british raaj
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british raaj 1858 aur 1947 ke beech bhaarateeya upamahaadveep par british dvaara shaasan tha.[1] kshetr jo seedhe Britain ke niyantran mein tha jise aam taur par samakaaleen upayog mein "India" kaha jaata tha- usamein vo kshetr shaamil the jin par Britain ka seedha prashaasan tha (samakaaleen, "british India") aur vo riyaasatein jin par vyaktigat shaasak raaj karte the par un par british kraaun ki sarvoparita thi.
anukram
bhaugolik seema
britaani raaj Goa aur puducheri jaise apavaadon ko chhodkar vartamaan samay ke lagbhag sampoorn Bhaarat, Pakistan aur Bangladesh tak vistrut tha. vibhinn samayon par ismein adan (1858 se 1937 tak),[2] lovar barma (1858 se 1937 tak), upper barma (1886 se 1937 tak), britaani somaaleelaind (1884 se 1898 tak) aur Singapore (1858 se 1867 tak) ko bhi shaamil kiya jaata hai. barma ko Bhaarat se alag karke 1937 se 1948 mein iski svatantrata tak britaani taaj ke adhin seedhe hi shaaseet kiya jaata tha. faaras ki khaadi ke trushal states ko bhi 1946 tak saiddhaantik roop se britaani Bhaarat ki riyaasat maana jaata tha aur vahaaain mudra ke roop mein rupaya kaam mein liya jaata tha.
british Bhaarat evam deshi raajya
british raaj ke dauraan Bhaarat mein do prakaar ke kshetr the:[3]
- british Bhaarat : bhaarateeya Governor general ya bhaarateeya Governor general ke adheenasth kisi bhi adhikaari ke maadhyam se mahaaraani dvaara niyantrit pradesh evam kshetr.
- deshi raajya : mahaaraani ke aadhiptya mein aane vaale svatantr raajya.
pramukh praant
20veen sadi ke ant mein, british Bhaarat aath praanton se bana tha, jiska prashaasan raajyapaal ya up-raajyapaal karte the. nimn taalika unke (aashrit deshi raajyon ko chhodkar) kshetrafal evam janasankhya ko soocheebaddh karti hai (lagbhag san 1907):[4]
| british Bhaarat ke praant (evam vartamaan ke ghatak pradesh) |
varg kimi mein kul kshetrafal (varg meal) |
1901 mein janasankhya (laakhon mein) |
mukhya prashaasan adhikaari |
|---|---|---|---|
|
asam (asam) |
1,30,000 (50,000) |
6 | mukhya aayukt |
|
Bengal (Bangladesh, pashchim Bengal, Bihar, jhaarakhand aur Orissa) |
3,90,000 (1,50,000) |
75 | up-raajyapaal |
|
Mumbai (sindh aur Maharashtra, Gujarat evam Karnataka ke kuchh hisse) |
3,20,000 (1,20,000) |
19 | Governor-in-kauunsil |
|
barma (barma) |
4,40,000 (1,70,000) |
9 | up-raajyapaal |
|
madhya praant (madhya pradesh aur Chhattisgarh) |
2,70,000 (1,00,000) |
13 | mukhya aayukt |
|
Madras (Tamil Nadu aur Andhra pradesh, Kerala evam Karnataka ke kuchh hisse) |
3,70,000 (1,40,000) |
38 | Governor-in-kauunsil |
|
Punjab (Punjab praant, Islamabad rajdhani kshetr, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal pradesh, Chandigarh aur raashtreeya rajdhani kshetr Delhi) |
