bhaarateeya cinema

bhaarateeya cinema aur film
Indiafilm.svg
pardon ki sankhya 12,000 screen (2013)[1]
• prati vyakti 0.9 per 100,000 (2010)[1]
nirmit katha chitr (2012)[2]
kul 1,602
kul laagat (2010)[3]
kul 2,706,000,000
kul kamaai (2013)[4]
kul $1.5 billion (150 karod Amreeki dollar )

bhaarateeya cinema ke antargat Bhaarat ke vibhinn bhaagon aur vibhinn bhaashaaon mein banane waali filmein aati hain jinme Andhra pradesh aur telangaana, asam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu evam Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, pashchim Bengal aur Bollywood shaamil hai.[5] bhaarateeya cinema ne 20veen sadi ke aarambhik kaal se hi vishv ke chalachitr jagat par gahra prabhaav chhoda hai. . bhaarateeya filmon ka anukaran poore dakshini Asia, greater madhya poorv, dakshin poorv Asia aur poorv soviyt sangh mein bhi hota hai. badhti hui bhaarateeya pravaasi janasankhya ki vajah se ab sanyukt raajya amareeka aur United kingadam bhi bhaarateeya filmon ke liye ek mahatvapoorn baajaar ban gaye hain. ek maadhyam ke roop mein cinema ne desh mein abhootapoorv lokapriyta haasil ki aur Bhaarat mein cinema ki lokapriyta ka isi se andaaja lagaaya ja sakta hai ki yahaaain sabhi bhaashaaon mein milaakar prati varsh 1,600 tak filmein bani hain. [6][2]

daada saaheb faalke bhaarateeya cinema ke janak ke roop mein jaana jaate hai.[7][8][9][10] bhaarateeya cinema ke liye aajeevan yogadaan ke liye daada saaheb faalke puraskaar ki 1969 mein Bhaarat sarkaar dvaara sthaapana unke sammaan mein ki gayi. yeh bhaarateeya cinema mein sabse pratishthit aur vaanchhit puraskaar ho gaya hai.[11]


20veen sadi mein bhaarateeya cinema, sanyukt raajya amareeka ka cinema Hollywood tatha cheeni film udyog ke saath ek vaishvik udyog ban gaya.[12] 2013 mein Bhaarat vaarshik film nirmaan mein pehle sthaan par tha iske baad Nigeria cinema, Hollywood aur cheen ke cinema ka sthaan aata hai.[13][14] varsh 2012 mein Bhaarat mein 1602 filmon ka nirmaan hua jismein tamil cinema agrani raha jiske baad telugu aur Bollywood ka sthaan aata hai.[2] bhaarateeya film udyog ki varsh 2011 mein kul aay $1.86 arab (₹ 93 arab) ki rahi. jiske varsh 2016 tak $3 arab (₹ 150 arab) tak pahuainchane ka anumaan hai.[15] badhti hui takaneek aur global prabhaav ne bhaarateeya cinema ka chehara badla hai. ab super hero tatha vijnyaaanan kalp jaisi filmein na keval ban rahi hain balki aisi kai filmein entheeran, ra.van, iga aur krush 3 blockbuster filmon ke roop mein safal hui hai.[12] bhaarateeya cinema ne 90 se zyaada deshon mein baajaar paaya hai jahaaain bhaarateeya filme pradarshit hoti hain. [16]

satyajeet re, ritvik ghatak, mrunaal sen, adoor gopaalakrushnan, buddhadev daasagupta, ji aravindan, aparna sen, shaaji N karun, aur Girish kaasaraavalli jaise nirdeshakon ne samaanaantar cinema mein mahatvapoorn yogadaan diya hai aur vaishvik prashansa jeeti hai. shekhar Kapoor, meera Nair aur deepa Mehta sareekhe film nirmaataaon ne videshon mein bhi safalta pai hai. 100% pratyaksh videshi nivesh ke praavadhaan se 20veen century fauks, soni pictures, vault dijni pictures aur vaarnar brothers aadi videshi udyamon ke liye bhaarateeya film baajaar ko aakarshak bana diya hai. [17][18] [19] eveeem prodakshans, prasaad samooh, san pictures, peeveepi cinema,ji, UTV, suresh prodakshans, iroj films, ayanagarn international, piraamid saaimira, aaskaar films PVR cinema yasharaaj films dharma productions aur edalaibs aadi bhaarateeya udyamon ne bhi film utpaadan aur vitran mein safalta pai. [19] malteepleks ke liye kar mein chhoot se Bhaarat mein multiplexon ki sankhya badhi hai aur film darshakon ke liye suvidha bhi. 2003 tak film nirmaan / vitran / pradarshan se sambandhit 30 se zyaada companiyaan Bhaarat ke national stock exchange mein soocheebaddh ki gayi thi jo film maadhyam ke badhte vaanijyik prabhaav aur vyasaayikran ka saboot hain.

dakshin bhaarateeya film udyog dakshin Bhaarat ki chaar film sanskrutiyon ko ek ikaai ke roop mein paribhaashit karta hai. ye kannad cinema, malayalam cinema, telugu cinema aur tamil cinema hain. haalaaainki ye svatantr roop se viksit hue hain lekin iname film kalaakaaron aur takaneeshiynon ke aadaan-pradaan aur vaishveekaran ne is nai pehchaan ke janm mein madad ki.

Bhaarat se baahar nivaas kar rahe pravaasi bhaarateeya jinki sankhya aaj laakhon mein hain, unke liye bhaarateeya filmein deeveedi ya vyaavasaayik roop se sambhav jagahon mein screening ke maadhyam se pradarshit hoti hain. [20] is videshi baajaar ka bhaarateeya filmon ki aay mein 12% tak ka mahatvapoorn yogadaan ho sakta hai. iske alaava bhaarateeya cinema mein sangeet bhi raajasv ka ek saadhan hai. filmon ke sangeet adhikaar ek film ki 4 -5 % shuddh aay ka saadhan ho sakte hain.

anukram

itihaas

25 May 1912 ke times of India mein Bhaarat ki pehli feature film, daadaasaaheb torane ki shri pundalik ka vigyaapan

London (1895) mein lumiyere (Lumièare) chal chitr ki screening ke baad cinema Europe bhar mein ek sanasani ban gayi aur July 1896 tak in filmon ko Mumbai (ab Mumbai) mein bhi pradarshit kiya gaya tha. agale ek saal mein professor steeveinsan dvaara ek film prastuti Calcutta star theatre mein ek stage sho mein ki gayi . steeveinsan ke protsaahan aur camera se heeraalaal sen, ek bhaarateeya photographer ne us stage sho ke drushyon se 'the flauvar of parshiya' (1898) [faaras ke fool] film banaai. H S bhatavadekar ki the restalers (1899) [pahalavaan] jo Mumbai ke hainging garden mein ek kushti match ko dikhti hai kisi bhaarateeya dvaara shoot ki hui pehli film thi . yeh pehli bhaarateeya vruttachitr film bhi thi.

daadaasaahab torane ki shri pundalik, ek mook maraathi film pehli bhaarateeya film thi jo 18 May 1912 ko 'koroneshan sinemetograaf', Mumbai, Bhaarat mein release hui. [21][22] kuchh logo ka mat hai ki pundalik pehli bhaarateeya film ke sammaan ki adhikaari naheen hai kyoonki ye 1. ek lokapriya maraathi naatak ki rikaurding maatr thi, 2. iska chalachitrakaar Johnson ek british naagrik tha 3. is film ki processing London mein hui thi [23][24]

aalam aara poster (1931), pehli bhaarateeya bolti film
pehli poori avadhi ki feature film raaja harishchandr (1913) ka ek drushya
nirmaata, nirdeshak, path katha lekhak daadaasaahab faalke, bhaarateeya cinema ke janak .[7][8][9][10]
chennai ka eveeem studio Bhaarat ka sabse puraana astitv mein film studio

Bhaarat ki pehli poori avadhi ki feature film ka nirmaan daadaasaahab faalke dvaara kiya gaya tha. daadaasaahab bhaarateeya film udyog ke aguaa the. vo bhaarateeya bhaashaaoain aur sanskruti ke vidvaan the jinhonne sanskrut maha kaavyon ke tatvon ko aadhaar bana kar raaja harishchandr (1913), maraathi bhaasha ki mook film ka nirmaan kiya. is film mein purushon ne mahilaaon ka kirdaar nibhaaya. [25] yeh film bhaarateeya cinema ke itihaas mein meal ka patthar saabit hui. is film ka sirf ek hi print banaaya gaya tha aur ise 'koroneshan sinemetograaf' mein 3 May 1913 ko pradarshit kiya gaya. film ko vyaavasaayik safalta mili aur isne anya filmo ke nirmaan ke liye avsar pradaan kiya. tamil bhaasha ki pehli mook film keechaka vadham ka nirmaan rangaasvaami nataraaj mudaaliyr ne 1916 mein kiya. mudaaliyr ne Madras mein dakshin Bhaarat ke pehle film studio ki sthaapana bhi ki [26][27]

paarasi udyami jamashedaji fraamaji madan ke madan theatre pehli bhaarateeya cinema theatre shrrunkhala the. jamashedaji 1902 se har saal 10 filmon ka nirmaan aur unka bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein vitran karte the. [25] unhonne Kolkata mein elfinstan bauyoskop company ki sthaapana bhi ki. elfinstan ka 1919 mein madan theatre limited . madan theatre vilay hua jiske maadhyam se Bengal ke kai lokapriya saahityik kaaryon ko stage par aane ka mauka mila. unhonne 1917 mein satyavaadi raaja harishchandr ka nirmaan bhi kiya jo daadaasaahab faalke ki raaja harishchandr (1913) ka reemek thi.

raghupati Venkaiya Naidu ek kalaakaar the jo mook aur bolti bhaarateeya filmon ke aguaa the. [28] 1909 se vo bhaarateeya cinema itihaas ke kai pahaluon se jude the, jaise ki Asia ke vibhinn kshetron mein filmo ke prachaar aur badhaave ke liye bhraman. vo Madras ke pehle bhaarateeya cinema haal geyati taukeej ke nirmaata aur svaami the. [29]

beesavi sadi ke praarambhik saalon mein cinema Bhaarat ki janta ke vibhinn vargon mein ek maadhyam ke roop mein lokapriya hua. [30] cinema ticket ko kam daam par aam janta ke liye sasta banaaya gaya. aarthik roop se saksham logon ke liye atirikt aaraam dekar pravesh ticket ke daam badhaaye gaye [30] kyoonki manoranjan ke is saste maadhyam cinema ki ticket Mumbai mein 1 aana (4 paisa ) ke kam daam mein milti thi isi liye darshakon ke bheed cinema gharon mein nazar aane lagi. [30] bhaarateeya vyaavasaayik cinema ki vishay vastu ko jaldi se janta ke aakarshan ke hisaab se dhaala gaya. [30] yuva bhaarateeya nirmaata Bhaarat ke saamaajik jeevan aur sanskruti ke tatvon ko cinema mein sammilit karne lage. [31] anya nirmaata vishv ke kai kono se vichaar laane lage[31] in sab vajahon se duniya bhar ke film darshak aur film baajaar bhaarateeya film udyog ke baare mein jaanane lage. .[31]

1927 mein british sarkaar ne british filmon ko Amreeki filmon par praathamikta dene ke liye Indian sinemetograaf inkvaari committee gathit ki . I si si mein ti. rangaachaari, (Madras ke ek vakeel) ke netrutv mein teen british aur teen bhaarateeya membar the. [32] is committee ne british filmo ko samarthan dene ki vaanchhit sifaarish dene ki jagah navajaat bhaarateeya film udyog ko samarthan ki salaah di . parinaam svarup inki sifaarishon ko khaarij kar diya gaya.

aardeshir Irani ne pehli bhaarateeya bolti film aalam aara 14 March 1931 ko release curry .[25] Irani keval 7 maheene baad 31 October 1931, ko release hui pehli dakshin bhaarateeya bolti film H. M. Reddy dvaara nirdeshit tamil film kaalidaas ke nirmaata bhi the [33][34] jumai shaasti pehli bangaali bolti film thi. 'taukeej' ke Bhaarat aagaman ke baad kai film staaron ki maang bahut badh gayi aur vah abhaainya ke maadhyam se aaraamadaayak aamdani kamaane lage. [25] chittor vi. naagaya, pehle bahubhaashi film abhineta, gaayak, sangeetakaar nirmaata aur nirdeshak the. vo Bhaarat ke paul muni ke roop mein jaane jaate the[35][36]

