandh banaane aur taaivaan ko hathiyaar bechne ke lakshan prakat kiye hain tab-tab cheen ne bahut ugr roop mein usaka virodh kiya hai. cheejag, taaivaan ki svatantrata se samarthak adhikaariyon, jaise li teing-hui aur chen shui-biyaan aur anya alagaavavaadi agrakon jaise dalaai laama aur reniya kadeer ki videsh yaatra ko bhaav dene ka bhi virodh kiya hai.

1949 mein apni sthaapana se 1978 ke uttarakaal tak, cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya ek soviyt-shaili ke samaan ek kendreeya niyojit arthavyastha thi. niji vyaapaar aur poonyajeevaad anupasthit the. desh ke ek aadhunik, audyogik saamyavaadi samaaj banaane ke liye maaotse tung ne pragalbh deergh chhalaang ki sthaapana ki thi. maao ki mrutyu aur saanskrutik kraanti ke ant ke baad, deing jiyaaoping aur nae cheeni netrutv mein arthavyavastha mein sudhaar aur ek daleeya shaasan ke adheen ek baajaar-unmukh mishrit arthavyavastha banaane ke liye sudhaar aarambh kiye. 1978 se, cheen aur Japan ke raajanayik sambandh saamaanya rahe hain aur cheen ne Japan se sulabh rin lene ka nirnaya liya. 1978 se Japan, cheen mein pratham videshi rinadaata raha hai. cheen ki arthavyavastha mukhya roop se niji sampatti ke svaamitv par aadhaarit ek baajaar arthavyavastha ke roop mein chitrit hai.^[4] krushi ka saamooheekaran hata diya gaya aur krushibhoomi ka utpaadakata badhaane ke liye nijeekaran kiya gaya.

vistrut vividhta vaale laghu udyamon ko protsaahit kiya gaya, jabki sarkaar ne moolya niyntran aur videshi nivesh ko badhaava diya. videsh vyaapaar par vikaas ke ek pramukh vaahan ke samaan dhyaan diya gaya, jo vishesh aarthik kshetron (viaakshe) ke nirmaan ki or unmukh hua aur shenjen (Hongkong ke nikat) mein pratham aur baad mein anya cheeni nagaron shaharon mein viaakshe ka nirmaan hua. raajya ke svaamitv vaale aksham udyamon (raasvaau) ka pashchimi shaili ki prabandhan pranaali ke aadhaar par punargathan kiya gaya aur laabhaheen vaale band kar diye gaye, jiske kaaran berojgaari mein bhi vruddhi hui.

1978 mein aarthik udaareekaran praarambh hone se lekar ab tak, cheejag ki nivesh-aur-niryaat-aadhaarit^[5] arthavyavastha aakaar mein 90 guna badh gayi hai aur vishv ki pramukh arthavyavasthaaon mein sabse teji se badhti arthavyavastha hai.^[6] sanjnyaaatmak sakal ghareloo utpaad ke aadhaar par yeh ab duniya ki doosari sabse badi arthavyavastha hai jiski sanjnyaaatmak GDP 34.06 kharab Yuan (4.99 kharab ameriki $) hai, yadyapi iski prati vyakti aay abhi bhi 3,700 ameriki $ hi hai jo cheejag ko kam se kam sau deshon se peechhe rakhata hai.^[7] praathamik, gaun aur truteeyak udyogon ka 2009 mein arthavyavastha mein kramash: 10.6%, 46.8% aur 42.6% yogadaan tha. kraya shakti ke aadhaar par bhi cheejag 9.05 kharab $ ke saath vishv ki doosari sabse badi arthavyavastha hai jo prati vyakti 6,800 baithata hai.^[8] cheejag ne pichhle ek dashak mein ausatan 10.3% ki dar se unnati ki hai jabki America ke liye yeh aaainkada 1.8% hai. staindard chaarted ka anumaan hai ki vruddhi dar agale dashak ke madhya tak 8% rah jaaegi aur 2027 se 2030 ke madhya 5% tak rahegi.^[9]

