bhaarateeya jyotish

yeh lekh ya abhilekh kisi dharm ke granthon aur maanyataaon ka prayog karta hai, par unka aalochanaatmak vishleshan karne vaale kisi praathamik ya dviteeyak srot ka ullekh naheen karta hai. krupaya vishvasaneeya praathamik aur dviteeyak sroton se vivran jodkar is prushth mein sudhaar karein. (December 2015)

bhaarateeya jyotish (Indian Astrology/Hindu Astrology) grahanakshatron ki ganana ki vah paddhati hai jiska Bhaarat mein vikaas hua hai. aajkal bhi Bhaarat mein isi paddhati se panchaang bante hain, jinke aadhaar par desh bhar mein dhaarmik krutya tatha parv manaae jaate hain. vartamaan kaal mein adhikaansh panchaang sooryasiddhaant, makarand saaraniyon tatha grahalaaghav ki vidhi se prastut kiye jaate hain. kuchh aise bhi panchaang bante hain jinhein nautikl almanaak ke aadhaar par prastut kiya jaata hai, kintu inhein praaya: bhaarateeya niryan paddhati ke anukool bana diya jaata hai.

Bhaarat ka praacheenatam upalabdh saahitya vaidik saahitya hai. vaidik kaaleen bhaarateeya yagya kiya karte the. yajnyaon ke vishisht fal praapt karne ke liye unhein nirdhaarit samay par karna aavashyak tha isaliye vaidikkaal se hi bhaarateeyon ne vedhon dvaara soorya aur chandrama ki sthitiyon se kaal ka gyaan praapt karna shuroo kiya. panchaang sudhaarasamiti ki report mein diye gaye vivran (prushth 218) ke anusaar rigved kaal ke aaryon ne chaandr saur varshaganana paddhati ka gyaan praapt kar liya tha. ve 12 chaandr maas tatha chaandr maason ko saur varsh se sambaddh karanevaale adhimaas ko bhi jaante the. din ko chandrama ke nakshatr se vyakt karte the. unhein chandragatiyon ke jnyaaanopayogi chaandr raashichkr ka gyaan tha. varsh ke dinon ki sankhya 366 thi, jinmein se chaandr varsh ke liye 12 din ghata dete the. report ke anusaar rigved kaaleen aaryon ka samay kam se kam 1,200 varsh isa poorv avashya hona chaahiye. lokamaanya baal gangaadhar tilk ki oraayan ke anusaar yeh samay shak sanvat‌ se lagbhag 4000 varsh pehle thaharata hai.

yajurved kaal mein bhaarateeyon ne maason ke 12 naam madhu, maadhav, shukr, shuchi, namas‌, namasya, ish, oorj, sahasr, tapas‌ tatha tapasya rakhe the. baad mein yahi poornima mein chandrama ke nakshatr ke aadhaar par chaitr, vaishaakh, jyeshth, aashaadh, bhaadrapad, aashvin, kaartik, maargasheersh, paush, maagh tatha faalgun ho gaye. yajurved mein nakshatron ki poori sankhya tatha unki adhishtaatri devataaon ke naam bhi milte hain. yajurved mein tithi tatha pakshon, uttar tatha dakshin ayan aur vishuv din ki bhi kalpana hai. vishuv din vah hai jis din soorya vishuvat‌ tatha kraantivrutt ke sanpaat mein rahata hai. shri shankar baalakrushn Dixit ke anusaar yajurved kaalik aaryon ko guru, shukr tatha raahu ketu ka gyaan tha. yajurved ke rachanaakaal ke vishay mein vidvaanon mein matabhed hai. yadi ham paashchaatya pakshapaati, keeth ka mat bhi lein to yajurved ki rachana 600 varsh isa poorv ho chuki thi. iske pashchaat‌ vedaang jyotish ka kaal aata hai, jo io pooo 1,400 varshon se lekar io pooo 400 varsh tak hai. vedaang jyotish ke anusaar paaainch varshon ka yug maana gaya hai, jismein 1830 maadhya saavan din, 62 chaandr maas, 1860 tithiyaaain tatha 67 naakshatr maas hote hain. yug ke paaainch varshon ke naam hain : sanvatsar, parivtsar, idaavatsar, anuvatsar tatha idvavatsara1 iske anusaar tithi tatha chaandr nakshatr ki ganana hoti thi. iske anusaar maason ke maadhya saavan dinon ki ganana bhi ki gayi hai. vedaang jyaatish mein jo hamein mahatvapoorn baat milti hai vah yug ki kalpana, jismein soorya aur chandrama ke pratyaksh vedhon ke aadhaar par madhyam gati gyaat karke isht tithi aadi nikaali gayi hai. aage aanevaale siddhaant jyotish ke granthon mein isi pranaali ko apnaakar madhyam grah nikaale gaye hain.

