bhaasha-parivaar

vishv ke pramukh bhaashaakulon ke bhaashaabhaashiyon ki sankhya ka pai-chart

aapas mein sambandhit bhaashaaon ko bhaasha-parivaar kehte hain. kaun bhaashaaeain kis parivaar mein aati hain, inke liye vaigyaanik aadhaar hain.

is samay sansaar ki bhaashaaon ki teen avasthaaeain hain. vibhinn deshon ki praacheen bhaashaaeain jinka adhyayan aur vargeekaran paryaapt saamagri ke abhaav mein naheen ho saka hai, pehli avastha mein hai. inka astitv inmein upalabdh praacheen shilaalekho, sikkon aur hastalikhit pustakon mein abhi surakshit hai. mesopotemiya ki puraani bhaasha 'sumereeya' tatha Italy ki praacheen bhaasha 'etraskan' isi tarah ki bhaashaaeain hain. doosari avastha mein aisi aadhunik bhaashaaeain hain, jinka samyak shodh ke abhaav mein adhyayan aur vibhaajan prachur saamagri ke hote hue bhi naheen ho saka hai. baask, bushaman, Japani, Koreai, andamaani aadi bhaashaaeain isi avastha mein hain. teesari avastha ki bhaashaaon mein paryaapt saamagri hai aur unka adhyayan evam vargeekaran ho chuka hai. greek, arabi, faarasi, sanskrut, angreji aadi anek viksit evam samruddh bhaashaaeain iske antargat hain.

bhaasha ka sambandh vyakti, samaaj aur desh se hota hai. isliye pratyek bhaasha ki niji visheshata hoti hai. inke aadhaar par vah ek or kuchh bhaashaaon se samaanata sthaapit karti hai aur doosari or bahut-si bhaashaaon se asamaanata. mukhyat: yeh vaishishtayagat saamya-vaishamya do prakaar ka hota hai–aakrutimoolak aur arthatattv sambandhi. pratham ke antargat shabdon ki aakruti arthaat shabdon aur vaakyon ki rachanaashaili ki samaanata dekhi jaati hai. doosare mein arthatattv ki samaanata rahati hai. inke anusaar bhaashaaon ke vargeekaran ki do paddhatiyaaain hoti hain–aakrutimoolak aur paarivaarik ya aitihaasik. is vivechan ka sambandh aitihaasik vargeekaran se hai isliye uske aadhaaron ko thoda vistaar se jaan lena chaahiye. ismein aakrutimoolak samaanata ke atirikt nimnilikhit samaanataaeain bhi honi chaahiye.

bhaugolik sameepata

bhaugolik drushti se praay: sameepasth bhaashaaon mein samaanata aur doorasth bhaashaaon mein asamaanata paayi jaati hai. is aadhaar par sansaar ki bhaashaaeain Africa, yooreshiya, prashaantamahaasaagar aur amareeka ke khadon mein vibhaajit ki gayi hain. kintu yeh aadhaar bahut adhik vaigyaanik naheen hai. kyonki do sameepasth bhaashaaeain ek-doosare se bhinn ho sakti hain aur do doorasth bhaashaaeain paraspar samaan. Bhaarat ki hindi aur malayalam do bhinn parivaar ki bhaashaaeain hain kintu Bhaarat aur England jaise doorasth deshon ki sanskrut aur angreji ek hi parivaar ki bhaashaaeain hain.