1933 mein East India film company ne Calcutta mein shoot hui apni pehli bhaarateeya film saavitri release curry. 75 hajaar ke bajat mein baani yeh film prasiddh naatak myalavaram baal bhaarati samaajam, par aadhaarit thi. nirdeshak si. pulaiya ne ismein theatre abhineta vemuri gagaiya aur dasaari raamaathilkam ko yam aur saavitri ke roop mein liya [37] is blockbuster film ko venis film samaaroh maananeeya diploma mila .[38]

pehla telugu film studio durga sineton 1936 mein nidaamarathi suraiyya dvaara raajaahamundri, Andhra pradesh mein sthaapit kiya gaya [39] 1930 ke dashak mein bhaarateeya cinema mein dhvani takaneek ki pragati ke saath sangeet aur sangeetamaya filmein jaise Indra sabha aur devi devayaani ke maadhyam se filmon mein naach aur gaane ka praarabh hua [25] devadaas , jaisi filmon ki deshavyaapi safalta ke baad aur film nirmaan ke ek shilp ke roop mein udaya ke saath kai mukhya shaharon Madras . chennai , Calcutta . Kolkata aur Mumbai . Mumbai mein film studio ubhare. [40] 1940 ki film vishv mohini bhaarateeya film jagat ko darshaane waali pehli film hai. is film ko vaai. vi. Rao ne nirdeshit kiya aur balijepalli lakshmeekaanta kavi ne likha tha .[41]

svaameekannu vinseint, Coimbatore, mein pehle cinema hall ka nirmaata ne "tent cinema" ki shuruaat ki jisme shahar ya gaaainv ke najdeek khule maidaan mein teint laga kar filmon ka pradarshan kiya jaata hai. edisn grand sinemaamegaafon naamak pehla sthaai teint cinema Madras ke esplened mein shuroo hua. [42] 1934 mein himaanshu rai, devika raani aur , raajanaaraayan dube ne udyogapati ef E deenashau, sar firoj sethana ke saath mil kar Bombay taukeej studio shuroo kiya. poona . Pune ke prabhaat studio ne maraathi darshakon ke liye filmon ka nirmaan shuroo kiya. [40] filmanirmaata aar is di chaudhari ki film vraath (1930) par british sarkaar dvaara Bhaarat mein pratibndh lagaaya gaya kyon ki ismein bhaarateeyon ko netaaon ke roop mein aur bhaarateeya svatantrata sangraam ke dauraan is tarah ke chitran par rok thi .[25] tukaaraam (1608–50), varakari sant aur aadhyaatmik kavi ke jeevan par aadhaarit 1936 ki film sant tukaaraam 1937 venis film samaaroh ke dauraan pradarshit hui aur kis antarraashtreeya film samaaroh mein dikhaai gayi pehli film ban gayi. [43] 1938 mein gudaavalli raamaabrahmam, dvaara sah nirmit aur nirdeshit saamaajik samasya film raayathoo bidda, british prashaasan dvaara pratibandhit ki gayi kyon ki ismein kisaanon dvaara jmeendaar ke virooddh bagaavat dikhaai gayi thi. [44][45]

achhoot kanya(1936) mein devika raani aur ashok Kumar

bhaarateeya masaala film — romance, naach, gaane waali vyaavasaayik film ke liye kathaboli shabd — ka udbhav dusare vishv yuddh ke baad hua [40] dakshin bhaarateeya cinema ne S S vaasan ke film chandralekha ke saath poore Bhaarat mein shoharat haasil curry .[40] 1940 ke dashak ke dauraan poore Bhaarat ke cinema haalon mein se aadhe se zyaada dakshin Bhaarat mein the aur cinema ko saanskrutik punarnirmaan ke saadhan ke roop mein dekha jaane laga. [40] svantatra ke baad Bhaarat ka vibhaajan ki vajah se Bhaarat ki cinema parisanpattiyaaain bhi vibhaajit hui aur kai studio nav nirmit Pakistan ke paas chale gaye [40] batavaare ka vivaad aur dange agale kai dashako tak film nirmaan ke liye chirsthaayi vishay bane rahe .[40]

ke. L. sahagal ka prachaar photo

Bhaarat ki svatantrata ke baad, S. ke. Patil samiti ne bhaarateeya cinema ki tahakeekaat v sameeksha ki. [46] S. ke. Patil, samiti pramukh ne Bhaarat mein cinema ko 'kala, udyam aur manoranjan' ka mishran kaha aur iske vyaavasaayik mahatva par bhi dhyaan diya. [46] Patil ne vitt mantraalaya ke antargat film finance Corporation ki sthaapana ki sifaarish bhi ki. [47] is paraamarsh ko maanate hue 1960 mein poore Bhaarat ke pratibhaashaali filmakaaro ki aarthik madad ke liye is ki sthaapana ki gayi [47] Bhaarat sarkaar ne 1948 film diveejn ko sthaapit kiya jo aage chal kar saalaana 200 laghu vruttachitr (18 bhaasha mein 9000 print sampoorn Bhaarat mein sthaayi cinemagharon ke liye) ka nirmaan kar ke vishv ka sabse bada vruttachitr nirmaata ban gaya . [48]

Indian peepalas theatre association (ipta), communist jhukaav vaale ek kala aandolan ne 1940 aur 1950 ke dashak mein svarup liya. [46] ipta ke kai yathaarthavaadi naatakon jaise 1944 mein beejon Bhattacharya' ka nabanna (1943 Bengal akaal traasadi par aadhaarit ), ne bhaarateeya cinema mein yathaartavaad ki jadein majboot kareen. iska udahaaran khvaaja Ahmad Abbas' ki dharati ke laal (1946) hai .[46] ipta prerit aandolan lagaataar sachchaai aur vaastavikta par jor deta raha jiske falasvaroop madar India aur pyaasa sareekhi Bhaarat ki sabse adhik pahachaani jaane waali filmon ka nirmaan hua [49]

bhaarateeya cinema ka svarn yug

satyajit rai 20veen shataabdi ke sarvottam film nirdeshakon mein gine jaate hai.[50][51][52][53][54][55]

bhaarateeya svatantrata sangraam ke baad, 1944 se 1960 ki kaal avadhi film itihaasakaaron dvaara bhaarateeya cinema ka svarn yug man jaata hai. [56][57][58] poore bhaarateeya cinema itihaas ki sameekshakon dvaara sarvaadhik prashansit filmein is samay nirmit hui thi.

is avadhi mein bangaali cinema ke netrutv mein ek naya samaanaantar cinema aandolan ubhara [59] is aandolan ki kuchh pehle udaaharan filmon chetan aanand' ki neecha nagar (1946),[60] ritvik ghatak' ki naagrik (1952),[61][62] aur biml Roy ki do beegha jameen (1953), ne nav yathaartavaad[63] aur "nayi bhaarateeya lahar " ki neenv rakhi .[64] pather paanchaali (1955), jo ki satyajit rai ki apu trayi (1955–1959) ka pehla bhaag tha, ne Roy ke bhaarateeya cinema mein pravesh ki ghoshana thi. [65] apu trayi ne vishv bhar ke pradhaan film samaarohon mein pramukh puruskaar jeete aur bhaarateeya cinema mein 'samaanaantar cinema' aandolan ko sudrudhta se sthaapana ki. vishv cinema par iska prabhaav un " yuva kaming of ऎj naatak filmon ke roop mein dekha ja sakta hai jo 1950 se kala gharon mein baadh ke roop mein fail rahi hai aur "apu trayi ki karjdaar" hain. [66]

chalachitrakaar subrat mitr, jinki pehli film pather paanchaali thi ka vishv sinekala par mahatavapoorn prabhaav pada . unki ek zaroori takaneek thi bounce laaiting, jiska istamaal karke vah set par din ke prakaash ka prabhaav laate the. unhonne is takaneek ko aparaajito (1956),apu trayi ka doosra bhaag ki shooting ke dauraan pehli baar istemaal kiya. [67] kuchh aur proyagaatmak takaneek jinki satyajit rai ne aguaai curry, usame shaamil hain photo-negetiv flaishabaik(kathan) ex -re vishyaantar pratidvandi (1972) ki shooting ke dauraan .[68] kainsil hui 'the eliyn' naamak film ke 1967 mein likhi hui pathakatha ko steven Spielberg ki film E.ti. the ekstra terestriyl (1982) ki prerana maana jaata hai .[69][70][71] satyajit rai aur ritvik ghatak ne aage chalakar kai aur sameekshak prashansit kala film ka nirdeshan kiya. unke anurasaran unke pad chinhon par chalte hue anya prashansit svatantr bhaarateeya filmakaar mrunaal sen, mani kaul, adoor gopaalakrushnan, ji. aravindan aur buddhadeb daasagupta ne kiya.[59] 1960s ke dashak mein indira Gandhi ke soochana aur prasaaran mantri kaaryakaal mein unke hastakkshep se film finance Corporation dvaara aur bhinn sinemaai abhivyakti waali filmon ka nirmaan hua. [47]

vyaavasaayik Bollywood . hindi cinema bhi kaamayaab ho raha tha. is daur ki prashansit filmon mein guru datt ki pyaasa (1957) and kaagaj ke fool (1959) aur raaj Kapoor ki aavaara (1951) and shri 420 (1955). ye filme us daur ke saamaajik vishay jo ki us vakt ke shahari kaamkaaji varg ki jindagi se jude the ko darshaati thi ; aavaara mein shahar ko bhayaavah aur khoobsoorat sapane ki tarah dikhaaya gaya jabki pyaasa ne shahari jeevan ke maayaajaal ki aalochna ki.[59] kuchh prasiddh filme bhi is samay nirmit hui jaise mehaboob Khan ki madar India (1957), jise videshi bhaasha ki sarvashreshth film ke academy puraskaar, [72] ka naamaankan bhi mila aur ke. Asif'ki mugl-A-aazam (1960)(1960).[73] vi. shaantaaraam 'ki do aaainkhein baarah haath (1957) ko Hollywood film the darti daujen (1967) ki prerana bhi kaha jaata hai. (1967).[74] biml Roy dvaara nirdeshit aur ritvik ghatak dvaara likhit madhumati (1958) ne punarjanm ke vishay ko lokapriya pashchim sanskruti mein badhaava diya.[75] anya lokarpiya mukhya dhaara ke filmekar the kamaal amarohi aur vijay bhatt

1946 mein kaaains film festival mein chetan aanand ki saamaajik yathaarthavaadi film neecha nagar ke pradhaan puruskaar jeetne ke baad [60] 1950 aur 1960 ke dashak mein bhaarateeya filme lagaataar kaaainns paalame di'or ke mukaabale mein baani rahi aur un mein se kai filmon ne puruskaar bhi jeete. satyajit rai ne apu trayi ki apni doosari film aparaajito (1956) ke liye venis film samaaroh mein svarn Singh aur barlin antararaashtreeya film samaaroh mein svarn bhaaloo aur do rajat bhaaloo bhi jeete. [76] re ke samakaaleen ritvik ghatak aur guru datt ki unke jeevan kaal mein haalaaainki upeksha hui par 1980 aur 1990 ke dashak mein vilamb ke saath antarraashtreeya pehchaan mili. [76][77] rai ko ghatak aur datt ke saath 20vi shataabdi ka cinema ke mahaanatam filmkaaron mein se ek maana jaata hai. [78] [79][80] 1992 mein saait aur saaund sameekshak matadaan mein rai ko 10 sarvakaaleen shreshth nirdeshakon mein #7 chuna [81] jabki 2012 mein saait aur saaund ke shreshth nirdeshakon matadaan mein datt ko #73 sthaan mila. [79]

sivaaji Ganeshan antararaashtreeya puruskaar paane vaale pehle bhaarateeya abhineta bane jab unhonne 1960 ke efro Asiaee film samaaroh mein sarvashreshth abhineta ka khitaab jeeta aur 1995 mein French sarkaar ne unhein leejan of onar mein shevaliyer ka sammaan diya. .[82] tamil cinema ne [[tamil cinema aur Dravid raajaneeti|Dravid raajaneeti]],[83] par apna prabhaav chhoda aur kai prasiddh film vyakti jaise si N annaadurai, M ji Ramchandran, M Karunanidhi aur jayalalita Tamil Nadu ke makhyamantri bane. [84]


is svarn yug ki kai filme ki ginti sameekshakon aur nirdeshakon ke mataanusaar sarvakaaleen shreshth filme mein ki jaati hai. is dauraan dakshin bhaarateeya cinema maha granth mahaabhaarat par aadhaarit kuchh film nirmaan hue jaise maayaabaajaar, aaibeeen live ke 2013 matadaan ke sarvashreshth bhaarateeya film [85]indoneshiyaai film samaaroh mein naarthansala ne sarvashreshth nirmaan yojana aur S. vi. ranga Rao ko sarvashreshth abhineta ka puruskaar mila.[86] saait aur saaund sameekshak matadaano mein satyajit rai ki kai filmon ko sthaan mila jinme 'apu trayi' The Apu Trilogy (ranked No. 4 in 1992 if votes are combined),[87] jalasaaghar (1992 mein #27 kramaank), chaarulata (1992 mein #41 kramaanka2)[88] and aranyer din raatri (1982 mein #81 kramaank).[89] 2002 saait aur saaund sameekshak aur nirdeshak matadaan mein guru datt ki pyaasa aur kaagaj ke fool (donon #160 kramaank par ), ritvik ghatak ki meghe dhaaka taara (#231 kramaank) aur komal gaandhaar (#346 kramaank), raaj Kapoor ki aavaara, vijay bhatt' ki baijoo baavara(1952 film), mahaboob Khan ki madar India aur ke. aasif ki mugl A aazam bhi shaamil thi .[90] 1998 mein Asiaee cinema maigajeen sinemaaya ke sameekshak matadaan mein bhi rai ki apu trayi(maton ko milkar #1) , chaarulata(#11) aur jalasaaghar(#11), ghatak ki subarnarekha (#11) sthaan mila .[80] 1999 mein the vilej vauyas ke sadi ki sarvashreshth 250 film mat mein fir se apu trayi ko maton ko milkar 5va sthaan mila.[91] 2005 mein , apu trayi aur pyaasa ko time maigajeen ki sarvakaaleen 100 shreshth film sthaan mila.[92]

aadhunik bhaarateeya cinema

Amitabh Bachchan van main industry ke naam se mashahoor Bollywood ke safalatam abhinetaaon mein gine jaate hain
Rajnikant Asia ka doosra adhiktam vetan paane vaale abhineta hai
Shah Rukh Khan wearing sunglasses and a vest at a promotional event
shaaharukh Khan Bollywood ke sabse lokapriya antarraashtreeya abhineta hain
Kamal Haasan
kamal hasan ekalaute bhaarateeya abhineta hain jinhe 4 raashtreeya film puruskaar aur 3 antarraashtriys puruskaar mile hain
chiranjeevi 59ve academy award mein pehle bhaarateeya sammaaneeya atithi the [93][94]