November 2010 mein Japan ki sarkaar ne kaha ki cheen, jo vishv ka sabse bada mobile fon, computer aur vaahan nirmaata hai, mein utpaadan mein sitmbar 2010 se aarambh timaahi mein Japan ko pachhaad chuka hai. cheen ki arthavyavastha ne 2005 mein Britain aur 2007 mein Germany ki arthavyavasthaaon ko pachhaad diya tha.^[10]

cheejan vishv ka sarvaadhik padhaara jaane wala desh hai jahaaain 2009 mein 5 karod 9 lakh antarraashtreeya paryatak padhaare the. yeh vishv vyaapaar sangathan (vivyaas) ka sadasya hai aur vishv ki doosari sabse badi vyaapaarik shakti hai jiska kul antarraashtreeya vyaapaar 2.21 kharab ameriki $ (1.20 kharab niryaat (#1) aur 1.01 kharab aayaat (#2)) tha. iska videshi mudra bhandaar 2.4 kharab $ hai jo vishv mein bade antar se sarvaadhik hai. cheejag ek anumaan ke anusaar 1.6 kharab $ ki ameriki pratibhootiyon ka svaami hai. cheejag, 801.5 arab $ ke raajakosheeya (trejri) baund ke saath, sanraaamerika ke saarvajanik rin ka sabse bada videshi dhaarak hai. 2008 mein cheejag ne 92.4 arab $ ka pratyaksh videshi nivesh (pravini) aakarshit kiya jo vishv mein teesara sarvaadhik tha yeh aur swayam cheejag ne bhi videsho mein 52.2 arab $ nivesh kiye jo vishv mein chhatha sarvaadhik tha.^[11]

vigyaan aur praudyogiki

cheen-soviyt alagaav ke baad, cheen ne swayam ke naabhikeeya hathiyaar aur prakshepan pranaaliyaaain viksit karni aarambh ki aur 1964 mein apna pratham naabhikeeya parikshan lop nur mein kiya. iske pashchaat cheen ne apna upagrah prakshepan kaaryakram bhi 1970 mein aarambh kiya aur dong faang hong 1 yaan antariksh mein safalataapoorvak prakshepit kiya. is prakshepan ne cheen ko aisa karne wala paaainchava raashtra bana diya.

1992 mein, shenjhou naamak maanavasahit antariksh kaaryakram aarambh kiya gaya. chaar maanavarahit parikshanon ke pashchaat, shenjhou paaainch 15 October, 2003 ko lauङag March tooef prakshepan vaahan ka upayog kar cheeni antarikshayaatri yaang livei sahit prakshepit kiya gaya aur aisa karne wala cheejag kramash: soviyt sangh aur sanyukt raajya America ke baad vishv ka teesara desh bana jisne ghareloo praudyogiki ke balaboote par maanavasahit antariksh yaan bheja. October 2005 mein cheen ne doosra maanavasahit abhiyaan bhi poora kiya jab shenjhou chh: do antarikshayaatriyon ko lekar prakshepit kiya gaya. 2008 mein cheen ne safalataapoorvak shenjhou saat abhiyaan poora kiya aur antariksh-chahalakadami karne wala cheen teesara desh bana. 2007 mein cheen ne chandr gaveshan ke liye chaing'E naamak antarikshayaan bheja, jiska naam cheen ki praacheen chandradevi ke naam par tha, jo cheeni chandr gaveshan kaaryakram ka bhaag tha. cheen ki bhavishya mein antariksh station banaane aur mangal grah par bhi maanavasahit abhiyaan bhejane ki yojana hai.

cheen ka shodh aur vikaas vyaya vishv mein doosra sarvaadhik hai aur 2006 mein cheen ne shodh aur vikaas par 136 arab $ kharch kiye jo 2005 ki tulana mein 20% adhik tha. cheeni sarkaar navonmesh aur vitteeya aur kar pranaaliyon mein sudhaar karke vruhd jan jaagarukata ke dvaara shodh aur vikaas par nirntar bal deti rahi hai taaki atyaadhunik udyogon ko protsaahan diya ja sake.

