bauddh dharm

bauddh dharm ki shreni ka hissa

bauddh dharm ka itihaas · bauddh dharm ka kaalakram · bauddh sanskruti

buniyaadi manobhaav

chaar aarya satya · aarya ashtaang maarg · nirvaan · trirtn · painchasheel

aham vyakti

shaakyamuni budh · Gautam buddh · bodhistv

kshetraanusaar bauddh dharm

dakshin-poorvi bauddh dharm · cheeni bauddh dharm · tibbati bauddh dharm · pashchimi bauddh dharm

bauddh saampradaaya

theraavaad · mahaayaan · vajrayaan

bauddh saahitya

triptak · paali granth sangrah · vinaya · paali sootr · mahaayaan sootr · abhidhrm · bauddh tantr

bauddh dharm Bhaarat ki shraman parampara se nikla dharm aur darshan hai. iske prasthaapak mahaatma buddh shaakyamuni (Gautam buddh) the. ve 563 isa poorv se 483 isa poorv tak rahe. unke mahaaparinirvaan ke agale paaainch shataabdiyon mein, bauddh dharm poore bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein faila aur agale do hajaar saalon mein madhya, poorvi aur dakshin-poorvi jamboo mahaadveep mein bhi fail gaya. aaj, haalaaainki bauddh dharm mein teen sampradaaya hain: heenayaan ya theravaad, mahaayaan aur vajrayaan, parantu heenayaan bauddh dharm ka pramukh sampradaaya hai. bauddh dharm ko adtees karod se adhik log maanate hain aur yeh duniya ka chautha sabse bada dharm hai. saaaincha:karmathata bauddh log bahut hi karmasheel hote hain.

das paaramitaaon ka poorn paalan karne wala bodhistv kahalaata hai. bodhistv jab das balon ya bhoomiyon (mudita, vimla, deepti, archishmati, sudurjaya, abhimukhi, doorangama, achal, saadhumati, dhamm-megha) ko praapt kar lete hain tab "buddh" kahalaate hain, buddh banana hi bodhistv ke jeevan ki paraakaashtha hai. is pehchaan ko bodhi naam diya gaya hai. kaha jaata hai ki buddh shaakyamuni keval ek buddh hain - unke pehle bahut saare the aur bhavishya mein aur honge. unka kehna tha ki koi bhi buddh ban sakta hai agar vah das paaramitaaon ka poorn paalan karte hue bodhistv praapt kare aur bodhistv ke baad das balon ya bhoomiyon ko praapt kare. bauddh dharm ka antim lakshya hai sampoorn maanav samaaj se du:kh ka ant. "main keval ek hi padaarth sikhaata hooain - du:kh hai, du:kh ka kaaran hai, du:kh ka nirodh hai, aur du:kh ke nirodh ka maarg hai" (buddh). bauddh dharm ke anuyaayi ashtaangik maarg par chalakar na ke anusaar jeekar ajnyaaanata aur du:kh se mukti aur nirvaan paane ki koshish karte hain.

buddh ki patthar ki moorti

buddh aaditya gotr shaakya jaati ke the--dekhe suttanipaat paali aur unka vaastavik naam siddhaarth tha. unka janm kapilvastu (shaakya mahaajanapad ki rajdhani) ke paas lunbini (vartamaan mein dakshin madhya Nepal) mein hua tha. isi sthaan par, teesari shataabdi isa poorv mein samraat ashok ne buddh ki smruti mein ek stambh banaaya tha.