1970 ke dashak mein bhi shyaam benegal jaise kai filmakaar yathaarthavaadi saamaanaantar cinema ka nirmaan karte rahe. [95] is dauraan sakriya filmakaar the satyajeet re, ritvik ghatak, mrunaal sen, buddhadev daasagupta aur Gautam ghosh bangaali cinema mein, ke baalaachandar, baaloo Mahendra, bhaaratheeraaja aur mani ratnam tamil cinema mein , adoor gopaalakrushnan, shaaji N karun , ji aravindan, John Abraham, bhaarathan aur padmaraajan malayalam cinema mein, neerad N. mohapaatra odiya cinema, ke. N. ti saastri aur bi. narasing Rao telugu cinema mein; aur mani kaul, Kumar shaahaani, ketan Mehta, govind nihlaani aur vijaya Mehta hindi cinema mein. film finaans Corporation ne aisi kai filmon ki aarthik madad bhi ki lekin kala filmon ke prati is jhukaav ki sarkaari upakramon ki jaanch committee ne 1976 mein vyavaasayik cinema ko badhaava na dene ke liye aalochna bhi ki. [96]

dakshin bhaarateeya abhineta kamal hasan ko 6 saal ki aayu mein apni pehli film kalaathur kannamma ke liye raashtrapati ka svarn medal mila.[94] unhein bhaarateeya cinema mein apne yogadaan ke liye 1990 mein padm shri aur 2014 mein padm bhooshan sammaan bhi mila. [93] Hassan ko mamooti aur Amitabh Bachchan ke saath sarvashreshth abhineta ke liye 3 raashtreeya film award bhi mile hain. tamil film thevar magan ke liye sarvashreshth feature film ka raashtreeya film award bhi Hassan ko nirmaata ke taur par par mila hai. kamal ne paanch bhaashaaoain mein record 19 filmafeyar award bhi jeete hain ; 2000 mein apna aakhiri award jeetne ke baad unhonne filmafeyar ko likh kar aur apne aap ko award na dene ki gujaarish ki. [83][95] 2003 mein rautaradaim film samaaroh mein unki filme he Ram , pushpak, naayakan (1987 film) aur kuratheepoonal nirdeshak focus mein pradarshit hui [96] 2004 mein puchon antararaashtreeya film samaaroh mein virumaandi ne pehla sarvashreshth Asiaee film ka khitaab jeeta.[41][96]

1970 ke dashak mein vyavaasayik cinema ne bhi kuchh chirsthaayi filmein jaise aanand (1971), amar prem (1971) and kati patang (1972), jinhonne raajesh khanna ko bhaarateeya cinema ka pehla superstar ya mahaanaayak banaaya, ke saath unnati haasil ki . 1970 dashak ke aakhri saalon mein Amitabh Bachchan jnjeer (1974) aur bhaarateeya cinema ki safalatam filmo mein se ek [[shole] (1975) jaisi action filmo ke saath apni engri yang main ki chhavi banaayi aur Bhaarat ke dusare mahaanaayak ka darja praapt kiya .[96] dhaarmik film jaya santoshi maaain jisne safalta ke kai record tode 1975 mein release hui.[96] yash Chopra dvaara nirdeshit aur saleem-jaaved ki likhi hui deevaar, ek aaparaadhik drama film thi jisme ek police afsar shashi Kapoor apne gangster bhaai (Amitabh Bachchan) se ladta hai jiska charitra asli smagalar haaji mastaan" par aadhaarit tha. is film ko daini bauyal ne bhaarateeya cinema ki asli pehchaan bataaya hai. [97] bhaarateeya shaastreeya sangeet ke punaruddhaar ki kahaani bataati 1979 telugu film sankarabharanam ko 1981 ke besaanko French film samaaroh ka janta ka puruskaar mila [98]

pattaabhiraam Reddy nirdeshit 1970 kannad film sanskaara ne dakshin Bhaarat mein saamaanaantar cinema aandolan ki shuruaat curry. is film ko lokaarno antararaashtreeya film samaaroh mein kaansya teinduaa sammaan mila. [99]


kai tamil filmon vishv bhar ke antararaashtreeya film samaarohon mein Premier ya pradarshit hui hain jaise mani ratnam' ki kannatheel muthaamittal, vasanthabaalan' ki veyyeel aur ameer sultaan'ki parootheeveeran. kaancheevaram (2009) ka Premier Toronto antararaashtreeya film samaaroh mein hua tha . tamil filme videshi bhaasha ki sarvashreshth film ka academy award ke liye 8 baar bheji gayi hai. [100] mani ratnam ki naayakan (1987) time maigajeen ki sarvakaaleen 100 sarvashreshth filmon ki soochi mein bhi shaamil ki gayi hai. [101] ke. S. sethu maadhavan nirdeshit maroopakkam (1991) sarvashreshth feature film ka raashtreeya award paane waali pehli tamil film thi. [102]

dakshin bhaarateeya malayalam cinema ka svarn yug 1980s ke dashak aur 1990s ke shuruaati varshon mein tha. us kaal ke kuchh sarvaadhik prashansit filmakaar malayalam cinema se the jinme adoor gopaalakrushnan, shaaji N karun , ji aravindan aur ti. vi. chandran pramukh hain.[103] adoor gopaalakrushnan, jinhein satyajit rai ka aadhyaatmik uttaraadhikaari maana jaata hai [104] ne is is samay apni kuchh sarvaadhik prashansit filmein nirdeshit ki jinme eleeppathaayam (1981) London film samaaroh mein sudaralaind trophy vijeta ; mathilukal (1989) venis film samaaroh mein sammaan vijeta pramukh hain .[105]

shaaji N karun ki pehli film piraavi (1989) ko kaaainns film festival mein camera di' or sammaan mila jabki unki doosari film svaham (1994) 1994 ke kaaainns film festival ke paum di' or ki pratiyogita mein thi [106] vyavaasayik malayalam cinema ko bhi jayan ki action filmo se badhaava mila.

vyavaasayik hindi cinema 1980 aur 1990 ke dashak meinek dooje ke liye (1981), mistar India (1987), kyaamat se kyaamat tak (1988), tejaab (1988), chaandani (1989), mainne pyaar kiya (1989), baajeegar (1993), dar (1993),[96] ham aapke hain kaun..! (1994), dilvaale dulhaniya le jaayeinge (1995) aur kuchh kuchh hota hai (1998) jaisi filmon ki release ke saath aur badhta raha. iname kai nae kalaakaar jaise Shahrukh Khan, maadhuri Dixit, shreedevi, Akshay Kumar, Aamir Khan aur Salman Khan ne abhinay kiya tha. is beech mein shekhar Kapoor' ki kalt shresht film baindit queen (1994) bhi bani jisne antarraashtreeya star par pehchaan mili [107][108]

1990 ke dashak ke ant mein 'samaanaantar cinema' ka vayavaasayik aur sameekshak roop se safal film satya(1998) ke kaaran punarjanm hua. bhaarateeya maafiya. Mumbai andaravarld se prerit yeh ek aparaadhik drama tha jiska nirdeshan Ram gopaal varma ne kiya tha aur iske lekhak the anuraag kashyap. is film ki safalta se ek nayi bhinn shaili Mumbai noyar ka udaya hua. ye shahari filme Mumbai ki saamaajik samasyaaon ka chitran karti hain. [109] .[110] kuchh aur Mumbai noyar filmein hai madhur bhandaarakar' ki chaandani baar (2001) and traffic signal (2007), Ram gopaal varma ki company (2002) aur iski pichhli kadi di (2005), anuraag kashyap ki black fraaide (2004).

vishaal Bhardwaj ki 2014 film haidar, unki William sheksapiyr ke bhaarateeya roopaantaran trayi ki makbool (2003) and omakaara (2006) ke baad teesari film thi. [111] is film ne 9ve rom film samaaroh mein mondo shreni mein peepalas chauis award jeetkar aisa karne waali pehli bhaarateeya film ban gayi [112] aaj ke yug mein anya sakriya kala film nirdeshak hain mrunaal sen, meer shaani, buddhadev daasagupta, Gautam ghosh, sandeep re aur aparna sen bangaali cinema mein, santosh sivn aur mani ratnam tamil cinema mein , neerad N. mohapaatra odiya cinema, ke. N. ti saastri aur bi. narasing Rao akkikeni kutunba Rao, deva kattatelugu cinema mein; adoor gopaalakrushnan, shaaji N karun , ti. vi. chandran, malayalam cinema mein, mani kaul, Kumar shaahaani, ketan Mehta, govind nihlaani, meera Nair, naagesh kukunoor, aur sudheer mishra hindi cinema mein aur deepa Mehta, anant baalaani, homi adaajaaniya, vijay Singh aur sooni taaraaporavaala bhaarateeya angreji cinema mein. [59]

global aadaan pradaan

sharmila Tagore 2009 kaaains film festival ki antaraashtreeya pratiyogita joori ki sadasya thi

bhaarateeya filmakaar upaniveshi raaj ke dauraan Europe se film apakaran khreedate the.[31] british sarkaar ne doosra vishvayuddh ke samay par yuddhakaaleen prachaar filmon ke nirmaan ke liye paise bhi diye, jinme se kuchh mein bhaarateeya sena ko dhuri raashtra, ke khilaaf yuddh karte hue dikhaaya gaya visheshakar Japan ka saamraajya, jo Bhaarat ki seema mein ghuspaith bhi kar li thi [113] barma raani aisi hi ek kahaani thi jo myaanamaar mein Japani kabje ke khilaaf british aur bhaarateeyon dvaara kiye naagrik virodh ko dikhaati hai [113] aajaadi se pehle ke vyaapaari jaise J. ef. madan aur abdulali isoofalli global cinema mein vyaapaar karte the. [25]

bhaarateeya cinema ke dusare kshetron ke saath shuruaati sampark tab dikhe jab bhaarateeya filmo ne soviyt union, madhyapoorv Asia, dakshinpoorv Asia aadi mein pravesh kiya. [114] mukhya dhaara film abhineta jaise Rajnikant aur raaj Kapoor ne Asia aur poorvi Europe bhar mein antarraashtreeya shoharat paayi. [115][116][117][118] bhaarateeya filmo ne antarraashtreeya forum aur film samaarohon mein bhi apni upasthiti darj karaai. [114] is maadhyam se saamaanaantar bangaali filmkaaron jaise satyajit re ne antarraashtreeya khyaati pai aur unki filme yooropiyn, Amreeki aur Asiaee darshakon mein safalta pai. [119] rai ki filmo ne tatpashchaat vishvavyaapi prabhaav daala aur [[Martin skorseesi],[120] James aaivari,[121] Abbas kiaarostaami, eleeaa kajaan, fraankois troofaut,[122] steven Spielberg,[69][70][71] kaarlos saura,[123] John-luk godaard,[124] esao taakaahaata,[125] gregori naava, ira saaks and ves Anderson[126] unki sinemaai shaili se prabhaavit hue aur kai anya jaise akeera kurosaava ne unke kaam ki taareef ki. [127] vo " yuva kaming of ऎj naatak filmein jo 1950 se kala gharon mein baadh ke roop mein fail rahi hai apu trayi ki karjdaar" hain. [66]

subrat mitr ki bounce laaiting takaneek jiska istamaal karke vah set par din ke prakaash ka prabhaav laate the ka bhi kaafi prabhaav pada ..[67] rai ki film 'kanchanajangha (1962) ne ek katha saranchana shaili ka istemaal kiya jo baad mein prachalit haaiparalink cinema se milti hai .[128] 1980 ke pashchaat, kuchh pehle anadekhe bhaarateeya filmakaar jaise ritvik ghatak [129] aur guru datt [130] ne maranoparaant antarraashtreeya khyaati praapt ki hai.