2006 mein raashtrapati hoo jintaao ne cheen ko vinirmaan-aadhaarit arthavyavastha se navonmesh-aadhaarit arthavyavastha banaane ki baat kahi aur raashtreeya jan Congress ne shodh nidhi ke liye vishaal vruddhi ki. stem sel anusandhaan aur jeen therepi, jise pashchimi deshon mein vivaadaaspad maana jaata hai, par cheen mein nyoon viniyman hai. cheen mein anumaanit 9,26,000 shodhakarta hain, jo sanraaamerika ke 13 lakh ke baad vishv mein sarvaadhik hai.

cheen badi sakriyta se apne sauftaveyar, ardhachaalak (semeekandaktar) aur oorja udyogon, jinmein Akshay oorjaaeain jaise jal, pavan aur saur oorja, sammilit hain ka bhi vikaas kar raha hai. koyala jalaane vaale oorja sanyantron se nikalne vaale dhueain ko kam karne ke liye, cheen, kankad shayya naabhikeeya reactor prastaran, jo thande aur surakshit hain, mein bhi agrani hai aur haaidrojan arthavyavastha ke liye bhi jiski sambhaavana hai.

2010 mein cheen ne tiyaanhe-1e viksit kiya, jo vishv ka sabse tej sooparakampyootar hai aur vartamaan mein tiyaanjin ke raashtreeya sooparakampyooting kendra mein rakha hua hai. is pranaali ki tel gaveshan ke liye bhookamp-sambandhi aaainkado, baayo-medical kampyooting aur antarikshayaanon ke abhiklp ke liye prayukt kiye jaane ki sambhaavana hai. cheen ke tiyaanhe 1e ke atirikt, cheen ke paas nebule bhi hai aur yeh vishv ke saarvajanik roop se upalabdh sheersh ke das sooparakampyootaron mein se ek hai.

sanyachaar

vartamaan mein cheen mein sarvaadhik selafon prayokta hain aur yeh sankhya July 2010 mein 80 karod thi. cheen mein antarajaal aur braudabaind upabhoktaaon ki sankhya bhi vishv mein sarvaadhik hai.

cheen telecom aur cheen yoonikaum do bheemakaaya braudabaind seva pradaata hain, jinke paas vishv braudabaind upabhoktaaon ka 20% bhaag hai, jabki pashchaatavarti das sabse bade braudabaind seva pradaataaon ke paas vishv ke 39% pratishat upabhokta hain. cheen telecom ke paas 5.5 karod braudabaind upabhokta hain aur cheen yoonikaum jiske paas 4 karod upabhokta hai jabki teesare sabse bade pradaata enateeti ke paas keval 1.8 karod upabhokta hain. aane vaale varshon mein in sheersh ke do sanyachaalakon aur vishv ke anya braudabaind seva pradaataaon ke beech ka antar badhta hi jaaega, kyonki jahaaain cheen ka braudabaind upabhokta baajaar fail raha hai vaheen anya aaiesapi poornat: viksit baajaaron mein sanyachaalan kar rahe hain, jahaaain pehle se hi braudabaind failaav hai aur upabhokta vruddhi dar teji se kam ho rahi hai.

parivhan

mukhyabhoomi cheen mein 1990 ke uttarakaal se parivhan mein bahut teevr sudhaar hue hain. cheen ki sarkaar ka prayaas hai ki poore desh ko drutagaami maargon ke tantr dvaara jod diya jaae. is tantr ki kul lambaai 2007 ke ant tak 53,600 kimi thi, jo sanyukt raajya America ke baad vishv mein sarvaadhik hai, jabki 1988 mein yeh lambaai kul 1,000 kimi thi.

varsh 2009 se cheen vishv ka sabse bada vaahan nirmaata hai aur yeh prativrsh kisi bhi anya desh ki tulana mein adhik vaahanon ka nirmaan kar raha hai.