vedaang jyotish aur siddhaant jyotish kaal ke bheetar koi jyotish ganana ka granth upalabdh naheen hota. kintu is beech ke saahitya mein aise pramaan milte hain jinse yeh spasht hai ki jyotish ke gyaan mein vruddhi avashya hoti rahi hai, udaaharan ke liye, mahaabhaarat mein kai sthaanon par grahon ki sthiti, grahayuti, grahayuddh aadi ka varnan hai. isse itna spasht hai ki mahaabhaarat ke samay mein bhaaratavaasi grahon ke vedh tatha unki sthiti se parichit the.

siddhaant jyotish pranaali se likha hua pratham paurush granth aaryabhat pratham ki aaryabhateeyam‌ (shak sano 421) hai. tatpashchaat‌ baraahamihir (shak sano 427) dvaara sanpaadit siddhaantapanchika hai, jismein petaamah, vaasishth, romak, pulish tatha sooryasiddhaanton ka sangrah hai. isse yeh to pata chalta hai ki baraahamihir se poorv ye siddhaantagranth prachalit the, kintu inke nirmaanakaal ka koi nirdesh naheen hai. saamaanyat: bhaarateeya jyotish granthakaaron ne inhein apaurusheya maana hai. aadhunik vidvaanon ne anumaanon se inke kaalon ko nikaala hai aur ye paraspar bhinn hain. itna nishchit hai ki ye vedaang jyotish tatha baraahamihir ke samay ke bheetar prachalit ho chuke the. iske baad likhe gaye siddhaantagranthon mein mukhya hain : brahmagupt (shak sano 520) ka brahmasiddhaant, lall (shak sano 560) ka shishyadheevruddhid, shreepati (shak sano 961) ka siddhaantashekhar, bhaaskaraachaarya (shak sano 1036) ka siddhaant shiromani, ganesh (1420 shak sano) ka grahalaaghav tatha kamalaakar bhatt (shak sano 1530) ka siddhaant-tatv-vivek.

ganit jyotish ke granthon ke do vargeekaran hain : siddhaantagranth tatha karanagranth. siddhaantagranth yugaadi athva kalpaadi paddhati se tatha karanagranth kisi shak ke aarambh ki gananaapaddhati se likhe gaye hain. ganit jyotish granthon ke mukhya pratipaadya vishay hai: madhyam grahon ki ganana, spasht grahon ki ganana, dik‌, desh tatha kaal, soorya aur chandragahan, grahayuti, grahachhaaya, soorya saannidhya se grahon ka udayaast, chandrama ki shrungonnati, paatavivechan tatha vedhayantron ka vivechan.

poore vrutt ki paridhi 360 maan li jaati hai. iska 360 vaaain bhaag ek ansh, ka 60vaaain bhaag ek kala, kala ka 60vaaain bhaag ek vikla, ek vikla ka 60vaaain bhaag ek prativikla hota hai. 30 ansh ki ek raashi hoti hai. grahon ki ganana ke liye kraantivrutt ke, jismein soorya bhraman karta dikhlaai deta hai, 12 bhaag maane jaate hain. in bhaagon ko mesh, vrush aadi raashiyon ke naam se pukaara jaata hai. grah ki sthiti batalaane ke liye meshaadi se lekar grah ke raashi, ang, kala, tatha vikla bata diye jaate hain. yeh grah ka bhogaansh hota hai. siddhaant granthon mein praaya: ek vruttachaturthaansh (90 chaap) ke 24 bhaag karke usaki jyaaeain tatha kotijyaaeain nikaali rahati hai. inka maan kalaatmak rahata hai. 90 ke chaap ki jya vruhadvrutt ka ardhavyaas hoti hai, jise trijya kehte hain. isko nimnalikhit sootr se nikaalate hain :