2,50,000 (97,000) |
20 | up-raajyapaal |
|
sanyukt praant (uttar pradesh aur uttaraakhand) |
2,80,000 (1,10,000) |
48 | up-raajyapaal |
Bengal vibhaajan (1905-1911) ke dauraan, nae raajya asam aur poorvi Bengal ka janm hua, jo uparaajyapaal dvaara shaashit the. 1911 mein poorvi Bengal aur Bengal ke ek hone ke saath asam, Bengal, Bihar aur udeesa poorv mein nae raajya banein.[4]
laghu praant
inke atirikt mukhya aayukt dvaara prashaasit kuchh laghu praant bhi the:[5]
| british Bhaarat ke laghu praant (evam vartamaan pradesh) |
varg kimi mein kul kshetrafal (varg meal) |
1901 mein janasankhya (hajaaron mein) |
|---|---|---|
|
Ajmer-meravaada (Rajasthan ke hisse) |
7,000 (2,700) |
477 |
|
andamaan aur nikobaar dweep samooh (andamaan aur nikobaar dweep samooh) |
78,000 (30,000) |
25 |
|
british baloochistaan (baloochistaan) |
1,20,000 (46,000) |
308 |
|
koorg (kodagu jila) |
4,100 (1,600) |
181 |
|
uttar-pashchim seemaant praant (khaibar-pakhtoonakhva) |
41,000 (16,000) |
2,125 |
rajavaade
deshi raajya, ya riyaasat, biritish raaj ke saath sahaayak gathabandhan ke adheen, evam svadeshi bhaarateeya shaasak dvaara shaasit ek samprabhu ikaai ko kaha jaata tha. August 1947 mein Bhaarat aur Pakistan ke Britain se svatantr hone ke samay 565 riyaasat astitv mein the. yeh deshi raajya british Bhaarat ka hissa naheen the, kyoonki vah seedhe british shaasan ke adheen naheen aate the. british shaasakon ko maanyata dekar, ya unase maanyata chheen kar raajyon ki aantarik raajaneeti par apna prabhaav kaayam rakhate the.
britaani shaasan ka vaichaarik prabhaav
Bhaarat ki svatantrata aur uske baad Bhaarat mein sansadeeya pranaali, ek-vyakti ko ek mat ka adhikaar aur nishpaksh nyaayaalaya aadi britaani shaasan ki den hai. Bhaarat mein jila prashaasan, vishvavidyaalaya aur stock exchange sansthaagat vyavastha bhi britaani shaasan ki dain hai. britaani shaasan ki sabse badi dain alag-alag riyaasaton mein shaasan se Bhaarat ko mukt karna hai. metakaaf ke anusaar do sadi ke shaasan ne british buddhijeeviyon aur bhaarateeya visheshagyon ki praathamikta Bhaarat mein shaanti, ekta aur achhi shaasan vyavastha kaayam karna raha.[6]
1858–1914
1857 ka sangraam: bhaarateeya samaalochana aur britaani pratikriya
-
1857 ke vidroh ki ek mukhya netri Jhansi ki raani lakshmeebaai, unhonne isse pehle Lord dalahauji ke vilay ke siddhaant ke parinaamasvaroop apna raajya kho diya.
-
british East India company ke karmachaari tatha baad mein mohammadan englo oriyantal college (vartamaan Aligadh muslim vishvavidyaalaya) ke sansthaapak Sayyed Ahmad Khan ne apni sameeksha likhi. is kraanti mein unhone jamkar angrejon ka saath diya tha.
-
is mahaan kraanti ke 30 varsh baad 1887 mein Bhaarat ki mahaaraani Victoria ka smaarika chitr.