cheen mein vaayu parivhan mein bhi bahut sudhaar hue hain, lekin vaayuyaatra abhi bhi bahut se cheeneeyon ki pahuainch se door hai. 1978 se 2005 ke dauraan cheen mein ghareloo havaai yaatriyon ki sankhya 23 lakh se badhkar 13 karod 80 lakh ho hai hai. lambi doori ki yaatra abhi bhi rel aur bas parivhan par nirbhar hai.

cheen ke rel parivhan mein bhi bahut teevr sudhaar hue hain aur is samay cheen ka uchchagati rel tantr 7,050 kimi lamba hai jo vishv mein sarvaadhik hai. cheeni sarkaar is tantr ko aur badhaane ki yojana bana rahi hai. rel parivhan sarkaar ke adheen hai.

cheen ke bade nagaron mein bhoomigat relamaarg hain. Shanghai, jiske paas vishv ke sabse bade metron maargon mein se ek hai, mein vishv ki sabse teevragaami relagaadi bhi hai, jo nagar kendra ko pudong antarraashtreeya havaaiadde se jodti hai. yeh relaseva paaramparik relamaarg par aadhaarit na hokar chumbakeeya shakti ka upayog kar chalti hai jise maigalev kaha jaata hai.

July 2010 ki sthiti tak, cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya ki kul janasankhya 1,33,86,12,968 hai. 21% log 14 varsh ya kam ke hain, 71% 15 se 64 varsh ke beech hain aur 8% 65 varsh ya oopar hain. janasankhya vruddhi dar 2006 mein 0.6% thi.

cheen 1.3 arab ki janasankhya ko lekar cheeni sarkaar bahut chintit hai aur is par lagaam lagaane ke liye cheen ki sarkaar ne kadaai se parivaar niyojan yojana laagoo ki jiska mishrit parinaam raha. sarkaar ka uddeshya, keval graameen kshetron mein rah rahe aur kuchh nastleeya alpasankhyakon ko chhodkar, prati parivaar ek bachcha hai. sarkaar ka uddeshya 21veen sadi mein janasankhya vruddhi ko santulit karna hai, haalaanki kuchh anumaanon ke anusaar 2050 tak cheen ki janasankhya 1.5 arab tak hogi. isliye cheen ke parivaar niyojan mantraalaya ne ingit kiya hai ki cheen apni ek-bachcha neeti kam se kam 2020 tak jaari rakhega.

nasleeyata

cheejag aadhikaarik roop se 56 vibhinn nasleeya samoohon ko maanyata deta hai, jismein sabse bada samooh haan cheeneeyon ka hai, jo janasankhya ka lagbhag 92% hain. anya bade nasleeya samooh hain jhuaang (1.6 karod), maanyachoo (1 karod), hui (90 lakh), miyaao (80 lakh), uighir (70 lakh), yi (70 lakh), toojiya (57.5 lakh), mangol (50 lakh), tibbati (50 lakh), booyei (30 lakh) aur Koreai (20 lakh).^[12]

dharm

mukhyabhoomi cheem mein seemit dhaarmik svatantrata pradaan ki jaati hai aur keval unheen samudaayon ke prati sahanasheelata barati jaati hai jo sarkaar dvaara maanyata praapt hain. aadhikaarik aaainkade upalabdh na ho paane ke kaaran dharmaanuyaayeeyon ki sahi sankhya bata paana kathin hai, lekin yeh maana jaata hai ki pichhle 20 varshon ke dauraan dharm ka utthan dekha gaya hai. 1998 ke edahiyrnt.com ke anusaar cheen ki 59% janasankhya adhaarmikon ki hai. isi dauraan 2007 ke ek anya sarvekshan ke anusaar cheen mein 30 karod (23%) vishvaasi hai jo sarkaari aaainkade 10 karod se adhik hai.