shabdaanuroopata

samaan shabdon ka prachalan jin bhaashaaon mein rahata hai unhein ek kul ke antargat rakha jaata hai. yeh samaanata bhaasha-bhaashiyon ki sameepata par aadhaarit hai aur do tarah se sambhav hoti hai. ek hi samaaj, jaati athva parivaar ke vyaktiyon dvaara shabdon ke samaan roop se vyavahrut hote rahane se samaanata aa jaati hai. iske atirikt jab bhinn desh athva jaati ke log sabhyata aur saadhanon ke viksit ho jaane par raajaneetik athva vyaavasaayik hetu se ek-doosare ke sampark mein aate hain to shabdon ke aadaan-pradaan dvaara unamein samaanata sthaapit ho jaati hai. paarivaarik vargeekaran ke liye pratham prakaar ki anuroopata hi kaam ki hoti hai. kyonki aise shabd bhaasha ke mool shabd hote hain. inmein bhi nityaprati ke kautumbik jeevan mein prayukt honevaale sanjnyaa, sarvanaam aadi shabd hi adhik upayogi hote hain. is aadhaar mein sabse badi kathinaai yeh hoti hai ki anya bhaashaaon se aaye hue shabd bhaasha ke viksit hote rahane se mool shabdon mein aise ghulamil jaate hain ki unako pehchaan kar alag karna kathin ho jaata hai.

is kathinaai ka samaadhaan ek seema tak arthagat samaanata hai. kyonki ek parivaar ki bhaashaaon ke anek shabd arth ki drushti se samaan hote hain aur aise shabd unhein ek parivaar se sambandhit karte hain. isliye arthaparak samaanata bhi ek mahattvapoorn aadhaar hai.

dhvanisaamya

pratyek bhaasha ka apna dhvani-siddhaant aur uchchaaran-niyam hota hai. yahi kaaran hai ki vah anya bhaashaaon ki dhvaniyon se jaldi prabhaavit naheen hoti hain aur jahaaain tak ho sakta hai unhein dhvaniniym ke anusaar apni niktasth dhvaniyon se badal leti hai. jaise faarasi ki k, kh, f aadi dhvaniyaaain hindi mein niktavarti k, kh, f aadi mein parivrtit hoti hai. at: dhvanisaamya ka aadhaar shabdaavali-samata se adhik vishvasaneeya hai. vaise kabhi-kabhi ek bhaasha ke dhvanismooh mein doosari bhaasha ki dhvaniyaaain bhi milkar viksit ho jaati hain aur tulanaatmak nishkarshon ko bhraamak kar deti hain. aarya bhaashaaon mein vaidik kaal se pehle moordhanya dhvaniyaaain naheen thi, kintu Dravid bhaasha ke prabhaav se aage chalakar viksit ho gayeen.

vyaakaranagat samaanata

vyaakaranik aadhaar sabse adhik praamaanik hota hai. kyonki bhaasha ka anushaasan karne ke kaaran yeh jaldi badalta naheen hai. vyaakaran ki samaanata ke antargat dhaatu, dhaatu mein pratyaya lagaakar shabd-nirmaan vyaakaranik prakriya dvaara shabdon se padon ki rachana tatha vaakyon mein pad-vinyaas ke niyam aadi ki samaanata ka nirdhaaran aavashyak hai.

in chaar aadhaaron par bhaashaaon ki adhikaadhik samaanata nishchit karte unka vargeekaran kiya jaata hai. is sambandh mein spashtaroop se samajh lena chaahiye ki yeh saamya-vaishamya saapekshik hai. jahaaain ek or bhaaropeeya parivaar ki bhaashaaeain anya parivaar ki bhaashaaon se bhinn aur aapas mein samaan hain vahaaain doosari or sanskrut, faarasi, greek aadi bhaaropeeya bhaashaaeain ek-doosare se inheen aadhaaron par bhinn bhi hain.