yadyapi 1857 ke vidroh ne britaani udyamiyon ko hilaakar rakh diya aur vo ise rok naheen paaye. is gadar ke baad britaani aur adhik chaukanne ho gaye aur unhonne aam bhaarateeyon ke saath samvaad badhaane ka paryatn kiya tatha vidroh karne waali sena ko bhang kar diya.[7] pradarshan ki kshamata ke aadhaar par sikhon aur baloochiyon ki sena ki nai palatanon ka nirmaan kiya gaya. us samay se Bhaarat ki svatantrata tak yeh sena kaayam rahi.[8] 1861 ki janaganana ke anusaar Bhaarat mein angrejon ki kul janasankhya 125,945 paayi gayi. inmein se keval 41,862 aam naagrik the baaki 84,083 Europeeya adhikaari aur sainik the.[9] 1880 mein bhaarateeya raajasi sena mein 66,000 britaani sainik aur 130,000 deshi sainik shaamil the.[10]
yeh bhi paaya gaya ki riyaasaton ke maalik aur jameendaaron ne vidroh mein bhaag naheen liya tha jise Lord kaining ke shabdon mein "toofaan mein baandh" kaha gaya.[7] unhein britaani raaj sammaanit bhi kiya gaya aur unhein aadhikaarik roop se alag pehchaan tatha taaj diya gaya.[8] kuchh bade kisaanon ke liye bhoomi-sudhaar kaarya bhi kiye gaye jise baadamein 90 varshon tak vaisa hi rakha gaya.[8]
ant mein britaaniyon ne saamaajik parivartan se bhaarateeyon ke mohabhang ko mahasoos kiya. vidroh tak vo utsaahapoorvak saamaajik parivartan se gujre jaise Lord William beintink ne sati pratha par rok laga di.[7] unhonne yeh bhi mahasoos kiya ki Bhaarat ki parampara aur riti rivaaj bahut kathor tatha drudh hain jinhein aasaani se naheen badla ja sakta; tatpashchaat aur adhik, mukhyat: dhaarmik maamalon se sambaddh britaani saamaajik hastakshep naheen kiye gaye.[8]
kaanooni aadhunikeekaran
itihaasakaar raadhika Singh ke anusaar 1857 ke baad aupaniveshik sarkaar ko majaboot kiya aur adaalati pranaali ke maadhyam se apni buniyaadi suvidhaaon ka vistaar, kaanooni prakriya aur vidhi ko sthaapit kiya. nai kaanoon vyavastha mein puraane taaj aur poorv East India company ka vilay kar diya gaya tatha nai deevaani aur faujadaari prakriya ko nai dand sanhita ke roop mein prastaavit kiya gaya, jo mukhyat: angrej kaanoon par aadhaarit the. 1860–1880 ke dashakon mein britaani raaj ne janm, mrutyu pramaan patra, vivaah sahit datak, sampati dastaavej aur anya kaaryon se sambaddh pramaan patra anivaarya kar diye. iska uddeshya sthaai, prayojya, saarvajanik record aur nireekshan yogya pehchaan nirmit kiye ja sakein. haalaanki muslim aur hindu donon sangathanon ne iska virodh kiya jinki shikaayat thi ki janaganana aur panjeekaran mahila gopaneeyata ko anaavarit kar diya. parada partha ke niyam mahilaaon ko unke naam lene aur unke chitr lene se nishiddh karta hai. pehli akhil bhaarateeya janaganana 1868 se 1871 tak sampann hui jismein vyaktigat naamon ke sthaan par ghar mein mahilaaon ki kul sankhya ke aadhaar par ganana ki gayi. britaani raaj ne bhroon hatya, veshya, kusht rogiyon aur hijdon ko alag-alag samoohon mein shaamil karna chaahata tha.[11]
shiksha