tamil filmo ne dakshinpoorv Asia ke darshakon mein lagaataar lokapriyta banaayeen hai. chandralekha ke baad muthu Japani bhaasha mein dab hone waali doosari tamil film thi. ( mutu : odooru mahaaraaja [131]) aur 1998 mein isne record $1.6 million ki kamaai curry. [132] 2010 mein entheeran ne uttar America mein record $4 ki kamaai ki.

kai Asiaee aur dakshin Asiaee desh pashchimi cinema ke mukaabale bhaarateeya cinema ko apni sanvedanaaon ke nikat paate hain [114] jigna Desai ka maanana hai ki 21vi shataabdi tak bhaarateeya cinema seemaaheen ho gaya tha aur un sab jagahon tak fail gaya tha jahaaain pravaasi bhaarateeya saarthak sankhya mein rahate hain aur anya antaraashtreeya cinema ka vikalp ban raha tha.[133]

haal hi mein bhaarateeya cinema ka prabhaav pashchimi sangeetamaya filmo par bhi pad raha hai aur isne is shaili ke punaruddhaar mein mahattvapoorn sahaayata curry hai baaj luharamanan ne kaha hai ki unki safal sangeetamaya film maulin rooj! (2001) Bollywood sangeetamaya filmo se seedhi prabhaavit thi. [134] maulin rooj ki vyaavaasayik aur sameekshak safalta se maranaasann pashchimi sangeetamaya film shaili mein nayi dilchaspi paida ki aur iska navajaagaran hua. [135] daini bauyal'ki academy award vijeta film slamadaug miliyneyar (2008) bhi bhaarateeya filmon se seedhi prabhaavit thi [97][136] aur hindi vyaavasaayik cinema ko ek shraddhaanjali bhi maani jaati hai. [137] kuchh bhaarateeya filmakaar vidhu vinod Chopra, jaahnoo baruaa, sudheer mishra aur pan nalin bhi global darshakon tak pahunch banaane ki koshish kar rahe hain [.[138]

bhaarateeya cinema ko amareekan academy award mein bhi pehchaan mili hai . teen bhaarateeya filme madar India (1957), salaam Bombay! (1988), and lagaan (2001) sarvashreshth videshi bhaasha film ke academy award ke liye naamaankit hui hain. academy award jeetne vaale bhaarateeya hain bhaanu athaiya (pashak dijaainar), satyajit rai (filmakaar), A. aar. Rahman (sangeetakaar), resul pookutti (dhvani sampaadak) and gulajaar (geetkaar).[139]

prerana aur prabhaav

Victoria pablik hall, Bhaarat ki mahaaraani Victoria ke naam par chennai mein ek aitihaasik imaarat hai. 19vi shataabdi ke ant aur 20vi shataabdi ki shuruaat mein iska ek theatre ke roop mein istemaal hota tha
prasaad aaimaiks theatre Hyderabad, vishv ka sabse bada 3D aaimaiks screen hai aur sabse zyaada darshakon wala screen bhi hai. [140][141][142]
raamoji film city Hyderabad gines world record mein vishv ke sabse bade film studio ke roop mein pramaanit hai.[143]
PVR cinemas Bhaarat ki sabse badi cinema shrrunkhalaaon mein se ek hai

bhaarateeya lokapriya cinema ki paramparaaeain 6 pramukh prabhaavon se bani hai. pehla; praacheen bhaarateeya mahaakaavyon mahaabhaarat aur raamaayan ne bhaarateeya cinema ke vichaar aur kalpana par gahra prabhaav chhoda hai visheshakar kathaanak par. is prabhaav ke udahaaran hai saath ki kahaani, peechhe ki kahaani aur kahaani ke andar kahaani ki takaneek. lokapriya bhaarateeya filmon ke plaat mein aksar kahaani up kathaaon mein fail jaati hai, ye kathaanak ka prasaar 1993 ki film 'khalanaayak aur gardish mein dekha ja sakta hai.

doosra : praacheen sanskrut naatak, apni shaileebaddh svarup aur pradarshan par mahatva ke saath sangeet, nrutya aur bhaav bhangima milkar " jeevant kalaatmak ikaai ka nirmaan karte hain jahaaain nrutya aur anukaran/svaang naatakeeya anubhav ka kendra hain" . sanskrut naatak naatya ke naam se bhi jaane jaate hain. naatya shabd ki utpatti "nrut" (naach) shabd mool se hui hai jisse sanskrut naatak ke bhavya nrutya naatak charitra ka pata chalta hai jis parampara ka paalan aaj bhi hindi cinema mein ho raha hai [144] abhinay ki raas vidhi jiski utpatti praacheen sanskrut naatak ke kaal mein hui thi, ek mool gun hai jo jo bhaareetaya cinema ko pashchimi cinema se bhinn karta hai. raas vidhi mein abhineta samaanubhootik " ke bhaav dikhaata hai jise darshak mahasoos karta hai pashchimi staanislaavaski paddhati ke vipreet jahaaain abhineta ko apne charitra ka "jeeta jaagata avataar" banana chaahiye. " abhinay ki raas paddhati lokapriya hindi film abhineta jaise Amitabh Bachchan aur shaaharukh Khan aur desh bhar mein priya film jaise rang de basanti (2006),[145] aur antaraashtreeya star par saraahi gayi satyajit re ke filmo bhi dikhta hai. [146]

teesara: paaramparik lok bhaarateeya theatre, jo 10 vi shataabdi mein sanskrut naatak ke patan ke baad lokapriya hua. in kshetreeya prathaaon mein Bengal ki jaatra, uttar pradesh ki Ram leela, karnaatak ka yakshagaan, Andhra pradesh ka chindu naatakam, aur Tamil Nadu ka terukkutoo hai.

chautha: paarasi theatre, jismein yathaarthavaad aur fantaasi, sangeet aur naach , kathaanak aur pradarshan, jameeni samvaad aur stage pradarshan ki patuta, aur in sab ko ek mein piro kar atinaatak ke naatakeeya sambhaashan mein prastut kiya jaata hai. paarasi naatakon mein bhonda haasya, madhur gaane aur sangeet , sanasaneekhej aur chakaachaundh stage kala hoti hai. "[144] ye saare prabhaav masaala filmo mein spasht dikhte hai jo Manmohan Desai jaise filmkaaron ne (1983)1970 aur 1980 mein lokapriya banaaya. iska udahaaran hain kuli aur haal hi mein sameekshakon dvaara prashansit rang de basanti .[145]

paaainchava: 1920s se 1950s ka Hollywood jab vahaan par sangeetamaya film lokapriya thi, haalaaainki bhaarateeya filmakaar apne Hollywood samakaksh se kai tareekon se alag the. udahaaran ke liye Hollywood ki sangeetamaya film ka plaat adhiktar manoranjan ki duniya mein hi hota tha jabki bhaarateeya filmakaar lokapriya filmo mein fantaasi ke tatvon ko badhaate hue geet-sangeet aur nrutya ko kai paristhitiyoain mein abhivyakti ka ek praakrutik maadhyam ki tarah istemaal karte the. geet aur nrutya ke saath mithko, itihaas, pari katha ityaadi ka katha vachan ek bhaarateeya pratha hai. iske atirikt "jahaaain Hollywood ke filmakaar apni filmo ko nirmit svarup ko chhipaane ki koshish karte hain taaki yathaarthavaadi kathaanak poori tarah se pradhaan rahe, bhaarateeya filmakaar is tathya ko chhupaane ki koshish naheen karte ki screen par dikhaaya gaya drushya ek kruti, ek maaya, ek kalpana hai. lekin unhon apni is kruti ki logon ki rojaana ki jindagi ke saath rochak aur jatil tareekon se milaaya. "[147] ek aur prabhaav pashchimi myoojik video hain jinka 1990 ke baad se kaafi prabhaav pada hai jise nrutya kram, camera engal, gati aur sangeet meme bhi dekha ja sakta hai. iska ek sheegra udahaaran hai mani ratnam ki 'Bombay (1995).[148]

lokapriya bhaarateeya cinema ki tarah bhaarateeya samaantar cinema par bhi bhaarateeya theatre (mukhyat: sanskrut naatak) aur bhaarateeya saahitya (mukhyat: bangaali saahitya) ka prabhaav pada hai lekin antarraashtreeya prerana ke roop mein us par yooropiyn cinema khaas taur par itaaliyn navayathaartavaad aur French kaavyaatmak yathaartavaad) ka Hollywood ke mukaabale zyaada asar pada hai. satyajit re ne itaaliyn filmakaar vittorio de seeka' ki baaisikl theevs (1948) aur French filmakaar John renaur'ki the rivr (1951), ko apni pehli film paather paanchaali (1955) ki prerana bataaya hai. re ne apne aap ko yooropiyn cinema aur bangaali saahitya ke alaava bhaarateeya theatre ki parampara khaas taur par shaastreeya sanskrut naatak ki raas paddhati ka bhi karjdaar maana hai. raas mein paatr na sirf bhaavana mahasoos karte hain balki use ek kalaatmak roop mein darshako ko bhi darshaate hain aur yahi dohara chitran apu trayi mein dikhta hai. .[146] biml Roy ki do beegha jameen (1953) bhi de seeka ki baaisikl theevs se prerit thi aur isne bhaarateeya nayi lahar ka maarg prashast kiya jo French nayi lahar aur Japani nayi lahar ka samakaaleen tha. [64]

bahubhaashi

1930 ke dashak ki kuchh bhaarateeya filme "bahubhaashi" (multilingual) ke roop mein jaani jaati hai. in filmo ko milti julati lekin asamaan roopaantar mein vibhinn bhaashaaoain mein shoot kiya gaya tha. ' inasaaiklopeediya of Indian cinema (1994) mein raajadhakshya aur vilemen ke anusaar, ek bahubhaashi film apne sateek roop mein

ek bahubhaashi ya tribhaashi [film] ek prakaar ki film hai jo 1930s mein studio yug mein bani thi, jisme alag bhaashaaoain mein har drushya ke alag lekin samaan shot liye jaate the jisme abhineta alag hote the lekin takaniki karmi aur sangeet ek hote the. [149]:15

raajadhakshya aur vilemen ke anusaar apne inasaaiklopeediya ke shodh ke dauraan unhein bahubhaashi , dab filmo , reemek ityaadi ke beech mein bhed karne mein kaafi kathinaai hui. kuchh maamalo mein vahi film alag sheershak ke saath bhinn film ke roop mein doosari bhaasha mein soocheebaddh ki gayi hain. kai varshon ke vidvattaapoorn kaarya ke baad hi ismein nirnaayak vivran nikaala ja sakta hai. "[149]:15

kshetreeya cinema

Table: bhaasha anusaar vargeekaran
keindreeya film pramaanan board dvaara 2012 ki bhaarateeya feature filmon ka bhaasha anusaar vargeekaran.[150]
bhaasha filmon ki sankhya
tamil 262
telugu 256
hindi 221
malayalam 185
kannad 128
maraathi 123
bangaali 123
Bhojpuri 87
gujaraati 72
udiya 30
punjabi 26
chhatteesagadhi 20
asamiya 11
angreji 10
raajasthaani 8
hariyaanvi 6
braj bhaasha[151] 5
konkani 4
tulu 4 sherudukapen 1
anya 1
kul 1585

asamiya cinema

mukhya lekh : asamiya cinema
pehli asamiya film – joyamati 1935 mein bani thi

asamiya film udyog ki utpatti kraantikaari kalpanaakar rupakonvar jyotiprasaad Agrawal ke kaaryon mein hai, jo ek kavi, naatak lekhak, sangeetakaar aur svatantrata senaani bhi the. unka chitrakala mooveeton ke banner mein 1935 mein bani pehli asamiya film joyamati ke nirmaan mein mahatvapoorn yogadaan tha. [152] prashikshit takaneeshiynon ke kami ke kaaran jyotiprasaad ko apni film banaate hue nirmaata aur nirdeshak ke alaava patakatha lekhak, nrutya nirdeshak, sangeetakaar, geetkaar, sampaadak aadi kai atirikt jimmedaariyaan bhi nibhaani padi. 60,000 rupae ke bajat mein bani yeh film 10 March 1935 ko release hui aur box office par asafal rahi . kai anya shuruaati bhaarateeya filmo ki tarah joyamati ke bhi negetiv aur poore print gaayab hai. altaaf majeed ne niji taur bache hue print ka naveeneekaran aur upasheershak kiya hai. [3] joyamati mein hue nuksaan ke baavajood doosari asamiya film indramaalati ko 1937 se 1938 filmaaya gaya aur 1939 mein release kiya gaya . 21vi shataabdi ki shuruaat mein Bollywood- shaili mein asamiya filmo ka nirmaan hone laga. [153]

bangaali cinema

dena pauna, 1931 – doosari bangaali bolti film ka ek drushya
mukhya lekh : bangaali cinema

toleeganj pashchim Bengal mein sthit bangaali sinemaai parampara prasiddh filmakaar jaise satyajit re, ritvik ghatak aur mrunaal sen ko apne sabse prashansit sadasyon ke roop mein ginti hai. [154] haal ki filme jinhonne raashtreeya dhyaan aakarshit kiya hai vo hain rituparno ghosh' ki chokher baali abhineet Aishwarya rai, kaushik Ganguly ki shabdo aadi .[155] bangaali cinema mein vijnyaaanan kalp aur saamaajik vishyon par bhi filme bani hai [156] 2010 ke dashak mein bangaali 50 - 70 filme saalaana bana raha hai. [157]