siddhaarth ke pita shaakyon ke raaja shuddhodan the. paramparaagat katha ke anusaar, siddhaarth ki maata mahaamaaya unke janm ke kuchh der baad mar gayi thi. kaha jaata hai ki unka naam rakhane ke liye 8 rishiyo ko aamantrit kiya gaya tha, sabhi ne 2 sambhaavanaaye bataai thi, (1) ve ek mahaan raaja baneinge (2) ve ek saadhu ya parivraajak baneinge. is bhavishya vaani ko sunakar raaja shuddhodan ne apni yogyata ki had tak siddhaarth ko saadhu na banane dene ki bahut koshishein ki. shaakyon ka apna ek sangh tha. bees varsh ki aayu hone par har shaakya tarun ko shaakyasangh mein Dixit hokar sangh ka sadasya banana hota tha. siddhaarth Gautam jab bees varsh ke huye to unhonne bhi shaakyasangh ki sadasyata grahan ki aur shaakyasangh ke niymaanusaar siddhaarth ko shaakyasangh ka sadasya bane huye aath varsh vyateet ho chuke the. ve sangh ke atyant samarpit aur pakke sadasya the. sangh ke maamalon mein ve bahut roochi rakhate the. sangh ke sadasya ke rup mein unka aacharan ek udaaharan tha aur unhonne swayam ko sabka priya bana liya tha. sangh ki sadasyata ke aathavein varsh mein ek aisi ghatna ghati jo shuddhodan ke parivaar ke liye dukhad ban gayi aur siddhaarth ke jeevan mein sankatapoorn sthiti paida ho gayi. shaakyon ke raajya ki seema se sata hua koliyon ka raajya tha. rohani nadi donon raajyon ki vibhaajak rekha thi. shaakya aur koliya donon hi rohini nadi ke paani se apne-apne khet seenchate the. har fasal par unka aapas mein vivaad hota tha ki kaun rohini ke jal ka pehle aur kitna upayog karega. ye vivaad kabhi-kabhi jhagade aur ladaaiyon mein badal jaate the. jab siddhaarth 28 varsh ke the, rohani ke paani ko lekar shaakya aur koliyon ke naukaron mein jhagada hua jismein donon or ke log ghaayal huye. jhagade ka pata chalne par shaakyon aur koliyon ne socha ki kyon na is vivaad ko yuddh dvaara hamesha ke liye hal kar liya jaaye. shaakyon ke senaapati ne koliyon ke viruddh yuddh ki ghoshana ke prashn par vichaar karne ke liye shaakyasangh ka ek adhiveshan bulaaya aur sangh ke samaksh yuddh ka prastaav rakha. siddhaarth Gautam ne is prastaav ka virodh kiya aur kaha yuddh kisi prashn ka samaadhaan naheen hota, yuddh se kisi uddeshya ki poorti naheen hogi, isse ek doosare yuddh ka beejaaropan hoga. siddhaarth ne kaha mera prastaav hai ki ham apne mein se do aadmi chunein aur koliyon se bhi do aadmi chunane ko kahein. fir ye chaaron milkar ek paanchava aadmi chunein. ye paanchon aadmi milkar jhagade ka samaadhaan karein. siddhaarth ka prastaav bahumat se amaanya ho gaya saath hi shaakya senaapati ka yuddh ka prastaav bhaari bahumat se paarit ho gaya. shaakyasangh aur shaakya senaapati se vivaad na sulajhane par antat: siddhaarth ke paas teen vikalp aaye. teen vikalpon mein se unhein ek vikalp chunana tha (1) sena mein bharti hokar yuddh mein bhaag lena, (2) apne parivaar ke logon ka saamaajik bahishkaar aur unke kheton ki jabti ke liye raaji hona, (3) faaainsi par latakana ya desh nikaala sveekaar karna. unhonne teesara vikalp chuna aur parivraajak bankar desh chhodne ke liye raaji ho gaye.

parivraajak bankar sarvapratham siddhaarth ne paaainch braahmanon ke saath apne prashnon ke uttar dhoondhane shuroo kiye. ve uchit dhyaan haasil kar paae, parantu unhein apne prashnon ke uttar naheen mile. fir unhone tapasya karne ki koshish ki. ve is kaarya mein bhi ve apne guruon se bhi zyaada, nipun nikle, parantu unhe apne prashnon ke uttar fir bhi naheen mile. fir unhone kuchh saathi ikaththe kiye aur chal diye adhik kathor tapasya karne. aise karte karte chh: varsh baad, bina apne prashnon ke uttar paaen, bhookh ke kaaran mrutyu ke kareeb se gujre, ve fir kuchh aur karne ke baare mein sochane lage. is samay, unhein apne bachapan ka ek pal yaad aaya, jab unke pita khet taiyaar karna shuroo kar rahe the. us samay ve ek aanand bhare dhyaan mein pad gaye the aur unhe aisa mahasoos hua tha ki samay sthir ho gaya hai.