vargeekaran karte samay sabse pehle bhaugolik sameepata ke aadhaar par sampoorn bhaashaaeain yooreshiya, prashaantamahaasaagar, Africa aur amareeka khandon athva chakron mein vibhkt hoti hain. fir aapasi samaanata rakhanevaali bhaashaaon ko ek kul ya parivaar mein rakhakar vibhinn parivaar banaaye jaate hain. avesta, faarasi, sanskrut, greek aadi ki tulana se pata chala ki unki shabdaavali, dhvanismooh aur rachana-paddhati mein kaafi samaanata hai. at: Bhaarat aur Europe ke is tarah ki bhaashaaon ka ek bhaarateeya kul bana diya gaya hai. parivaaron ko vargon mein vibhkt kiya gaya hai. bhaaropeeya parivaar mein shatam aur kentum aise hi varg hain. vargon ka vibhaajan shaashaaon mein hua hai. shatam varg ki 'Irani' aur 'bhaarateeya aarya' pramukh shaakhaaeain hain. shaakhaaon ko upashaakha mein baaainta gaya hai. griyrsan ne aadhunik bhaarateeya aarya bhaashaaon ko bheetari aur baahari upashaakha mein vibhkt kiya hai. at: mein upashaakhaaeain bhaasha-samudaayon aur samudaaya bhaashaaon mein baintate hain. is tarah bhaasha paarivaarik-vargeekaran ki ikaai hai. is samay bhaaropeeya parivaar ki bhaashaaon ka adhyayan itna ho chuka hai ki yeh poorn prakriya us par laagoo ho jaati hai. in naamon mein thodi her-fer ho sakta hai, kintu is prakriya ki avasthaaon mein praay: koi antar naheen hota.

unneesaveen shati mein hi vidvaanon ka dhyaan sansaar ki bhaashaaon ke vargeekaran ki or aakrusht hua aur aaj tak samay-samay par anek vidvaanon ne apne alag-alag vargeekaran prastut kiye hai; kintu abhi tak koi vaigyaanik aur praamaanik vargeekaran prastut naheen ho saka hai. is samasya ko lekar bhaashaavidon mein bada matabhed hai. yahi kaaran hai ki jahaaain ek or fedarikh moolar in parivaaron ki sankhya 100 tak maanate hain vahaaain doosari or Rice vishv ki samast bhaashaaon ko keval ek hi parivaar mein rakhate hain. kintu adhikaansh vidvaan inki sankhya baarah ya terah maanate hain.

duniya bhar mein boli jaane waali kreeb saat hajaar bhaashaaon ko kam se kam das parivaaron mein vibhaajit kiya jaata hai jinmein se pramukh parivaaron ka zikr neeche hai :

vishv ke pramukh bhaasha-parivaar

Bhaarat-Europeeya bhaasha-parivaar (bhaaropeeya bhaasha parivaar)

(Indo-European family)

mukhya lekh hind-Europeeya bhaasha-parivaar

yeh samooh bhaashaaon ka sabse bada parivaar hai aur sabse mahatvapoorn bhi hai kyonki angreji,roosi, praacheen faarasi, hindi, punjabi, jarman - ye tamaam bhaashaaeain isi samooh se sambandh rakhati hain. ise 'bhaaropeeya bhaasha-parivaar' bhi kehte hain. vishv janasankhya ke lagbhag aadhe log (45%) bhaaropeeya bhaasha bolte hain.

sanskrut, greek aur laateeni jaisi shaastreeya bhaashaaon ka sambandh bhi isi samooh se hai. lekin arabi ek bilkul vibhinn parivaar se sambandh rakhati hai. is parivaar ki praacheen bhaashaaeain bahirmukhi shlisht-yogaatmak (end-inflecting) theen. isi samooh ko pehle aarya-parivaar bhi kaha jaata tha.

cheeni-tibbati bhaasha-parivaar

(The Sino - Tibetan Family)

vishv mein janasankhya ke anusaar sabse badi bhaasha mandaarin (uttari cheeni bhaasha) isi parivaar se sambandh rakhati hai. cheen aur Tibet mein boli jaane waali kai bhaashaaon ke alaava barmi bhaasha bhi isi parivaar ki hai. inki svaralahari ek hi hai. ek hi shabd agar ooainche ya neeche svar mein bola jaaya to shabd ka arth badal jaata hai.