Bengal mein cinema ka itihaas 1890 mein shuroo hota hai jab pehle "bauyoskop" Kolkata ke theatre mein dikhaae gaye. das varshon ke bheetar hi heeraalaal sen viktoriyn yug cinema ke aguaa ne royal bauyoskop company ki sthaapana kar bangaali film udyog ke beej boe. royal bauyoskop star theatre (Calcutta), minrva theatre (Calcutta ), classic theatre ityaadi ke lokapriya naatako ke stage nirmaan ke scene dikhaata tha. sen ke kaaryon ke kaafi saal baad 1918 mein dheerendr naath Ganguly ne indo british film company pehli bangaali svaamitv waali nirmaan company ki sthaapana ki. lekin pehli bangaali feature film bilvamangal madan theatre ke banner tale 1919 mein nirmit hui. bilt ferat 1921 mein indo british ka pehla nirmaan tha. madan theatre ki jamaai shashthi pehli bangaali bolti film thi. [158]

1932 mein bangaali cinema . tauleevud naam bangaali film udyog ke liye istemaal hua chooainki tauleegainj film udyog ka kendra tha aur ye Hollywood ke saath mel khaata tha. baad mein ye Bollywood aur aise hi aur Hollywood prerit naam ki bhi prerana bana jab Mumbai (ab Mumbai) tauleegainj ko peechhe chhodkar bhaarateeya film udyog ka kendra ban gaya. [159] 1950s mein saamaanaantar film aandolan bangaali film udyog mein shuroo hua. tab se kai yugon ka itihaas likha ja chuka hai jisme re, ghatak aadi filmakaar aur uttam Kumar aur saumitr chatarji aadi abhinetaaon ne apni jagah banaayeen.

braj bhaasha cinema

mukhya lekh : brajavud

braj bhaasha filme braj sanskruti ko braj pradesh mein pradarshit karti hain. braj bhaasha ganga jamuna doaab ke keindreeya anchal ( pashchimi uttar pradesh ke jile Mathura, Agra, aleegadh aur haatharas aadi aur Rajasthan ke bharatapur, dhaulapur ) mein boli jaati hai. braj bhoomi (1982) braj bhaasha ki pehli feature film thi [160] iska nirmaan nirmaata, nirdeshak, abhineta Shiv Kumar ne kiya tha [161] iske uparaant jamuna kinaare, brij ke birjoo, bhakt sooradaas, jeesas .[162][163] Krishna tere desh mein, kaanha ki brajabhoomi,[164]braj ki raadha dvaaraka ke shyaam[165]baavare nain.,[166]aadi filmon ka nirmaan hua.brujabhaasha chitrapat ka shubhaaranbh hindi filmon ke vikhyaat abhineta shri shivkumaar ji ne brujabhaasha ka pehla chalachitr brajabhoomi banaakar kiya tha parantu brujabhaasha film udyog ka koi nirdhaarit naam na tha.aleegadh nivaasi jais chauhaan ne brajabhaasha filmodyog ko brajavud naam diya. [167][168]

Bhojpuri cinema

mukhya lekh : Bhojpuri cinema


Bhojpuri bhaasha ke filmein mukhyat: pashchimi Bihar aur poorvi uttar pradesh ke nivaasiyon ka manjoranjan karti hain . Bhojpuri bolne kshetro se pravaas ke kaaran in filmo ka ek bada darshak varg Delhi aur Mumbai jaise mahaanagaron mein bhi paaya jaata hai. Bhaarat ke alaava anya desh jahaaain Bhojpuri bhaasha bolne vaale darshak hai jaise dakshin Africa, vest Indies, oshaaniya aur dakshin amareeka mein bhi in filmon ka baajaar paaya jaata hai. [169] Bhojpuri filmon ka itihaas 1962 mein kundan Kumar dvaara nirdeshit safal film ganga maiyya tohe piyri chadhibo ("ganga maaain, main tumhein peeli saadi chadhaaoonga"), se shuroo maana jaata hai. [170] iske baad kai dashakon tak Bhojpuri filmon ka nirmaan yada kada hi hua. haalaaainki S N tripaathi nirdeshit bidesiya ("videshi") (1963) aur kundan Kumar dvaara nirdeshit ganga(Bhojpuri film) (1965) jaisi filme lokapriya bhi hui aur unhonne munaafa bhi kamaaya lekin 1960 se 1990 ke dashak tak Bhojpuri filmon ka nirmaan saamaanyat: naheen hota tha.

mohan prasaad nirdeshit super hit film saiyyaaain hamaar (2001) ne Bhojpuri film udyog ko punarjeevit kiya aur is film ke hero ravi kishn ko Bhojpuri filmo ka pehla super star banaaya. [171] is film ki safalta ke baad kai aur safal Bhojpuri filmon ka nirmaan hua jaise mohan prasaad nirdeshit panditji bataai na biyaah kab hoi (2005) aur sasura bada paisa wala (2005) . Bhojpuri film udyog ki safalta ke pramaan ke roop mein in filmon ne uttar pradesh aur Bihar mein in filmon ne apne pradarshan ke samay Bollywood ki mukhyadhaara filmo se behtar vyavasaaya kiya aur kam bajat mein bani donon hi filmon ne apni laagat se das guna zyaada munaafa kamaaya. [172] haalaaainki Bhojpuri cinema anya bhaarateeya cinema udyog ke mukaabale chhota aakaar ka hai, Bhojpuri filmo ki sheegra safalta se Bhojpuri cinema ko bahut prasaar mila hai. ab Bhojpuri film udyog ka ek film puruskaar samaaroh hai [173] aur ek film vyaapaar patrika Bhojpuri city bhi hai [174]

chhatteesagadhi cinema

chhauleevud ka janm 1965 mein manu naayak nirmit aur nirdeshit pehli chhatteesagadhi film " kahi debe sandesh " ke pradarshan ke saath hua [175] is film ki kahaani antarajaati prem par aadhaarit thi. kaha jaata hai ki bhootapoorv bhaarateeya pradhaanamantri indira Gandhi ne is film ko dekha tha.[krupaya uddharan jodein] [176] . is film ke do gaane lokapriya gaayak mohammad rafi ne gaaye the . iske baad 1971 mein niranjan tivaari nirdeshit aur vijay Kumar paandeya dvaara nirmit ghar dwaar ka nirmaan hua. . lekin donon filmo ne box office par achha pradarshan naheen kiya aur apne nirmaataaon ko niraash kiya. jiski vajah se agale 30 tak kisi chhatteesagadhi film ka nirmaan naheen hua. [177]

gujaraati cinema

mukhya lekh : gujaraati cinema

Gujarat ke film udyog ki shuruaat 1932 mein hui . us samay se gujaraati cinema ne bhaarateeya cinema mein mahattvapoorn yogadaan diya hai. anya kshetreeya bhaasha ke cinema ke mukaabale gujaraati cinema ne kaafi lokapriyta haasil curry hai. gujaraati cinema ki kahaaniyaaain puraano, itihaas, samaaj aur raajaneeti par aadhaarit hoti hain. apne udbhav se hi gujarati filmkaaron ne bhaarateeya samaaj ke muddon aur kahaaniyon ke saath prayog kiye hain. Gujarat ne apne abhinetaaon ke roop mein Bollywood ko bhi yogadaan diya hai. gujaraati film udyog mein nimn kalaakaaron ka kaam bhi shaamil hai sanjeev Kumar, raajeindr Kumar, bindu, aasha paarekh, kiran Kumar, aravind trivedi, aruna Irani, mallika saaraabhaai, naresh kanodiaa, mahesh kanodiaa aur asaraani.

gujaraati filmo ki script aur kahaaniyaaain aatanrik roop se maanaveeya hoti hai. ye rishton aur paaravaarik vishyon ke saath maanaveeya aakaaainkshaaon ko bhaarateeya parivaaron ke sandarbh mein dekhti hai. pehli gujaraati film, naanubhaai vakeel dvaara nirdeshit narasinh Mehta, 1932 mein release hui thi. is film ke abhineta mohan laala, maaruti Rao, master manahar aur miss mehataab the. sant narasinh Mehta, ke jeevan par aadhaarit ye film "sant filmo" ki shreni mein gini jaati hai. lekin sant filmo ke vipreet is film mein koi bhi chamatkaar naheen darshaaye gaye the. 1935 mein ek aur saamaajik film, homi master dvaara nirdeshit, ghar jamaai release hui. is film mein heera , jamana, baby noorajahaan, amoo, alimiya, jamashedaji aur gulaam rasool ne abhinay kiya tha. is film mein apne sasuraal mein rah rahe daamaad (ghar jamaai) aur usaki harkaton aur uske mahilaaon ki svatantrata ke baare mein samasyaatmak rukh ko darshaaya gaya tha. yeh ek Comedy film thi jise kaafi safalta mili.

gujaraati cinema mein aage bhi isi prakaar kai aur mahattvapoorn saamaajik, raajaneetik aur dhaarmik vishyo par filmon ka nirmaan hua. 1948, 1950, 1968 aur 1971 mein gujaraati cinema ke kuchh nae aayaam sthaapit hue. chaturbhuj doshi nirdeshit kariyaavar, raamachandr thaakur ki vadilona vaank, ratibhaai poonatar ki gadaano bail aur vallabh chokasi ki leeludi dharati ne gujaraati cinema mein kaafi safal rahi. varttamaan mein gujaraati filme aadhunikta ki samasyaaon ke prasang par charcha karti hai. gadaano bail jaisi filmo mein yathaarthavaad aur badlaav ki jhalak dekhi ja sakti hai.

hindi cinema

mukhya lekh : Bollywood

Mumbai mein keindrit hindi bhaasha film udyog jise [178] Bollywood ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai, bhaarateeya cinema ko niyantrit karti hai aur usaki sabse badi aur shaktishaali shaakha hai. [179]

hindi cinema ne apne shuruaati daur mein achhoot kanya (1936) and sujaata (1959) aadi filmon ke maadhyam se jaati aur sanskruti ki samasyaaon ka vishelashan kiya .[180] hindi cinema ko antarraashtreeya khyaati chetan aanand ki neecha nagar, raaj Kapoor ' ki aavaara(film). aavaara aur shakti saamant ki aaraadhana aadi filmon se mili.[181]

1990 ke dashak mein bhaarateeya arthavyavastha udaareekaran ke baad jab satat roop se viksit hui to hindi cinema udyog bhi ek vyavasaaya ke roop mein 15% ki varshik dar se badha [20] filmo ke bajat bade hue aur star abhinetaaon ki aamdani bhi kaafi badhi. kai abhineta saath saath 3–4 filmon mein kaam karne lage [182] vaanijyik sansthaan jaise bhaarateeya audyogik vikaas bank I di bi I hindi filmon mein pooainji lagaane lage. [182] 21vi sadi ke pehle dashak mein film udyog ne aur adhik kaurporet svaroop liya jahaaain film studio companiyon ki tarah kaarya kar rahe hain, filmon ki maarketing ho rahi hai, aay aur uske srot badhne ki koshish ho rahi hai aur jauint veinchar bhi ho rahe hai.

hindi filmon ke darshak filmon ke saath cinema haal mein taali, seeti bajaane, gaana gaane dialogue bolne aadi dvaara apni bhaageedaari ke liye jaane jaate hain[183]

kannad cinema

mukhya lekh : kannad cinema

kannad film udyog (sandalavud) bangaluru mein keindrit hai aur Karnataka raajya ki manoranjan aavashyakataaen poori karta hai. Rajkumar kannad cinema ke prakhyaat mahaanaayak hai. apne filmi career mein unhonne bahumukhi kirdaar nibhaae aur saikadon gaane gaaye. anya mashahoor kannad aur tulu abhineta hai vishnuvardhan, ambareesh, Ravichandran, Girish karnaad, prakaash raaj, shankar naag, ananth naag, upendr, darshan, sudeep, ganesh|, shivraaj Kumar(abhineta), puneet Rajkumar, kalpana, bhaarathi, jayanthi, pandari baai, taara, umaashri aur ramya.

kannad cinema ke film nirdeshak jaise Girish kasaraavalli, pi. sheshaadri raashtreeya khyaati praapt ki hai. puttanna kanagal, ji. vi. ayyar , Girish karnaad, ti. S. naagabhaarana, kesari haravoo, upendr, yogaraaj bhatt, aur soori anya mashahoor kannad nirdeshak hai. ji.ke. veinkatesh, vijay bhaaskar, raajan naagendr, hansalekha, gurukirn, anoop selin aur vi. harikrushn mashahoor kannad sangeet nirdeshak hai .