sarvekshanon ke pashchaat bhi adhikaansh log is baat par sahamat hain ki paaramparik dharm jaise bauddh dharm, taao dharm aur cheeni lok dharm bahusankhyak hain. vibhinn sroto ke anusaar cheen main bauddhon ki sankhya 66 karod (~50%) se 1 arab (~80%) hai jabki taao dharmiyon ki sankhya 40 karod ya lagbhag 30% hai. lekin choonki ek vyakti ek se adhik dharmon ka paalan kar sakta hai isliye cheen mein bauddhon, taaon aur cheeni lok dharmiyon ki sahi sankhya bata paana kathin hai.

cheen mein isaai dharm 7veen sadi mein taaङag raajavansh ke dauraan aaya tha. iske pashchaat 13veen sadi mein fraansiskan mishnari aae, 16veen sadi mein jeejooit aur antat: 19veen sadi mein protestent aae aur is dauraan cheen mein isaai dharm ne apni jade sudrudh keen. alpasankhyak dharmon mein isaai dharm sabse teji se faila (visheshakar pichhle 200 varshon mein) aur aaj cheen mein isaaiyon ki sankhya chaar karod se saadhe paaainch karod ke beech hai jo lagbhag 4% hai, jabki aadhikaarik aaainkadon ke anusaar cheem mein ek karod saath lakh isaai hain. kuchh anya sroto ka maanana hai ki cheen mein 13 karod tak isaai hain.

cheen mein islaam dharm ka aagaman 651 isvi mein hua tha. musalmaan cheen mein vyaapaar karne ke liye aae the aur song raajavansh ke dauraan unka aayaat-niryaat udyog par prabhutv tha. vartamaan mein cheen mein musalmaanon ki sankhya do se teen karod ke beech hai jo kul janasankhya ka 1.5 se 2% hai.

shiksha

1986 mein, cheen ne pratyek bachche ko nau varsh ki anivaarya praarambhik shiksha dene ka ek deerghaavadhi lakshya nirdhaarit kiya. 2007 ki sthiti tak, cheen mein 3,96,567 praarambhik vidyaalaya, 94,116 maadhyamik vidyaalaya aur 2,236 uchch shiksha ke sansthaan the. February 2006 mein sarkaar mein yeh nirnaya liya ki nau varsh ki shiksha bilkul nishulk upalabdh karaai jaaegi, jismein paathyapustakein aur shulk pradaan kiye jaaenge. cheen mein nishulk shiksha paathashaala se lekar maadhyamik vidyaalaya tak hoti hai jo nau varshon ki hoti hai (aayu 6-15); nagari kshetron mein lagbhag sabhi bachche uchchatar vidyaalaya ki teen varshon ki shiksha bhi jaari rakhate hain.

2007 ki sthiti tak, 15 varsh se oopar ke 93.3% log saakshar hain.^[13] cheen ki yuva saaksharata dar 2000 mein (aayu 15 se 24) 98.9% hai (purush 99.2% aur mahilaaen 98.5%) thi.^[14] March 2007 mein cheen ne yeh udghoshana curry ki shiksha ko raashtreeya "saamarik praathamikta" banaaya jaaega. raashtreeya chhaatravrutiyon ke liye aavantit bajat mein agale teen varshon mein teen gun ki vruddhi ki jaaegi aur 223.5 arab Yuan (28.65 arab $) ka atirikt fnd bhi kendreeya sarkaar dvaara agale paaainch varshon mein upalabdh karaaya jaaega taaki graameen kshetron mein anivaarya shiksha ko sudhaara ja sake.^[15]

nagareekaran

pichhle dashak mein, cheen ke nagar vaarshik 10% ki dar se faile. varsh 1978 se 2009 ke madhya cheen mein nagareekaran ki dar 17.4% se badhkar 46.8% ho gayi hai, jo maanav itihaas mein abhootapoorv hai. lagbhag 15 se 20 karod pravaasi karmi nagaron mein anshakaalik roop se kaaryarat hain jo samay-samay par apni kamaai ke saath graameen kshetron mein apne gharon ko lait jaate hain.