paridhi = (3927 / 1250) x vyaas

is prakaar trijya ka maan 3438 kala hai, jo vaastavik maan ke aasann hai. chaap ki jya aadhunik pranaali ki tarah ardhajya hai. vastut: vartamaan trikonaamitik nishpattiyon ka vikaas bhaarateeya pranaali ke aadhaar par hua hai aur aaryabhat ko iska aavishkarta maana jaata hai. yadi kinheen do bhinn aakaar ke vrutton ke trikonamiteeya maanon ki tulana karna apekshit hota hai, to vruhad vrutt ki trijya tatha abheesht vrutt ki nishpatti ke aadhaar par abheesht vrutt ki paridhi anshon mein nikaali jaati hai. is prakaar mand aur sheegra paridhiyon mein yadyapi naveen kram se anshon ki sankhya 360 hi hai, tathaapi siddhaantagranthon mein likhi hui nyoon sankhyaaeain keval tulanaatmak ganana ke liye hain.

vishuvad vrutt mein ek samagati se chalanevaale madhyam soorya (lankodayaasann) ke ek udaya se doosare udaya tak ek madhyam saavan din hota hai. yeh vartamaan kaalik angreji ke 'civil de' (civil day) jaisa hai. ek saavan din mein 60 ghati; 1 ghati 24 minit saath pal; 1 pal 24 seinked 60 vipl tatha dhaai vipl 1 seinkeind hote hain. soorya ke kisi sthir bindu (nakshatr) ke saapeksh pruthvi ki parikrama ke kaal ko saur varsh kehte hain. yeh sthir bindu meshaadi hai. isa ke paaainchave shatak ke aasann tak yeh bindu kaantivrutt tatha vishuvat‌ ke sanpaat mein tha. ab yeh us sthaan se lagbhag 23 pashchim hat gaya hai, jise ayanaansh kehte hain. ayanagati vibhinn granthon mein ek si naheen hai. yeh lagbhag prati varsh 1 kala maani gayi hai. vartamaan sookshm ayanagati 50.2 vikla hai. siddhaantagrathon ka varshamaan 365 dio 15 ghao 31 pao 31 vio 24 prati vio hai. yeh vaastav maan se 8. 34. 37 palaadi adhik hai. itne samay mein soorya ki gati 8.27" hoti hai. is prakaar hamaare varshamaan ke kaaran hi ayanagati ki adhik kalpana hai. varshon ki ganana ke liye saur varsh ka prayog kiya jaata hai. maasaganana ke liye chaandr maason ka. soorya aur chandrama jab raashyaadi mein samaan hote hain tab vah amaantakaal tatha jab 6 raashi ke antar par hote hain tab vah poornimaantakaal kahalaata hai. ek amaant se doosare amaant tak ek chaandr maas hota hai, kintu shart yeh hai ki us samay mein soorya ek raashi se doosari raashi mein avashya aa jaaya. jis chaandr maas mein soorya ki sankraanti naheen padti vah adhimaas kahalaata hai. aise varsh mein 12 ke sthaan par 13 maas ho jaate hain. isi prakaar yadi kisi chaandr maas mein do sankraantiyaaain pad jaayain to ek maas ka kshaya ho jaaega. is prakaar maapon ke chaandr rahane par bhi yeh pranaali saur pranaali se sambaddh hai. chaandr din ki ikaai ko tithi kehte hain. yeh soorya aur chandra ke antar ke 12vein bhaag ke baraabar hoti hai. hamaare dhaarmik din tithiyon se sambaddh hai1 chandrama jis nakshatr mein rahata hai use chaandr nakshatr kehte hain. ati praacheen kaal mein vaar ke sthaan par chaandr nakshatron ka prayog hota tha. kaal ke bade maanon ko vyakt karne ke liye yug pranaali apnaai jaati hai. vah is prakaar hai:

krutayug (satyayug) 17,28,000 varsh

dvaapar 12,96,000 varsh

treta 8, 64,000 varsh

kali 4,32,000 varsh

yog mahaayug 43,20,000 varsh

kalp 1000 mahaayug 4,32,00,00,000 varsh

sooryasiddhaant mein bataae aaainkadon ke anusaar kaliyug ka aarambh 17 fravari 3102 io pooo ko hua tha. yug se ahargan (dinsamoohon) ki ganana pranaali, jooliyn de number ke dinon ke samaan, bhoot aur bhavishya ki sabhi tithiyon ki ganana mein sahaayak ho sakti hai.