shri Rajendra Singh ne Bhaarat ke sandarbh mein is bhaasha parivaar ko 'naag bhaasha parivaar' naam diya hai. ise 'ekaakshar parivaar' bhi kehte hain. kaaran ki iske mool shabd praaya: ekaakshar hote hain. ye bhaashaaeain Kashmir, Himachal pradesh, uttaraanchal, Nepal, sikkim, pashchim Bengal, bhootaan, aroonaachal pradesh, Assam, naagaalaind, meghaalaya, manipur, tripura aur mijoram mein boli jaati hain.

saami-haami bhaasha-parivaar ya afreeki-Asiaee bhaasha-parivaar

(The Afro - Asiatic family or Semito-Hamitic family)

iski pramukh bhaashaaon mein aaraami, aseri, sumeri, akkaadi aur kanaani vagaira shaamil theen lekin aajkal is samooh ki prasiddhatam bhaashaaeain arabi aur ibraani hain. in bhaashaaon mein mukhyat: teen dhaatu-akshar hote hain aur beech mein svar ghusaakar inse kriya aur sanjnyaaaeain banaayi jaati hain (antarmukhi shlisht-yogaatmak bhaashaaeain).

Dravid bhaasha-parivaar

(The Dravidian Family)

bhaashaaon ka dravidi parivaar is lihaaj se bada dilchasp hai ki haalaaainki ye bhaashaaeain Bhaarat ke dakshini pradeshon mein boli jaati hain lekin unka uttari kshetr mein boli jaane waali bhaashaaon se koi sambandh naheen hai (sanskrut se rinashabd lene ke alaava).

isliye urdoo ya hindi ka angreji ya jarman bhaasha se to koi rishta nikal sakta hai lekin malayalam bhaasha se naheen.

dakshini Bhaarat aur Sri Lanka mein dravidi samooh ki koi 26 bhaashaaeain boli jaati hain lekin unamein zyaada mashahoor tamil, telugu, malayalam aur kannad hain. ye ant-ashlisht-yogaatmak bhaashaaeain hain.

yooraal-atalaai kul

pramukh bhaashaaon ke aadhaar par iske anya naam – 'tooraani', 'seediyn', 'foni-taataarik' aur 'turk-mangol-manchoo' kul bhi hain. iska kshetr bahut vistrut hai, kintu mukhyat: saaiberiya, manchooriya aur mangoliya mein hain. pramukh bhaashaaeain–turki ya taataari, kirgij, mangoli aur manchoo hai, jinme sarv pramukh Turkey hai. saahityik bhaasha usmaanali hai. Turkey par arabi aur faarasi ka bahut adhik prabhaav tha kintu aajkal iska shabdasamooh bahut kuchh apna hai. dhvani aur shabdaavali ki drushti se is kul ki yooraal aur altaai bhaashaaeain ek-doosare se kaafi bhinn hain. isliye kuchh vidvaan inhein do pruthak kulon mein rakhane ke paksh mein bhi hain, kintu vyaakaranik saamya par nissandeh ve ek hi kul ki bhaashaaeain thaharati hain. pratyayon ke yog se shabdanirmaan ka niyam, dhaatuon ki aparivrtaneeyata, dhaatu aur pratyayon ki svaraanuroopata aadi ek kul ki bhaashaaon ki mukhya visheshataaeain hain. svaraanuroopata se abhipraaya yeh hai ki mak pratyaya yajdhaatu mein lagne par yajmak kintu saadhaaranataya vishaal aakaar aur adhik shakti ki vastuon ke bodhak shabd punlling tatha durbal env laghu aakaar ki vastuon ke soochak shabd streeling hote hain. (likhna) mein yaj ke anuroop rahega, kintu sev mein lagne par, sevamek (Turkey), (pyaar karna) mein sev ke anuroop mek ho jaayaga.

• vishv bhaasha parivaar evam bhaarateeya bhaashaaeain
• Bhaarat ke praacheen bhaasha parivaar aur hindi (Google pustak ; lekhak - Dr Ram vilaas sharma)
• Bhaarat ke bhaasha parivaar (Google pustak)
• Ethnologue
• The Multitree Project