aaj, cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya mein darjanon aise nagar hain jinki sthaai ya deerghakaalik naagrikon ki sankhya 10 lakh se adhik hai. in nagaron mein teen vaishvik nagar Beijing, Shanghai aur Hongkong bhi sammilit hain.

neeche diye gaye aaainkade 2008 ki janaganana ke hain aur ismein nagar prashaasanik seema ke bheetar ke nivaasiyon ki sankhya di gayi hai aur ismein keval sthaai nivaasiyon ki sankhya sammilit hai, kyonki pravaasi nivaasiyon ki sahi sankhya aa anumaan lagaana kathin hai.

svaasthya

yeh anubhaag khaali hai, arthaat paryaapt roop se vistrut naheen hai ya adhoora hai. aapki sahaayata ka svaagat hai!

bhaasha

cheeni bhaasha vishv ki sarvaadhik boli jaane waali bhaasha hai. darasal cheen ke vibhinn logon dvaara jo bhaashaaeain boli jaati hain unhein saamoohik roop se cheeni bhaasha kaha jaata hai. cheen ki pramukh aur raashtravyaapi bhaasha cheeni mandaarin hai jo desh ki aadhikaarik bhaasha bhi hai. kul milaakar cheen ke 75% log yeh bhaasha bolte hain.^[16] iske atirikt yeh taaivaan aur Singapore mein bhi aadhikaarik bhaasha hai. Hongkong aur makaau mein kantoni bhaasha aadhikaarik hai. iske atirikt kramash: Hongkong mein angreji aur makaau mein purtagaali bhaashaaeain bhi aadhikaarik hain. iske atirikt cheen mein bahut si bhaashaaeain iske nasleeya samoohon dvaara boli jaati hain jinhein jhongguo yooven kaha jaata hai jiska shaabdik arth hai "cheen ki boli aur lekhan" jismein mukhyat: chh: bhaasha parivaaron ki bhaashaaeain hain.

yeh anubhaag khaali hai, arthaat paryaapt roop se vistrut naheen hai ya adhoora hai. aapki sahaayata ka svaagat hai!

khaanapaan

yeh anubhaag khaali hai, arthaat paryaapt roop se vistrut naheen hai ya adhoora hai. aapki sahaayata ka svaagat hai!

khelakood

cheen ki khelakood sanskruti vishv ki sabse praacheen mein se ek hai. is baat ke bhi pramaan hain ki futbaul cheen mein praacheen kaal mein bhi khela jaata tha. futbaul ke atirikt desh mein anya lokapriya khel hain maarshal Arts, table tennis, baidamintan, tairaaki, bausketabaul aur snooker. board khel jaise veiki aur sheeyangaki (cheeni chais) aur haal hi mein chais bhi aamtaur par khele jaate hain aur inki pratiyogitaaen aayojit karaai jaati hain.

shaareerik chusti par cheeni sanskruti mein bahut bal diya jaata hai. praat: kaaleen vyaayaam ek aam kriya hai aur vruddh logon ko paarkon mein kigong aur taai chi chooaan khelte hue ya chhaatron ko vidyaalaya parisaron mein strechis karte hue dekha ja sakta hai.

yuva logon ki bausketabaul mein bhi gahan ruchi hai, visheshakar nagareeya kshetron mein jahaaain par khule aur hare kshetron ka abhaav hai. enabeee ke cheen mein bahut seyuva prashansak hain aur yaao ming bahuton ke aadarsh hain.

8 se 24 August, 2008 ke beech cheen mein aayojit 2008 greeshmakaaleen olympic khelon mein cheen sarvaadhik svarn jeetkar padak taalika mein pratham sthaan par raha.

cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya praveshadvaar

• taaivaan
• cheen va Bhaarat ke raajaneetik sambandh
• cheeni shataabdi

sarkaar

• cheeni janavaadi ganaraajya ki kendreeya janavaadi sarkaar (angreji)

anya

• cheen ka itihaas (Google pustak)
• cheeni janvaadi ganaraajya - Google khoj parinaam