East India company ke dauraan thomas baibingatan maikaale ne apne fravari 1835 ke nirnaya mein Bhaarat mein schooli shiksha ko anivaarya kiya aur laard William beintik (1828 se 1835 tak Governor general) ke vichaaron ko laagoo kiya. beintik ne aadhikaarik bhaasha ke roop mein faarasi ke sthaan par angreji ko laagoo karne, anudesh angreji mein rakhane aur angreji bhaashi bhaarateeya adhyaapakon ko prashikshan dene ka anugrah kiya tha. vo upayogitaavaad ke vichaaron se prabhaavit the. tathaapi, beintik ka prastaav London ke adhikaariyon dvaara khaarij kar diya gaya.[12][13]
aarthik itihaas
bhaarateeya arthavyavastha mein 1880 se 1920 tak prativrsh 1% ke hisaab se vruddhi hui aur janasankhya mein bhi lagbhag 1% ki vruddhi hui.[14] iska parinaam yeh hua ki deerghakaal mein bhi prati vyakti aay mein koi parivartan naheen hua, jisse jeevan yaapan ki laagat aur adhik badh gayi. abhi bhi arthavyavastha krushi pradhaan thi aur adhiktar kisaanon ka jeevan yaapan ka maadhyam krushi tha. iske baad vyaapak sinchaai pranaali nirmit ki gayi evam niryaat aur bhaarateeya udyog ke liye kachche maal ke liye aavashyak nakadi fasalon ko prohatsaahan diya gaya jismein mukhyat: joot, kapaas, ganna, kaufi aur chai shaamil theen.[15] aupaniveshik kaal mein Bhaarat ka sakal ghareloo utpaad share 20% se ghatkar 5% par aa gaya.[16]
1870 ke dashak se 1907: samaaj sudhaarak, garamadal aur naramadal
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1880 ka dashak saamaajik parivartan ka daur tha. udaaharan ke roop mein kavi, sanskrut ki vidvaan ramaabaai ne bhaarateeya mahilaaon ki mukti dilaane ke uddeshya se vidhva punarvivaah ke kiya aur swayam ek braahman parivaar se hote huye gair braahman se vivaah kiya, baad mein unhonne isaai dharm apna liya.[17] 1900 tak aate-aate sudhaar aandolan bhaarateeya Congress ke maadhyam se hone lage. Congress sadasya gopaal Krishna gokhale ne 'bhaarateeya sevak samaaj' ki sthaapana ki jisne vidhaayi sudhaar (jaise hindu baal vidhva ka punarvivaah ki anumati dena) ke liye pairavi ki tatha uske sadasyon ne garibi sudhaar ki kasamein li aur saamaajik achhooton ke liye kaarya kiya.[18]
san 1905 tak aate-aate gokhale dvaara nirmit aadhunik sudhaaravaadiyon ka ek bada samooh ban gaya, jinhonne kai jan aandolan kiye aur naye ativaadi taiyaar kiye jinhonne na keval jan aandolanon ki vakaalat ki balki samaaj sudhaar ko raashtravaad ke roop mein viksit kiya. inheen udaaravaadiyon mein se ek baal gangaadhar tilk the jinhonne pruthak hindu raajaneetik vyavastha jutaane ka prayaas kiya aur pashchim Bhaarat mein vaarshik ganapati mahotsav ki shurooaat ki.[19]
audyogik poonjeevaad aur mukt vyaapaar ka yug
East India company ke Bhaarat mein ek kshetreeya shakti banane ke tatkaal baad Britain mein ek gahra sangharsh is prashn ko lekar chhid gaya ki jo naya saamraajya praapt hua hai vah kiske hiton ko siddh karega, saal das saal company ko Britain ke anya vyaapaarik aur audyogik hiton ko siddhi ke liye taiyaar hone par majaboor kiya gaya. san 1813 tak aate aate vah durbal hokar Bhaarat mein aarthik ya raajaneetik shakti ki chhaaya bhar rah gayi. vaastavik satta britaani sarkaar ke haathon mein aa gayi jo kuchh milaakar angrej poonjeepatiyon ke hit siddh karne waali thi.
