braahmi lipi

kaanheri gufa ki ek shila par braahmi lekh

braahmi ek praacheen lipi hai jisse kai Asiaee lipiyon ka vikaas hua hai. devanaagari sahit anya dakshin Asiaee, dakshin-poorv Asiaee, tibbati tatha kuchh logon ke anusaar Koreai lipi ka vikaas bhi isi se hua tha.

ithiyopiyaai lipi par braahmi lipi ka spasht prabhaav hai.

abhi tak maana jaata tha ki braahmi lipi ka vikaas chauthi se teesari sadi isa poorv mein mauryon ne kiya tha, par bhaarateeya puraataatvik sarvekshan ke taaja utkhanan se pata chala hai ki Tamil Nadu aur Sri Lanka mein yeh 6thi sadi isa poorv se hi vidyamaan thi.

ashok stambh par braahmi lipi

deshi utpatti ka siddhaant

kai vidvaanon ka mat hai ki yeh lipi praacheen sarasvati lipi (sindhu lipi) se nikli, at: yeh poorvavarti roop mein Bhaarat mein pehle se prayog mein thi. sarasvati lipi ke prachalan se hat jaane ke baad sanskrut likhne ke liye brahmi lipi prachalan me I. brahmi lipi mein sanskrut me jyaada kuchh aisa naheen likha gaya jo samay ki maar jhel sake. praakrut/paali bhaasha me likhe gaye maurya samraat ashok ke bauddh upadesh aaj bhi surakshit hai. isi liye shaayad yeh bhram upann hua ki is ka vikaas mauryon ne kiya.

yeh lipi usi prakaar baaaini or se daahini or ko likhi jaati thi jaise, unase nikli hui aajkal ki lipiyaaain. lalitvistar mein lipiyon ke jo naam ginaae gaye hain, unamein 'brahmalipi' ka naam bhi mila hai. is lipi ka sabse puraana roop ashok ke shilaalekhon mein hi mila hai.

bauddhon ke praacheen granth 'lalitvistar' mein jo un 64 lipiyon ke naam ginaae gaye hain jo buddh ko sikhaai gayi, unamein 'naagari lipi' naam naheen hai, 'braahmi lipi' naam hain. 'lalitvistar' ka cheeni bhaasha mein anuvaad i0 sa0 308 mein hua tha. jainon ke 'pannavana sootr' aur 'samavaayaang sootr' mein 18 lipiyon ke naam diye hain jinmein pehla naam banbhi (braahmi) hai. unheen ke bhagavateesootr ka aarambh 'namo banbheee libiye' (braahmi lipi ko namaskaar) se hota hai.

sabse praacheen lipi bhaaratavarsh mein ashok ki pai jaati hai jo sindh nadi ke paar ke pradeshon (gaandhaar aadi) ko chhod bhaaratavarsh mein sarvatr bahudha ek hi roop ki milti hai. jis lipi mein ashok ke lekh hain vah praacheen aaryo ya braahmanon ki nikaali hui braahmi lipi hai. jainon ke 'prajnyaaapanaasootr' mein likha hai ki 'ardhamaagadhi' bhaasha jis lipi mein prakaashit ki jaati hai vah braahmi lipi hai'. ardhamaagadhi bhaasha Mathura aur paataliputr ke beech ke pradesh ki bhaasha hai jisse hindi nikli hai. at: braahmi lipi madhya aaryaavart ki lipi hai jisse kramash: us lipi ka vikaas hua jo peechhe 'naagari' kahalaai. magadh ke raaja aadityasen ke samay (isa ki saataveen shataabdi) ke kutil maagadhi aksharon mein naagari ka vartamaan roop spasht dikhaai padta hai. isa ki 9veen aur 10veen shataabdi se to naagari apne poorn roop mein lagti hai. kis prakaar ashok ke samay ke aksharon se naagari akshar kramash: roopaantarit hote hote bane hain yeh pandit gaureeshankar heeraachand ojha ne 'praacheen lipimaala' pustak mein aur ek nakashe ke dvaara spasht dikha diya hai.

braahmi ka samay ke saath parivartan

videshi utpatti ka siddhaant

kai paashchaatya vidvaanon ka mat hai ki ki bhaaratavaasiyon ne akshar likhna videshiyon se seekha tatha braahmeelipi bhi usi prakaar praacheen fineeshiyn lipi se vyutpann hui hai jis prakaar arabi, yoonaani, roman aadi lipiyaaain. par kai deshi vidvaanon ne sapramaan yeh siddh kiya hai ki braahmi lipi ka vikaas Bhaarat mein svatantr reeti se hua.

braahmi lipi ki anya lipiyon se tulana

yoonaani

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foneshiyaayi

armaani

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braahmi

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devanaagari

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• yeh baaainye se daaainye ki taraf likhi jaati hai.
• yeh maatraatmak lipi hai. vyanjanon par maatra lagaakar likhi jaati hai.
• kuchh vyanjanon ke sanyukt hone par unke liye 'sanyuktaakshar' ka prayog (jaise pr= p + r)
• varnon ka kram vahi hai jo aadhunik bhaarateeya lipiyon mein hai. yeh vaidik shiksha par aadhaarit hai.

braahmi lipi se udgam hui kuchh lipiyaan aur unki aakruti evam dhvani mein samaanataaen spashtataya dekhi ja sakti hain. inmein se kai lipiyaaain isa ke samay ke aaspaas viksit hui theen. in mein se kuchh is prakaar hain-

devanaagari, baangla lipi, udiya lipi, gujaraati lipi, gurumukhi, tamil lipi, malayalam lipi, sinhal lipi, kannad lipi, telugu lipi, tibbati lipi, ranjana, prachalit Nepal, bhunjimol, koriyaali, thai, barmeli, laao, khmer, jaavaaneej, khudaabaadi lipi aadi.

kuchh bhaarateeya lipiyon ka tulanaatmak chitr yahaan diya gaya hai :

vyanjan

svar

ank