kannad cinema ne bhi bangaali aur malayalam filmon ke saath bhaarateeya saamaanaantar cinema ke yug mein yogadaan kiya hai. is shreni ki kuchh prabhaavashaali filmein hai sanskaara (you. aar. anantamoorti ke upanyaas par aadhaarit), bi. vi. karanth ki chomaana doodi , taabarana kathe, vansaavruksha, kadu kudure, hansageethe, bhootayyana maga ayyu, ekseedeint, maanasa sarovar, ghataashraddha, mane, kraurya, thai saaheba, dveepa, munnudi, atithi, beru, thutturi, vimukthi, bettada jeeva aur Bhaarat stores.

konkani cinema

mukhya lekh : konkani cinema

konkani bhaasha ki filmo ka nirmaan mukhyata Goa mein hota hai. 2009 mein 4 filmon ke nirmaan ke saath ye Bhaarat ke sabse chhote film udyogon mein se ek hai. [184]

konkani bhaasha mukhyat Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka aur seemit maatra mein Kerala mein boli jaati hai. pehli poorn avadhi ki konkani feature film mogacho anvaddo nirmaata nirdeshak jeri bragaanja ke etika pictures banner tale 24 April 1950 ko release hui thi [185][186] isi liye 24 April ko konkani film diwas ke roop mein manaaya jaata hai. [187] kajr (hindi: shaadi ) 2009 mein bani richrd kaastelino dvaara nirdeshit aur Frank farnaindej dvaara nirmit konkani film hai. kaasaragod chinna ki 'ujavaadu ' puraane vishyon par naya prakaash daalati hai. mog aani maipas ek mangalori konkani film hai.

malayalam cinema

mukhya lekh : malayalam cinema

malayalam film udyog jise mauleevud, ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai Kerala mein sthit hai. yeh Bhaarat ka chautha sabse bada film udyog hai. malayalam film udyog ko saamaanaantar cinema aur mukhyadhaara cinema ke beech ki doori ko paatane waali saamaajik vishyon par vichaaro ko prerit karne waali takaniki roop se uttam kaam bajat ki filmon ke liye jaana jaata hai. adoor gopaalakrushnan, ji aravindan, shaaji N karun, ke. ji. George, padmaraajan, sathyan anthikd, ti. vi. chandran aur bhaaratan malayalam cinema ke naamacheen filmkaar hai.

J. si. dainiyl dvaara nirmit va nirdeshit vigtakumaaran, 1928 mein release hui mook film se malayalam film udyog ki shuruaat hui. [188] 1938 mein release hui Balan, pehli malayalam "taukeej " ya bolti film thi. [189][190] 1947 tak jab pehle malayalam film studio, udaya studio ki Kerala mein shuruaat hui, malayalam filmein ka nirmaan tamil nirmaataaon dvaara hota tha. [191] 1954 mein neelakakuyil film be raashtrapati ka rajat medal jeet kar raashtreeya dhyaan aakarshit kiya. mashahoor malayalam upanyaasakaar uroob dvaara likhit aur pi. bhaaskaran evam raamoo kariat dvaara nirdeshit is film ko pehli praamaanik malayalam maana jaata hai. [192] 1955 mein chhaatron ke samooh dvaara nirmit nyoojpepar bauya (akhbaar wala ladka)pehli nav yathaarthavaadi malayalam film thi. [193] thakaaji sivsankara pillai ki kahaani par aadhaarit raamoo kariat dvaara nirdeshit chemmeen (1965), bahut lokapriya hui aur sarvottam feature film ka raashtreeya puruskaar paane vaaleen dakshin Bhaarat ki pehli film thi. [194]

mohanalaal, mamooti, suresh gopi, jayaraam, murali, thilkan, shreenivaasan aur nedumudi venu jaise abhinetaaon aur I. vi. sasi, bhaaratan, padmaraajan, ke. ji. George, sathyan anthikd, priydarshan, ai. ke. lohitaadaas, Siddiqui-laal , aur ti . ke . Rajiv Kumar jaise filmkaaron ke udaya ke saath 1980s se 1990s tak ka samay 'malayalam cinema ka svarn yug ' maana jaata hai. [195]

maraathi cinema

mukhya lekh : maraathi cinema

maraathi film udyog maraathi bhaasha mein filmo ka nirmaan karta hai jinka pramukh baajaar Maharashtra raajya hai. maraathi cinema bhaarateeya film jagat ke sabse puraane film udyogon mein se ek hai. vaastav mein bhaarateeya cinema ke agr-doot daada saaheb faalke, jinhonne 1913 mein Bhaarat mein chal chitr kraanti ki shuruaat ki apni svadeshi nirmit mook film raaja harishchandr se ki , use Bhaarat ke antarraashtreeya film samaaroh (I ऍf ऍf I) aur anya sansthaaon dvaara maraathi cinema ka ang maana jaata hai kyon ki usaka nirmaan ek maraathi karmeedal dvaara hua tha.

pehli maraathi bolti (taukeej) film ayodhyecha raaja (prabhaat films dvaara nirmit) 1932 mein release hui, "aalam aara" pehli hindi bolti (taukeej) film ke sirf ek saal baad. haal ke varshon mein "shvaas" (2004) aur "harishchandraachi factory" (2009), jaisi filmo ke nirmaan se maraathi cinema ka vikaas hua hai. ye donon filme oscar puruskaar ke liye Bhaarat ki aadhikaarik pravishti ke roop mein bheji gayi. aaj maraathi cinema Mumbai mein sthit hai par ateet mein iska vikaas kolhaapur aur Pune mein hua.

maraathi bhaasha ki kuchh ullekhaneeya film hai 'saangate eka ','ek gaaon bada bhangadi, vi. shaantaaraam ki 'pinjara' ,'sinhaasan', 'pathalaug' 'jait re jait' 'saamana', 'sant vahate krushnami ','sant tukaaraam', aur prahlaad keshav atre ke saane gurooji ke upanyaas par aadhaarit 'shyaamachi I' .

maraathi cinema ke kai kalaakaaron ne hindi cinema ' Bollywood' mein bhi kaiaafi yogadaan kiya hai. iname se kuchh prasiddh kalaakaar hai nootan, tanooja, vi. shaantaaraam, shreeraam laagoo, ramesh Dave, seema Dave, naana paatekar, smita Patil, maadhuri Dixit, sonaali Bendre, urmila maantodakar, reema laagoo, lalita Pawar, nanda, padmini kolhaapure, sadaashiv amaraapurakar,vikram gokhale, sachin khedekar, amol paalekar, sachin pilgaaonkar, sonaali Kulkarni, makarand deshapaande, ritesh Deshmukh, durga khote aur anya.

udiya cinema

mukhya lekh : udiya cinema

bhubaneshvar aur Cuttack sthit udiya film udyog, oleevud udiya bhaasha mein filmo ka nirmaan karta hai. pehli udiya bolti (taukeej) film seeta bibaah ka nirmaan 1936 mein sundar deb Goswami ne kiya tha. gaapa hele be saata ( kahaani hai par sach hai) pehli rangeen udiya film thi. iska nirmaan nagen re ne kiya tha aur iske chalachitrakaar Pune ke film instityoot mein prashikshit surendr saahoo the. 1984 udiya cinema ka svarnim varsha tha jab do udiya filme ' maaya mruga ' aur ' dhaare aluaa' ko bhaarateeya chitramaala (painaaroma) mein pradarshit kiya gaya. neerad mohapaatra ki maaya mruga ko kaanns film samaaroh mein kritik (aalochak) saptaah ke liye nimantran mila aur isne mainnaheim mein sarvashreshth teesari duniya film ka puruskaar tatha havaai mein joori puruskaar mila. ise London film samaaroh mein pradarshit bhi kiya gaya.

punjabi cinema

mukhya lekh : punjabi cinema

ke. di. Mehra ne pehli punjabi film sheela (pind di kudi ke naam se bhi jaani jaati hai) ka nirmaan kiya . lokapriya abhinetri baby noor jahaaain ko isi film mein abhinetri aur gaayika ke roop mein pehli baar dekha gaya. sheela ka nirmaan Calcutta (ab Kolkata) mein hua aur ise Punjab ki tatkaaleen rajdhani Lahore mein release kiya gaya . ye film poore raajya mein bahut safalataapoorvak chali aur hit ghoshit hui. punjabi bhaasha ki is pehli film ki safalta ki vajah se kai aur filmkaar punjabi bhaasha mein filme banaane lage . varsh 2009 tak punjabi cinema mein 900 se 1,000 filmo ka nirmaan ho chuka tha . haalaaainki 1970 ke dashak mein 9 filmo ki release se girte hue 1997 mein sirf 5 punjabi filme hi release hui . lekin 2000s ne punjabi cinema mein punarjeevan ka sanchaar hua. ab har saal zyaada filme release ho rahi hai jinke bajat bhi badhe hain aur sthaaneeya film abhinetaaon ke saath bauleevood ke punjabi kalaakaar bhi in filmo mein abhinay kar rahe hai . [196] 2013 mein pehli punjabi 3D film pehchaan 3D release hui .

sindhi cinema

mukhya lekh : sindhi cinema

sindhi cinema, Bhaarat mein kisi raajya ya kshetr ka pratinidhi na hone ke kaaran apne astitv ke liye sangharsh kar raha hai. iske baavajood samay samay par sindhi filmo ka nirmaan hota rahata hai. 1958 mein nirmit abaana pehli sindhi film thi aur ise safalta bhi mili. vigat kuchh samay mein sindhi cinema ne bauleevood shaili mein filmo ka nirmaan hua hai jaise hal ta bhaaji haloon, parevaari, dil deeje dil varan khe, ho jamaalo, pyaar kare dis: feel the power of love and the avekaning. Pakistani cinema aur Bollywood mein sindhi samudaaya ke kai vyaktitv hai jaise ji pi sippi, ramesh sippi, raamase bandhoo , govind nihlaani, sangeeta bijlaani, babita, saadhana, asaraani, aafataab shivdaasaani,vashu bhaganaani, Rajkumar hiraani, dileep taahil, vishaal dadalaani, ranaveer Singh, hansika motavaani, nikhil adavaani, ritesh sidhvaani, preeti jhangiaani aadi .

sherudukapen cinema

nirdeshak songe doraji thondok sherudukapen mein pehli bhaarateeya film kraasing brijs 2014 me banaayeen . . sherudukapen bhaasha Bhaarat ke poorvottar raajya arunaachal pradesh mein boli jaati hai . doraji sherudukapen mein aur bhi filme banein chaahate hai taaki bhaarateeya cinema mein ek aur kshetreeya bhaasha ki badhotri ho . [197]

tamil cinema

mukhya lekh : kauleevud
kaaleedaas (1931), tamil cinema ki pehli taukeej (bolti film )

chennai (poorv mein Madras) ek samay mein poore dakshin bhaarateeya filme ka mool sthaan tha aur vartamaan mein bhi dakshin Bhaarat ka sabse bada film nirmaan kendra hai . [198]

H. M. Reddy ne pehli dakshin bhaarateeya taukeej kaalidaas ko nirdeshit kiya jisko tamil aur telugu donon bhaashaaoain mein shoot kiya gaya tha . shivaaji Ganeshan antarraashtreeya puruskaar paane vaale Bhaarat ke pehle kalaakaar bane jab unhein 1960 ke efro Asiaee film samaaroh mein sarvashreshth abhineta chuna gaya. unhein fraans sarkaar dvaara leejan of onar puruskaar mein shevaliyer ki upaadhi French Government 1995 mein pradaan ki gayi . [82] tamil cinema Dravid raajaneeiti dvaara prabhaavit hota hai [83] . ke. bi. sundarambal raajya vidhaanasabha ke liye chuni gayi Bhaarat ki pehli film vyaktitv thi. [199] bharatiya film udyog mein ek lakh rupae vetan paane waali vah pehli mahila thi . prasiddh film vyaktitv jaise si N annaaduraai , M ji Ramchandran, M Karunanidhi aur jayalalita Tamil Nadu ke mukhyamantri bane . [84] tamil filme Asia, dakshin Africa, uttar America, Europe aur oshaaniya mein vitrit hoti hain. [200] kauleevud ke prabhaav se Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore aur Canada mein tamil filmon ka nirmaan hua hai.

prasiddh tamil film abhineta Rajnikant ko "superstar" bola jaata hai aur vo lambe samay se dakshin Bhaarat ke lokapriya abhineta bane hue hain [201] unka filmi parade par rang dhang aur samvaad bolne ki shaili (daayalaag delivery) janta mein unki vyaapak lokapriyta aur appeal ka kaaran maane jaate hain. [201] shivaaji (2007) mein apne rol ke liye भारतीय रुपया26 karod (US$3.8 million) kamaane ki baad vah Asia mein jaiki chaan ke baad Jackie Chan]] sarvaadhik kamaane vaale abhineta ban gaye hain . prasiddh abhineta kamal Hassan ne sarvapratham kalaathur kannama film mein abhinay kiya. is film ke liye unhein sarvashreshth baal abhineta ka raashtrapati svarn padak mila . Hassan ne sarvashreshth abhineta ka raashtreeya film puruskaar mamooti aur Amitabh Bachchan ki tarah teen baar praapt kiya hai . 7 pravishtiyon ke saath kamal Hassan ne sarvaadhik [[ videshi bhaasha ki sarvashreshth film ka academy puraskaar ke liye pravishth bhaarateeya filmo . videshi bhaasha ki sarvashreshth film ka academy puraskaar ke liye bhaarateeya film pravishtiyon ki soochi ]] mein abhinay kiya hai.