isi daur mein Britain mein audyogik kraanti ho gayi aur iske favasvaroop vah vishv ke utpaadan aur niryaat karne vaale deshon ki agali pankti mein aa gaya. audyogik kraanti swayam Britain ke bheetar hone vaale bade parivrtanon ki bhi jimmedaari rahi. samay beetane ke saath audyogik poonjeepati shaktishaali raajaneetik prabhaav ke kaaran britaani arthavyavastha ke prabal ang ban gaye. is sthiti mein bhaarateeya upanivesh ka shaasan karne ki neetiyon ko anivaarya roop se unke hiton ke anukool nirdeshit karna tha. jo bhi ho, saamraajya mein unki dilchaspi ka roop East India company ki dilchaspi se bilkul bhinn tha, kyonki vah keval ek vyaapaarik nigam tha. uske baad Bhaarat mein britaani shaasan apne doosare charan mein pahuncha.
inhein bhi dekhein
sandarbh
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary [Oxford english dikshanari], dviteeya sanskaran, 1989: from sanskrut rāaaj: to reign, rule; cognate with L. rēaax, rēag-is, praacheen aayarish. rī, rīaag king (see RICH).
- ↑ maarshal, pee॰aje॰ (2001), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, 400 pp., Cambridge aur London: Cambridge university press, pa॰ 384, aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-0-521-00254-7
- ↑ "India". world digital laaibreri. http://www.wdl.org/en/item/388/. abhigman tithi: 17 June 2014.
- ↑ a aa Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907, prushth 46
- ↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907, prushth 56
- ↑ Thomas aara॰ metakaaf (1995) (angreji mein). The New Cambridge History of India: Ideologies of the Raj. pa॰ 10-12, 34-35.
- ↑ a aa i Spear 1990, prushth 147
- ↑ a aa i E Spear 1990, prushth 147–148
- ↑ European Madness and Gender in Nineteenth-century British India, social history of medisin 1996 9(3):357-382
- ↑ robinsan, ronaald Edward & John gallaafar, 1968. Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism. garden city, ena॰avaaya॰: dabalade [1]
- ↑ raadhika Singh, "Colonial Law and Infrastructural Power: Reconstructing Community, Locating the Female Subject", stadeej in history, (fravari 2003), 19#1 pru॰ 87–126 online
- ↑ suresh chandr ghosh, "Bentinck, Macaulay and the introduction of English education in India [beintik maikale aur Bhaarat mein angreji shiksha ka parichay]" (angreji mein), history of education, (March 1995) 24#1 prushth 17–24
- ↑ speeyar, persivl (1938). "Bentinck and Education [beintik aur shiksha]" (angreji mein). Cambridge historikl journal 6 (1): 78–101. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3020849.
- ↑ bee॰aaara॰ thaumalinsan, The Economy of Modern India [aadhunik Bhaarat ki arthavyavastha] (angreji mein), 1860–1970 (1996) pru॰ 5
- ↑ bee॰aecha॰ tomalinsan, "India and the British Empire, 1880–1935", bhaarateeya aarthik aur saamaajik itihaas ki sameeksha, (October 1975), 12#4 pru॰ 337–380
- ↑ maidisn, angus (2006). The world economy [vishv arthashaastr] (angreji mein), bhaag 1–2. oiseedi pablishing, prushth 638, doi:10.1787/456125276116, ISBN 92-64-02261-9. abhigman tithi 21 June 2014.
- ↑ helan esa॰ daayar, Pandita Ramabai: the story of her life [pandit ramaabaai: unke jeevan ki kahaani] (angreji mein) (1900) online
- ↑ David ludden, India and South Asia: a short history [Bhaarat aur dakshin Asia: ek laghu itihaas] (angreji mein) (2002) pru॰ 197
- ↑ stenali e॰ volpart, Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India [tilk aur gokhale: aadhunik Bhaarat ke nirmaan mein kraanti aur sudhaar] (angreji mein) (1962) pru॰ 67
anya sandarbh
- persivl speeyar (1990) (angreji mein). A History of India [Bhaarat ka itihaas]. nai Delhi aur London: penguin books. pa॰ 298. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-0-14-013836-8. online sanskaran
baahari kadiyaaain
- kya ham angrejon ke atyaachaaron ko bhoolate ja rahe hain? (Kuldeep naiyar)