grah ki meshaadi ke saapeksh pruthvi ki parikrama ko ek bhagan kehte hain. siddhaantagrathon mein yug, ya kalpagrahon, ke madhya bhagan diye rahate hain. yug ya kalp ke madhya saavan dinon ki sankhya bhi di rahati hai. yadi yug ya kalp ke praarambh mein grah meshaadi mein hon to beech ke din (ahargan) gyaat hone se madhyam grah ko trairaashik se nikaala ja sakta hai. bhagan ki paribhaasha ke anusaar budh aur shukr ki madhyam gati soorya ke samaan hi maani gayi hai. unki vaastavik gati ke tulya unki sheeghrochch gati maani gayi hai. ye grah rekhaadesh, arthaat‌ ujjayini, ke yaamyottar ke aate hain, jinhein deshaantar tatha char sanskaaron se apne sthaan ke mayam saryodayaasannakaalik banaaya jaata hai.

spasht soorya aur chandrama ki spasht gati jis samay sabse kam ho us samay ke spasht soorya aur chandrama ka jitna bhaag hoga use unke mandochch ka bhog samajhna chaahiye. spasht ravi chandra aur madhyam ravi chandra ke antar ko mandafal kehte hain. mandochch se 180 ki doori par mandaneech hoga. mandochch se chhah raashi tak spasht soorya chandra madhyam soorya chandra se peechhe rahate hain. isaliye mand fal rin hota hai. mandochch se madhyam grah ke antar ki mandakeindr sanjnyaa hai. mandochch se 3 raashi ke antar par mandafal paramaardhik hota hai. use mandaantya fal kehte hain. mandaneech se mandochch tak spasht grah madhyam grah se aage rahata hai, at: mandafal dhan hota hai. mandaspasht ravi chandra ke mandafal ko gyaat karne ke liye do prakaar ke kshetron ki kalpana hai, jinhein bhangi kehte hain. pehli ka naam prativrutt bhangi hai. bhoo ko kendra maankar ek trijya ke vyaasaardh se vrutt kheencha, vah kakshaavrutt hua. iske oordhvaadharavyaas par mand atyafal ki jya ke tulya kaatkar us kendra se ek trijya vyaas se vrutt kheencha vah mandaprativrutt hoga. madhyam grah ko mandaprativrutt mein chalta kalpit kiya. yadi kaksha vrutt mein bhi mandakeindr ke tulya chaap kaatein to vahaaain kakshaavrutt ka madhyam grah hoga. bhookeindr se prativrutt sthit grah tak kheenchi gayi rekha kakshaavrutt mein jahau lage vah mandaspasht grah hoga. kakshaavrutt ke madhyam aur mandaspasht grah ka antar mandafal hoga. neechochch bhangi ke liye kakshaavrutt par sthit madhyam grah se mandaantyafalajya tulya vyaasaardh se ek vrutt kheench lete hain, jise mandaparidhi vrutt kehte hain. kakshaavrutt ke kendra se madhyam grah se jaati hui rekha jahaaain mandaparidhivrutt mein lage use mandochch maankar, mand paridhi mein vipreet disha mein, kendra ke tulya anshon par grah ki kalpana ki jaati hai. grah se bhookeindr ko milaanevaali rekha (mandakarn) jis sthaan par kakshaavrutt ko kaate vahaaain mandaspasht grah hoga. is prakaar mandaspasht kiye gaye soorya aur chandra hamein un sthaanon par dikhlaai dete hain, kyonki unka bhraman hamein pruthveekeindr ke saapeksh dikhlaai padta hai. shesh grahon ke liye bhi mandafal nikaalne ki vaisi hi kalpana hai. unka mandochch spasht grah se vilomareeti dvaara mandaspasht ka gyaan karke gyaat karte hain. ye mandaspasht grah drushya naheen hote, kyonki pruthvi unke bhraman ka kendra naheen hai. oopar ke vivechan se spasht hai ki mandaspasht grah apni kaksha mein ghoomate grah ka bhog (longitude) hota hai. ataev bhoodrushya banaane ke liye paaainch grahon ke liye sheegra fal ki kalpana ki gayi hai.