tamil cinema mein sangeet aur gaane mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaate hain . sameekshak prashansit tamil film sangeetakaar illiyaaraaja aur A. aar. Rahman ke Bhaarat ke alaava videshon mein bhi prashansak hai .

telugu cinema

mukhya lekh : telugu cinema

Bhaarat ke 10167 film theatre mein se sarvaadhik 2809 theatre Andhra pradesh aur teleingaana raajyon mein hai jahaaain telugu bhaasha mein filmo ka nirmaan hota hai . [202] [203] 2005, 2006 aur 2008 mein telugu cinema ne 268, 245 and 286 filmo ke nirmaan ke saath Bollywood ko peechhe chhodte hue Bhaarat mein sarvaadhik filmo ka nirmaan kiya . [204][205] gines world record ke anusaar vishv ka sabse bada film nirmaan sthal raamoji filmasiti Hyderabad, Bhaarat. Hyderabad mein hai . [206] prasaad aaimaiks, Hyderabad vishv ka sabse bada aur sabse zyaada darshakon wala 3D aaimaiks screen hai [140][207] [142]


telugu cinema mein mook filmo ka nirmaan 1921 mein raghupathi Venkaiya Naidu aur aar. S. prakaash ki "bheeshm pratijnyaa" ke saath shuroo hua . [208] [209] 1932 mein pehli telugu taukeej film bhakt prahlaad ka nirmaan H. M. Reddy ne kiya jinhonne pehli dakshin bhaarateeya taukeej film kaalidaas (1931) nirdeshit ki thi .

pehla telugu film studio durga sineton 1936 mein nidaamarathi suraiyya dvaara raajaahamundri, Andhra pradesh mein sthaapit kiya gaya.

vuppalaadiyaam naageyaa: padmashri puruskaar paane vaale dakshin Bhaarat ke pehle bahubhaashi film abhineta , gaayak , sangeet nirdeshak, nirmaata aur abhineta the .[210] vo Bhaarat ke paul muni ke roop mein jaane jaate the . [35][211] S. vi. ranga Rao Bhaarat ke antar raashtreeya puruskaar paane vaale pehle abhinetaaoain mein se ek the. unhein indoneshiyaaaai film samaaroh, Jakarta (1963) mein narthannasaala ke liye purooskrut kiya gaya tha. [212] N. ti. raama Rao jinhe (N. ti. aar) ke naam se jaana jaata hai, raajaneeti mein aane se pehle telugu cinema ke vyaavasaayik roop se safal abhinetaaon mein se ek the . [213]

bi. narasing Rao, ke. N. ti. saastri aur pattaabhiraama Reddy ne samaantar cinema mein apne path pradarshak kaam ke liye antar raashtreeya pehchaan pai hai . [214][215] adurathi subba Rao, ne nirdeshak ke rup mein apne kaarya ke liye kai raashtreeya film puraskaar praapt kiye . [216] purush paarshvagaayak ke roop mein sabse adhik gaana gaane ke liye gines record dhaarak S. pi. baalasubramanyam ne sabse adhik gaane telugu mein gaaye hain . [217][218][219]

S. vi. ranga Rao, N. ti. raama Rao, kaanta Rao, bhaanumathi raamakrushna, saavitri, gummadi aur sobhan babu ko abhinay ke liye raashtrapati medal . [220][221] shaarada, archana, vijaya shaanti, rohini, naagaarjun akkikeni aur pi. L. Narayana ko National Film Award for best performance in acting from this industry. Chiranjeevi, was listed among "The men who changed the face of the Indian Cinema" by IBN-live India.[222][223]

tulu cinema

mukhya lekh : tulu cinema

tulu film udyog vaarshik 2 - 3 filmon ke nirmaan ke saath bhaarateeya cinema ka ek laghu udyog hai . aamtaur par yeh filme tulu bhaashi kshetron . tulu naadu aur deeveedi par release hoti hai . [224] 1971 mein release hui inna thangadi tulu bhaasha ki pehli film thi . sameekshakon dvaara prashansit tulu film sudha ne 2006 ke oshiyaan sarvashreshth bhaarateeya film ka puruskaar jeeta . [225][226][227] 2011 mein release hui H. S. raajashekhar ki oriyaadori asal tulu bhaasha ki sabse safal film hai . [228] kuchh anya tulu film tathya

  • vishnu Kumar ki koti chennaya (1973) pehli aitihaasik tulu film hai
  • aroor bheemaaraav ki kariyaani kattandi kandani (1978) tulu bhaasha mein paheli rangeen film thi
  • bisaati babu (1972) raajya sarkaar dvaara puruskrut pehli tulu film thi
  • richrd kaastelino ki sitmbar 8ki poori shooting sirf 24 ghanto mein mangalaur hui jo ki ek record hai

prakaar aur shaili

masaala film

mukhya lekh : masaala (film shaili)

masaala bhaarateeya filmon ki ek shaili hai jo ki mukhyat: Bollywood, bangaali aur dakshin bhaarateeya cinema mein banti hai . masaala filmon ek hi film mein vibhinn shaili ki filmo ke tatvon ka mishran hota hai. udaaharan ke liye, ek masaala film mein action, Comedy, drama, romance aur melodraama sab ka chitran ho sakta hai. masaala filmein sangeetamaya bhi hoti hai aur iname chitraatmak ya praakrutik jagahon mein filmaae gaye gaane bhi hote hain jo Bollywood ya dakshin bhaarateeya masaala filmon mein bahut saamaanya hai. in filmo ki kahaani nae ya anajaan darshakon ko tarkaheen ya asambahv bhi lag sakti hai. is shaili ka naam bhaarateeya bhojan mein prayog hone vaale masaalon ke naam par rakha gaya hai.

samaanaantar cinema

mukhya lekh : samaanaantar cinema

samaanaantar cinema, jise kala cinema or nayi bhaarateeya lahar ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai , bhaarateeya cinema ka ek vishisht aandolan hai . samaanaantar cinema yathaarthavaad aur prakrutivaad ki apni gambhir saamagri ke saath samakaaleen saamaajik-raajaneetik maahaul par gahari najar ke saath liye jaana jaata hai, . yeh aandolan mukhyadhaara Bollywood cinema se alag hai aur nayi French lahar aur Japani nayi lahar ke aas paas hi shuroo hua. is aandolan ka netrutv shuroo mein bangaali cinema (jisne satyajeet re, mrunaal sen, ritvik ghatak aur doosare kai antararaashtreeya star par prashansit filmkaaron ko janm diya ) ne kiya aur baad mein anya bhaarateeya film udyogon mein prasiddhi praapt ki . is aandolan ki kuchh filmon ne vyavasaayik safalta bhi praapt kar kala aur vyaavasayik cinema ke beech saamanjasya banaaya. is ka shuruaati udahaaran hai biml Roy ki film do beegha jameen (1953), jisne donon vyaavasaayik aur samaalochanaatmak safalta praapt ki tatha 1954 ke kaaains film festival mein antaraashtreeya film ka puruskaar bhi jeeta. is film ki safalta ne nayi bhaarateeya lahar ke liye maarg prashast kiya. [63][64][229]

 navayathaarthavaadi filmkaaron mein pramukh the bangaali filmakaar jaise satyajeet re, ritvik ghatak, mrunaal sen, shyaam benegal, malayaali filmakaar jaise shaaji N. karun , adoor gopaalakrushnan[59] aur kannad Girish kaasaravalli . [230] re ki apu trayi ki film paather paanchaali (1955) , aparaajito (1956) aur apoor sansaar (1959) ne vishv bhar ke pradhaan film samaarohon mein pramukh puruskaar jeete aur bhaarateeya cinema mein 'samaanaantar cinema' aandolan ko sudrudhta se sthaapana ki. inhein vishv ki sarvashreshth filmo mein gina jaata hai. [91][92][231][232]

film nirmaan companiyaan

bhaarateeya film udyog mein 1000 se adhik film nirmaan companiyaan hain, lekin iname se kuchh hi antaraashtreeya baajaar mein safal hone mein kaamayaab rahe hain. in nirmaan gharon (production house) ne bhaarateeya cinema ko videshon mein film release aur videshi darshakon ke liye vitran se antarraashtreeya manch tak pahuainchane mein madad ki hai. bhaarateeya film udyog mein kuchh nirmaan ghar hai yasharaaj films, red chillees entertainment, dharma production, eros international, Balaji motion pikchar aur UTV motion pikchar . [233]

filmi sangeet

inhein bhi dekhein: filmi

sangeet bhaarateeya filmo ka ek abhinn ang hai. ek saamaanya bhaarateeya film mein lagbhag 5-6 geet ho sakte hai jinme se kai sanyojit nrutya bhi sakte hai .[234] bhaarateeya cinema mein sangeet raajasv ka ek pramukh srot hai. film ke sangeet adhikaar akele ek film ke raajasv ka 4-5% bhaag tak ho sakte hain. [182] Bhaarat ki pramukh film sangeet companiyon mein saaregaama (ऎch em vi) , ti series , soni myoojik aur yoonivrsal myoojik aadi hain[182] vyavasayik roop mein film sangeet ki bikri Bhaarat ke poore sangeet ki bikri ka 48% hai. [182]

ek bahusaanskrutik, aur teji se vaishvik (global) bhaarateeya darshakon ki maang ke falasvaroop bhaarateeya film sangeet aksar vibhinn sthaaneeya aur antararaashtreeya sangeet shaileeyon ka mishran karta hai. [234] lekin fir bhi sthaaneeya nrutya aur sangeet samay ki pareeksha mein safal ho kar kaalaateet bana hai aur isi liye ye baar baar bhaarateeya filmon mein istemaal hota hai. isne bhaarateeya pravaasiyon ke saath saath Bhaarat ki seemaaon ke baahar bhi apna raasta bana diya hai. [234] paarshv gaayak mohammad rafi, lata mangeshakar, yesudaas aadi ne raashtreeya aur antararaashtreeya film sangeet stage sho ke saath badi sankhya mein bheed ko aakarshit kiya hai .[234] 20 veen sadi ke ant aur 21 veen ki shuruaat mein bhaarateeya aur pashchimi duniya ke kalaakaaron ke beech vyaapak aadaan pradaan hua. [235] bhaarateeya mool ke kalaakaaron ne apne desh ke logon ko apni viraasat ki paranparaaon se mishrit lokapriya samakaaleen sangeet ko janm diya. [235] Bhaarat ke bheetar bhi gaayakon ki sankhya itni jyaada ho gayi hai ki sangeet premi ek gaayak ko sirf usaki aavaaj ke aadhaar par naheen pehchaan sakte hai. [236] bhaarateeya sangeetakaar ai aar Rahman ne do academy puruskaar, do Grammy puruskaar, ek baafta aur ek golden globe puruskaar ke saath bhaarateeya film sangeet ko vishv mein ek nayi pehchaan di hai. [237]

[238]

Bhaarat mein film sthal

film nirmaan mein, ek film sthaan (lokeshan) vo jagah hai jahaan ek film karmi dal abhinetaaon ko filmaaega aur unke samvaad (daayalaag) ki rikaurding karega. film nirmaata aksar film sthaan par shoot karne ke liye chunate hain, kyonki ve maanate hain ki adhik se adhik yathaarthavaad studio ki jagah ek "vaastavik" jagah mein praapt kiya ja sakta hai, lekin lokeshan shooting aksar film ke bajat par nirbhar hoti hai choonki iski laagat studio shooting se adhik hoti hai .

