bhoogoleeya nirdeshaank pranaali

pruthvi ke maanachitr par akshaansh (kshaitij) va (deshaantar rekhaaen (lambavat), ekart shashtam projekshan; vruhat sanskaran (peedeeef, 3.12MB)

bhoogoleeya nirdeshaank pranaali (angreji:jiyograafik koaardinet system) ek prakaar ki nirdeshaank pranaali hoti hai, jiske dvaara pruthvi par kisi bhi sthaan ki sthiti teen (3) nirdeshaankon ke maadhyam se nishchit ki ja sakti hai. ye golaakaar nirdeshaank pranaali dvaara diye jaate hain.

pruthvi poorn roop se golaakaar naheen hai, balki ek aniyamit aakaar ki hai, jo lagbhag ek ilipsaued aakaar banaati hai. iske liye is prakaar ki nirdeshaank pranaali banaana, jo pruthvi par upasthit pratyek bindu ke liye ankon ke adviteeya mel se banane wala spasht nirdeshaank prastut kare, apne aap mein ek prakaar ki chunauti tha.

akshaansh faai (φ) evam deshaantar laimbda (λ)

akshaansh (angreji:laitityood, Lat., φ, ya faai) pruthvi ki satah par ek bindu se bhoomadhyeeya samatal tak bana kon hota hai, jise globe ke kendra par naapa jaata hai. samaan akshaansh binduon ko jodne waali rekhaaon ko akshaansh rekhaaen kehte hain. akshaansh ki rekhaaen is prakshep mein kshaitij evam seedhi prateet hoti hain, parantu ve bhinn ardhavyaason waali aur vrutteeya hoti hain. ek akshaansh par sthit sabhi sthaan ekasaath judkar akshaansh ka vrutt banaate hain. ye sabhi vrutt bhoomadhya rekha ke samaanaantar hote hain. inmein bhaugolik uttari dhruv 90° uttar kon par rahata hai; va bhaugolik dakshini dhruv 90° dakshin kon par. shoonya ansh (0°) akshaansh rekha ko bhoomadhya rekha kehte hain. ye globe ko uttari va dakshini, do golaardhon mein baantati hai.

deshaantar (angreji:laungeetyood, Long., λ, ya laimbda) donon bhoogoleeya dhruvon ke beech kheenchi hui kaalpanik madhyaahn rekhaaon ka sandarbh deshaantar rekha se poorv ya pashchim mein bana kon hota hai aur jo madhyaahn rekha jis bindu ya sthaan se gujarati hai usaka koneeya maan us sthaan ka deshaantar hota hai. sabhi deshaantar rekhaaen ardh-vruttaakaar hoti hain. ye samaannaantar naheen hoti hain va uttari va dakshini dhruvon par abhisrit hokar mil jaati hain.

ansh : kon ka maapan

kon ko likhne ke kai faurmaits hote hain, sabhi samaan akshaansh, deshaantar ke kram mein likhe jaate hain.

• DMS digri:minute:second (49°aa30'00"u, 123°aa30'00"p.)
• DM digri:dashamlav minute (49°aa30.0', -123°aa30.0'), (49d30.0m,-123d30.0')
• DD dashamlav digri (49.5000,-123.5000), praay: 4-6 dashamlav ankon sahit.

pruthvi ke oopar, andar ya oonchaai par sthit kisi sthlaakrutik feechar kॊ poornataya bataane hetu, iske kendra ya satah se us bindu ki lambavat oonchaai bhi bataani hogi. iski satah mein aniyamitata va oobad-khaabad praakrutik svabhaav ke kaaran ye oonchaai us bindu ke neeche behtar spashtata se paribhaashit lambavat daitam jaise samudra-satah ke sandarbh mein bataayi jaati hai. pratyek desh ne apne swayam ke daitam nishchit kiye hue hain, udaaharanataya sanyukt raajashaahi ka sandarbh bindu nyoolin hai. pruthvi ke kendra se doori bahut gahre binduon evam antariksh ki sthitiyon ko bataane ke liye prayog ki jaati hai.^[1]

goleeya nirdeshaank dvaara bataaya gaya pratyek bindu ab kaarteeya nirdeshaank paddhati dvaara x y z bhi vyakt kiya ja sakta hai. ye maanachitron par kisi sthaan ki sthiti ko ankit karne hetu ati-prayoganeeya tareeka to naheen hai, kintu ye dooriyaan naapane evam anya ganiteeya prakaarya sampann karne hetu prayog kiya jaata hai. iska udgam praay: gole ka kendra hi hota hai, jo lagbhag pruthvi ke kendra ke nikat hi hota hai.

saagar satah par ek goleeya satah par, L akshaansheeya second baraabar 30.82 meter aur ek rekhaansheeya minute 1849 meter hota hai. ek akshaansheeya digri 110.9 kilometer ke baraabar hoti hai. rekhaanshon ke vrutt bhoogoleeya dhruvon par milte hain. inki poorv-pashchim ki chaudaai akshaansh par nirbhar karti hai. bhoomadhya rekha ke nikat saagar satah par ek rekhaansheeya second baraabar 30.92 meter, ev rekhaansheeya minute baraabar 1855 meter, tatha ek rekhaansheeya digri 111.3 kilometer ke baraabar hoti hai. 30° par ek rekhaansheeya second 26.76 meter, greenavich mein (51° 28' 38" u.) is 19.22 meter, evam 60° par ye 16.42 meter hota hai.

akshaansh ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\phi }\,\!}$ par ek rekhaansheeya digri ki chaudaai is sootr dvaara milti hai (chaudaai prati minute evam second praapt karne hetu, ise 60 evam 3600 se kramash: bhaag dein):

${\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{180^{\circ }}}\cos(\phi )M_{r},\,\!}$

jahaan pruthvi ki ausat meridional trijya ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}$ lagbhag 6,367,449 m ke baraabar hoti hai. ausat trijya maan ke prayog ke kaaran, ye sootr ekdam sateek naheen hai. akshaansh par rekhaansheeya digri ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\phi }\,\!}$ ka behtar sanniktan praapt karne hetu ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\phi }\,\!}$ ise prayog karein:

${\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{180^{\circ }}}\cos(\phi ){\sqrt {\frac {a^{4}\cos(\phi )^{2}+b^{4}\sin(\phi )^{2}}{(a\cos(\phi ))^{2}+(b\sin(\phi ))^{2}}}},\,\!}$

jahaan pruthvi ki bhoomadhyeeya evam dhruveeya trijyaaen kramash: ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {a,b}\,\!}$ 6,378,137 mi., 6,356,752.3 mi., ke baraabar hain.

• maithemaitiks t'opiks- koordinet sistams
• jiyaugraifik koordinets of kantreej
• koordinet antarak, DD, DMS, DM