kathor tapasya chhodkar unhone ashtaangik maarg dhoondh nikaala, jo beech ka maarg bhi kahalaata jaata hai kyonki yeh maarg dono tapasya aur asanyam ki paraakaashthaaon ke beech mein hai. apne badan mein kuchh shakti daalne ke liye, unhone ek bakari-vaale se kuchh doodh le liya. ve ek peepal ke ped (jo ab bodhi ped kahalaata hai) ke neeche baith gaye pratijnyaa karke ki ve satya jaane bina utheinge naheen. 35 ki umr par, unhone bodhi pai aur ve buddh ban gaye. unka pahila dharmopadesh Varanasi ke paas saaranaath me tha.

apne baaki ke 45 varsh ke liye, Gautam buddh ne ganga nadi ke aas-paas apna dharmopadesh diya, dhanavaan aur kangaal logon dono ko. unhone do sanyaasiyon ke sangh ki bhi sthaapana jinhone buddh ke dharmopadesh ko failaana jaari rakha.

Indra aur brahma Gautam buddh ko poojate hue, 127 E.p, british myoojiym

tripitk (tipitk) buddh dharm ka mukhya granth hai. yeh paalibhaasha mein likha gaya hai. yeh granth buddh ke parinirvaan ke pashchaat buddh ke dvaara diya gaya upadeshaun ko sootrabaddh karne ka sabse vruhad prayaas hai. buddh ke upadesh ko is granth me sootr (sutt) ke rup mein prastut kiya gaya hai. sutraun ko varg (vagg) mein baandha gaya hai. vagg ko nikaaya (suttapitk) mein va khand mein samaahit kiya gaya hai. nikaayaun ko pitk (arth: tokari) mein ekikrut kiya gaya hai. is prakaar se teen pitk nirmit hai jin ke sanyojan ko tri-pitk kaha jaata hai.

paalibhaasha ka tripitk theravaadi (aur navayaan) buddh parampara mein Sri Lanka, Thailand, barma, laaos, kaimbodiya, Bhaarat aadi raashtra ke bauddh dharm anuyaayi paalana karte hai. paali ke tipitk ko sanskrut mein bhi bhaashaantaran kiya gaya hai, jis ko tripitk kehte hai. sanskrut ka poorn tripitk abhi anupalabdh hai. vartamaan mein sanskrut tripitk prayojan ka jeevit parampara sirf Nepal ke nevaar jaati mein upalabdh hai. is ke ilaava Tibet, cheen, mangoliya, Japan, Korea, viytanaam, Malaysia, rus aadi desh mein sanskrut mool mantr ke saath mein sthaaneeya bhaasha mein bauddh saahitya parampara paalana karte hai.

Gautam buddh ke mahaaparinirvaan ke baad, bauddh dharm ke alag-alag sanpradaaya upasthit ho gaye hain, parantu in sab ke bahut se siddhaant milte hain.

prateetyasamutpaad

prateetyasamutpaad ka siddhaant kehta hai ki koi bhi ghatna keval doosari ghatnaaon ke kaaran hi ek jatil kaaran-parinaam ke jaal mein vidyamaan hoti hai. praaniyon ke liye, iska arth hai karm aur vipaak (karm ke parinaam) ke anusaar anant sansaar ka chakr. kyonki sab kuchh anitya aur anaatman (bina aatma ke) hota hai, kuchh bhi sach mein vidyamaan naheen hai. har ghatna moolat: shunya hoti hai. parantu, maanav, jinke paas gyaan ki shakti hai, trushna ko, jo du:kh ka kaaran hai, tyaagakar, trushna mein nasht ki hui shakti ko gyaan aur dhyaan mein badalkar, nirvaan pa sakte hain.

chaar satya

1. du:kh : is duniya mein du:kh hai. janm mein, boodhe hone mein, beemaari mein, maut mein, priytam se door hone mein, naapasand cheejon ke saath mein, chaahat ko na paane mein, sab mein du:kh hai. 2. du:kh kaaran : trushna, ya chaahat, du:kh ka kaaran hai aur fir se sashareer karke sansaar ko jaari rakhati hai. 3. du:kh nirodh : trushna se mukti pai ja sakti hai. 4. du:kh nirodh ka maarg : trushna se mukti ashtaangik maarg ke anusaar jeene se pai ja sakti hai.

buddh ka pehla dharmopadesh, jo unhone apne saath ke kuchh saadhuon ko diya tha, in chaar aarya satyon ke baare mein tha.