Bhaarat mein film ki shooting ke liye sabse lokapriya sthaanon mein aam taur par bhaarateeya cinema ke bhaasha kendra hain. udaaharan ke liye. Mumbai (Bombay) Bollywood / hindi aur maraathi cinema ke liye, Kolkata (Calcutta) bangaali cinema ke liye, chennai (Madras) tamil cinema ke liye, Hyderabad telugu cinema ke liye aadi . iske alaava Bhaarat mein kai aur lokeshan hai jinhe bhaarateeya filmakaar apni filmon mein istemaal karte hai. ye hai Himachal pradesh mein Manali aur Shimla , Jammu aur Kashmir mein shreenagar, Gulmarg aur ladaakh, Lucknow , Agra aur Varanasi [[uttar pradesh ] mein , Tamil Nadu mein ooti, Punjab mein amrutasar, pashchim Bengal mein daarjeeling, Rajasthan mein UdaipurJodhpur, Jaipur aur jaisalamer, Delhi, Goa aur Kerala . [239][240]

puraskaar

is khand mein raashtreeya, raajyon aur anya sansthaaon ke dvaara bhaarateeya cinema ke liye diye jaane vaale sabse mahatvapoorn film puraskaaron ki soochi hai.

puraskaar sthaapana varsh sammaan dvaara
Bengal film patrakaar association puraskaar 1937 pashchim Bengal sarkaar
raashtreeya film puraskaar 1954 Directorate of Film Festivals,
Government of India
Maharashtra raajya film puraskaar 1963 Maharashtra sarkaar
Nandi Awards 1964 Andhra pradesh aur telangaana sarkaar
Tamil Nadu sarkaar raajya film puraskaar 1967 Tamil Nadu sarkaar
karnaatak raajya film puraskaar 1967 karnaatak sarkaar
Orissa raajya film puraskaar 1968 Orissa sarkaar
Kerala raajya film puraskaar 1969 Kerala sarkaar

neeche pramukh gair sarkaari (niji) puraskaar diye gaye hain.

puraskaar sthaapana varsh sammaan dvaara
filmafeyar puraskaar
filmafeyar puraskaar dakshin 		1954 benet koleman end company limitid
screen puraskaar 1994 screen saaptaahik
ji cine puraskaar 1998 ji entertainment intarapraaijej
eshiyaanet film puraskaar 1998 Asianet
aaifa puraskaar 2000 vijkraaft international entertainment
stardust puraskaar 2003 stardust
ji gaurav puraskaar 2003 ji entertainment intarapraaijej
apsara puraskaar 2004 apsara prodoosars gild
vijay puraskaar 2006 vijay TV
maraathi antarraashtreeya film aur theatre puraskaar 2010 maraathi film udyog
dakshin bhaarateeya antarraashtreeya moovi puraskaar 2012 dakshin bhaarateeya film udyog
punjabi antarraashtreeya film academy puraskaar 2012 pravaasi media
filmafeyar puraskaar poorv 2014 benet koleman end company limitid

Bhaarat mein film sansthaan

kai bhaarateeya sansthaan, sarkaari aur niji, film nirmaan ke vibhinn pahaluon ke baare mein aupachaarik shiksha pradaan karte hain. iname se kuchh pramukh hai

  • bhaarateeya fil‍aam aur television sans‍aathaan (FTII), Pune
  • satyajeet re fil‍aam aur television sans‍aathaan, kolakata
  • aijeke maas kamyunikeshan research center, jaamiya miliya islaamiya, nai Delhi
  • Biju patanaayak fil‍aam aur television sans‍aathaan, Orissa
  • raajakeeya fil‍aam aur television sans‍aathaan, Bengaluru [241]
  • raashtreeya dijaain sans‍aathaan, Ahmedabad [242]
  • kshetreeya raajakeeya fil‍aam aur television sans‍aathaan (RGFTI), Guwahati
  • asian academy of film end teleevijn
  • sanskruti aur media adhyayan vibhaag, Rajasthan kendreeya vishvavidyaalaya
  • ke aar Narayanan national instityoot of visual saainsej end Arts , kottaayam , Kerala [243]
  • L vi prasaad film end TV academy, chennai [244]
  • srushti school aur Art, dijaain end technology, Bengaluru, karnaatak
  • vhistaling Woods international
  • BOFTA - Blue Ocean Film and Television Academy, Kodambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
  • center for edavaansd media stadeej, punjabi vishvavidyaalaya , pateeyaala
  • Madras film instityoot, chennai
  • maatrikaas film school [245]
  • parfoming Art vibhaag (film & drama) mahaatma gaaaindhi, antararaashtreeya hindi vishvaviddhyaalaya,vardha (sentral university of Maharashtra) http://www.hindivishwa.org/

inhein bhi dekhein

nots

sandarbh

aage padhein

baahari kadiyaaain

vikimeediya kaumans par bhaarateeya cinema se sambandhit media hai.

saaaincha:Cinema of India saaaincha:Media of India saaaincha:India Animation Industry

saaaincha:National Film Awards saaaincha:Indian submission for Academy Awards saaaincha:New Wave in cinema saaaincha:Filmfare Awards saaaincha:Filmfare Awards South

sandarbh

  1. ↑ a aa "Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure - Capacity". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5542. abhigman tithi: 5 November 2013.
  2. ↑ a aa i "Tamil leads as India tops film production". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tamil-leads-as-India-tops-film-production/articleshow/21967065.cms. abhigman tithi: 25 March 2015.
  3. ↑ "Table 11: Exhibition - Admissions & Gross Box Office (GBO)". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5538. abhigman tithi: 5 November 2013.
  4. ↑ "Theatrical Market Statistics". Motion Picture Association of America. p. 5. http://www.mpaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/MPAA-Theatrical-Market-Statistics-2013_032514-v2.pdf. abhigman tithi: 23 April 2014.
  5. ↑ Hasan Suroor (26 October 2012). "Arts : Sharmila Tagore honoured by Edinburgh University". the hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/arts/sharmila-tagore-honoured-by-edinburgh-university/article4031942.ece. abhigman tithi: 1 November 2012.
  6. ↑ "Electrolux-2nd" (PDF). http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/gvfilms.pdf. abhigman tithi: 6 February 2012.
  7. ↑ a aa "Dadasaheb Phalke Father of Indian Cinema". Thecolorsofindia.com. http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/dadasaheb-phalke/father-indian-cinema.html. abhigman tithi: 1 November 2012.
  8. ↑ a aa Bāapū Vāaṭaave; National Book Trust (2004). Dadasaheb Phalke, the father of Indian cinema. National Book Trust. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-81-237-4319-6. http://books.google.com/?id=zTZnAAAAMAAJ. abhigman tithi: 1 November 2012.
  9. ↑ a aa Sachin Sharma (28 June 2012). "Godhra forgets its days spent with Dadasaheb Phalke". the times of indiya. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-28/vadodara/32456429_1_godhra-dadasaheb-phalke-father-of-indian-cinema. abhigman tithi: 1 November 2012.
  10. ↑ a aa Vilanilam, J. V. (2005). Mass Communication in India: A Sociological Perspective. New Delhi: Sage Publications. pa॰ 128. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 81-7829-515-6. http://books.google.com/?id=nADAQgAACAAJ&pg=PA128.
  11. ↑ "::Directorate of Film Festivals::". Dff.nic.in. 10 June 2012. http://www.dff.nic.in/dadasahebphalke.asp. abhigman tithi: 1 November 2012.
  12. ↑ a aa Khanna, 155
  13. ↑ "Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer – UN". United Nations. 5 May 2009. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707. abhigman tithi: 26 March 2013.
  14. ↑ "Chinese film industry races close to Bollywood". the times of indiya. 10 January 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-10/india/28358616_1_film-industry-chinese-film-chinese-movie.
  15. ↑ Bollywood 2012: Nine Blockbusters. Hollywoodreporter.com (2012-12-28). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
  16. ↑ Khanna, 158
  17. ↑ "Business Line: Today's Paper / MARKETING: Disney fantasy film in Telugu, Tamil". Business Line. 22 April 2010. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article989714.ece?ref=archive. abhigman tithi: 6 February 2012.
  18. ↑ "Walt Disney picks Shruti, Siddharth!". the times of indiya. 17 March 2010. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-17/news-interviews/28114703_1_walt-disney-characters-film.
  19. ↑ a aa Khanna, 156
  20. ↑ a aa Potts, 74
  21. ↑ Kadam, Kumar (24 April 2012). "daadaasaaheb toraneinche vismaran nako!". http://author.blogs.maharashtratimes.com/kokan/entry/%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%AC.
  22. ↑ Raghavendara, MK (5 May 2012). "What a journey". http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/top-story/62942-what-a-journey.html.
  23. ↑ Damle, Manjiri (21 April 2012). "Torne's 'Pundlik' came first, but missed honour". The Times Of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-21/pune/31378416_1_english-films-subtitles-bourne.
  24. ↑ Mishra, Garima (3 May 2012). "Bid to get Pundalik recognition as first Indian feature film". http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bid-to-get-pundalik-recognition-as-first-indian-feature-film/944727/.
  25. ↑ a aa i E u oo A Burra & Rao, 253
  26. ↑ Muthiah, S. (7 September 2009). "The pioneer'Tamil' film-m aker". the hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300.htm. abhigman tithi: 21 April 2014.
  27. ↑ "Metro Plus Chennai / Madras Miscellany : The pioneer'Tamil' film-maker". the hindu (Chennai, India). 7 September 2009. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750790300.htm. abhigman tithi: 29 June 2011.
  28. ↑ the hindu : Friday Review Hyderabad : `Nijam cheppamantara, abaddham cheppamantara... '
  29. ↑ Velayutham, Selvaraj. Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry. pa॰ 2. http://books.google.de/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tamil+cinema+industry&hl=de&ei=fQnlTbfHGpHOswbl6pCFBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
  30. ↑ a aa i E sandarbh truti: <ref> ka galat prayog; Burra.26Rao252 naam ke sandarbh mein jaankaari naheen hai.
  31. ↑ a aa i E Burra & Rao, 252–253
  32. ↑ Purohit, Vinayak (1988). Arts of transitional India twentieth century, Volume 1. Popular Prakashan. pa॰ 985. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-0-86132-138-4. http://books.google.com/?id=ae1Zrmz6ETwC&pg=PA986. abhigman tithi: 16 December 2011.
  33. ↑ [Narayanan, Arandhai (2008) (in Tamil) Arambakala Tamil Cinema (1931–1941). Chennai: Vijaya Publications. pp. 10–11. ISBN].
  34. ↑ "Articles – History of Birth And Growth of Telugu Cinema". CineGoer.com. http://www.cinegoer.com/telugucinema3.htm. abhigman tithi: 12 November 2010.
  35. ↑ a aa "Nagaiah – noble, humble and kind-hearted". the hindu (Chennai, India). 8 April 2005. http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800220400.htm.
  36. ↑ "Paul Muni of India – Chittoor V. Nagayya". Bharatjanani.com. 6 May 2011. http://bharatjanani.com/paul-muni-of-india-chittoor-v-nagayya/. abhigman tithi: 21 September 2011.
  37. ↑ Narasimham, M. L. (7 November 2010). "SATI SAVITHRI (1933)". the hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article871376.ece. abhigman tithi: 8 July 2011.
  38. ↑ Bhagwan Das Garg (1996). So many cinemas: the motion picture in India. Eminence Designs. pa॰ 86. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 81-900602-1-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22East+India+Film+Company%22+-inpublisher:icon&dq=%22East+India+Film+Company%22+-inpublisher:icon&cd=4.
  39. ↑ "the hindu News". 6 May 2005. http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/05/06/stories/2005050601300300.htm.
  40. ↑ a aa i E u oo A Burra & Rao, 254
  41. ↑ "A revolutionary filmmaker". the hindu. 22 August 2003. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm. abhigman tithi: 12 June 2013.
  42. ↑ "He brought cinema to South". the hindu (Chennai, India). 30 April 2010. http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/04/30/stories/2010043051340400.htm. abhigman tithi: 26 September 2011.
  43. ↑ "Citation on the participation of Sant Tukaram in the 5th Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematographica in 1937". National Film Archive of India. http://www.nfaipune.gov.in/venice_festival.htm. abhigman tithi: 14 November 2012.
  44. ↑ "How free is freedom of speech?". Postnoon. 2012-05-21. http://postnoon.com/2012/05/21/how-free-is-freedom-of-speech/49700. abhigman tithi: 2014-04-25.
  45. ↑ https://indiancinema100.in/swadeshi/
  46. ↑ a aa i E Rajadhyaksa, 679
  47. ↑ a aa i Rajadhyaksa, 684
  48. ↑ Rajadhyaksa, 681–683
  49. ↑ Rajadhyaksa, 681
  50. ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492404/Satyajit-Ray
  51. ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/22/satyajit-ray-artifice-honesty-film
  52. ↑ http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/filmseries/ray
  53. ↑ http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/critics.html
  54. ↑ http://cup.columbia.edu/book/satyajit-ray-on-cinema/9780231164948
  55. ↑ http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/lists/satyajit-ray-five-essential-films
  56. ↑ K. Moti Gokulsing, K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake (2004). Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change. Trentham Books. pa॰ 17.
  57. ↑ Sharpe, Jenny (2005). "Gender, Nation, and Globalization in Monsoon Wedding and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge". Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism 6 (1): 58–81 [60 & 75]. doi:10.1353/mer.2005.0032.
  58. ↑ Gooptu, Sharmistha (July 2002). "Reviewed work(s): The Cinemas of India (1896–2000) by Yves Thoraval". Economic and Political Weekly 37 (29): 3023–4.
  59. ↑ a aa i E u K. Moti Gokulsing, K. Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake (2004). Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change. Trentham Books. pa॰ 18.
  60. ↑ a aa Maker of innovative, meaningful movies. the hindu, 15 June 2007
  61. ↑ Ghatak, Ritwik (2000). Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema. Ritwik Memorial & Trust Seagull Books. pp. ix & 134–36.