mangal, budh, guru, shukr, tatha shani ko spasht karne ke liye sheeghrafal ki kalpana hai. iske liye bhi mand prativrutt tatha mandaneechochch jaisi bhangiyon ki kalpana ki jaati hai, jiske liye mand ke sthaan par sheegra shabd rakh diya jaata hai. antargrahon ke liye vaastavik madhyamagrahon ko hi sheeghrochch kehte hain. unke maadhya adhiktam ravigrahaantar kon (maxium elongation) ko paramasheeghrafal, paramasheeghrafal ki jya ko sheeghraantya falajya kehte hain. grah (madhyamaravi) aur sheeghrochch ka antar sheeghrakeindr hota hai. ismein mandafal ke liye banaai gayi bhangiyon ki tarah bhangiyaaain banaakar sheeghrafal nikaala jaata hai. is prakaar ke sanskaar se grah ka isht ravigrahaantar kon karke grah ki sthiti gyaat ho jaati hai. bahirgrahon ke liye ravikeindrik paramalanban ki paramasheeghrafal tatha ravi ko sheeghrochch maankar sheeghrafal gyaat kiya jaata hai. sheeghrafal ke sanskaar ki vidhi aachaaryon ne is prakaar nirddhaarit ki hai ki upalabdh grah ka bhog yathaarth aa sake.

grahon ki kakshaaeain chandra, budh, shukr, ravi, bhaum, guru, shani ke kram se uttarottar pruthvi se door hain. inka kendra pruthvi maana gaya hai1 yadyapi grahon ke saadhan ke liye pratyek kaksha ka ardhavyaas trijyaatulya kalpit kiya hai, tathaapi unki antyafalajya bhinn hone ke kaaran unki doori vibhinn prakaar ki aati hai. sheeghraantyafalajyaaon aur trijyaaon ki grahakakshaavyaasaardhan aur ravikkshaavyaasaardh se tulana karne par budh, shukr, mangal, bruhaspati tatha shani ki kakshaaon ke vyaasaardh pruthvi se ravi ki doori ke saapeksh .3694, .7278, .1.5139, .5.1429 tatha 9.2308 aate hain. aadhunik sookshm maan .3871, .7233, 1.5237, 5.2028 tatha 9.5288 hain. grahakaksha aur kraantivrutt ke sanpaat ko paat kehte hain. grah ke bhramanamaarg ko vimandal kehte hain. kraantivrutt tatha vimandal ke beech ke kon ko paramavikshep kehte hain. inke maan bhookeindrik gyaat kiye gaye hain. tamograh raahu ketu sada chandrama ke paaton par kalpit kiye jaate hain. paat ki gati vilom hoti hai.

grahanaadhikaaron mein soorya tatha chandra ke grahanon ka ganit hai. chandrama ka grahan bhoochhaaya mein pravisht hone se tatha sooryagrahan chandrama dvaara soorya ke dhake jaane se maana gaya hai. sooryagrahan mein lanban ke kaaran bhookeindreeya chandra tatha hamein dikhaai denevol chandra mein bahut antar aa jaata hai. at: iske liye lanban ka gyaan kiya jaata hai.

chandrashrungonnati mein chandrama ki kalaaon ko gyaat kiya jaata hai. grahachhaayaadhikaar mein grahon ke udayaast kaal tatha ishtakaal mein vedh ki vidhi aur paataadhikaar mein soorya aur chandrama ke kraantisaamya ka vichaar kiya jaata hai. bhinn ayan tatha ek golaardh mein hone par, saayan rivchandr ke yog 180° ke samay kraantisaamya hone par, vyatipaat tatha ek ayan bhinn golaardh mein hone par vahi yog 360° ke tulya ho to kraantisaamya mein vaidhruti hoti hai. ye donon shubh kaaryon ke liye varjit hain. grahayuti mein grahon ke ati saannidhya ki sthitiyon ka (yuddh samaagam ka) ganit hai. bhagrahayuti mein nakshatron ke niyaamak diye gaye hain.

bhaarateeya jyotish pranaali se banaae tithiptr ko panchaang kehte hain. panchaang ke paaainch ang hain : tithi, vaar, nakshatr, yog tatha karan. panchaang mein inke atirikt dainik, dainik laganaspasht, grahachaar, grahon ke sooryasaannidhya se udaya aur ast aur chandrodayaast diye rahate hain. inke atirikt inmein vividh muhoort tatha dhaarmik parv diye rahate hain.

• bhaarateeya jyotishi
• falit jyotish
• siddhaant jyotish
• khagoliki

• vaidik jyotish (vihangaavalokan)
• Bhaarat me khagolanireekshan - kuchh padachinh
• Srisivanadi.com
• Naveen's InfoSite: Vedic Hindu Astrology