ashtaang maarg

bauddh dharm ke anusaar, chauthe aarya satya ka aarya ashtaang maarg hai du:kh nirodh paane ka raasta. Gautam buddh kehte the ki chaar aarya satya ki satyata ka nishchaya karne ke liye is maarg ka anusaran karna chaahiye :

1. samyak drushti : chaar aarya satya mein vishvaas karna
2. samyak sankalp : maanasik aur naitik vikaas ki pratijnyaa karna
3. samyak vaak : haanikaarak baatein aur jhoot na bolna
4. samyak karm : haanikaarak karmon ko na karna
5. samyak jeevika : koi bhi pratyaksh ya apratyaksh roop se haanikaarak vyaapaar na karna
6. samyak prayaas : apne aap sudharane ki koshish karna
7. samyak smruti : spasht gyaan se dekhne ki maanasik yogyata paane ki koshish karna
8. samyak samaadhi : nirvaan paana aur swayam ka gaayab hona

kuchh log aarya ashtaang maarg ko path ki tarah samajhte hai, jismein aage badhne ke liye, pichhle ke star ko paana aavashyak hai. aur logon ko lagta hai ki is maarg ke star sab saath-saath paae jaate hai. maarg ko teen hisson mein vargeekrut kiya jaata hai : prajnyaa, sheel aur samaadhi.

bodhi

Gautam buddh se pai gayi jnyaaanata ko bodhi kahalaate hai. maana jaata hai ki bodhi paane ke baad hi sansaar se chhutakaara paaya ja sakta hai. saari paaramitaaon (poornataaon) ki nishpatti, chaar aarya satyon ki poori samajh aur karm ke nirodh se hi bodhi pai ja sakti hai. is samay, lobh, dosh, moh, avidya, trushna aur aatmaan mein vishvaas sab gaayab ho jaate hai. bodhi ke teen star hote hai : shraavakabodhi, pratyekabodhi aur samyakasanbodhi. samyakasanbodhi baudh dharm ki sabse unnat aadarsh maani jaati hai.

teerth yaatra bauddh dhaarmik sthal
chaar mukhya sthal
lumbini · bodh gaya saaranaath · kusheenagar
chaar anya sthal
shraavasti · raajageer sanakissa · vaishaali
anya sthal
Patna · gaya kaushaambi · Mathura kapilvastu · devadaha kesariya · paava naalanda · Varanasi
baad ke sthal
saaainchi · ratnaagiri ellora · ajanta bhaarahat
dekhein • samvaad •

kshanikvaad

is duniya mein sab kuchh kshanik hai aur nashvar hai. kuchh bhi sthaayi naheen. parantu vedik mat se virodh hai.

anaatmavaad

aatma naam ki koi sthaayi cheej naheen. jise log aatma samajhte hain, vo chetna ka avichhinn pravaah hai.

aneeshvaravaad

buddh ishvar ki satta naheen maanate kyonki duniya prateetyasamutpaad ke niyam par chalti hai. par anya jagah buddh ne sarvochch satya ko avarnaneeya kaha hai.

shoonyataavaad

shoonyata mahaayaan bauddh sanpradaaya ka pradhaan darshan hai.vah apne hi sanpradaaya ke logon ko mahatva dete hain.

yathaarthavaad

bauddh dharm ka matlab niraashaavaad naheen hai. dukh ka matlab niraashaavaad naheen hai, lekin saapekshavaad aur yathaarthavaad hai^[1]. buddh, dhamm aur sangh bauddh dharm ke teen trirtne hain . bhikshu, bhikshuni, upasaka aur upasika sangh ke chaar avayav hain^[2].

bauddh dharm mein sangh ka bada sthaan hai. is dharm mein buddh, dharm aur sangh ko 'trirtn' kaha jaata hai. sangh ke niyam ke baare mein Gautam buddh ne kaha tha ki chhote niyam bhikshugan parivartan kar sakte hai. un ke mahaaparinirvaan pashchaat sangh ka aakaar mein vyaapak vruddhi hua. is vruddhi ke pashchaat vibhinn kshetr, sanskruti, saamaajik avastha, deeksha, aadi ke aadhaar par bhinn log buddh dharm se aabaddh hue aur sangh ka niyam dheere-dheere parivartan hone laga. saath hi mein anguttar nikaaya ke kalamasutt mein buddh ne apne anubhav ke aadhaar par dharm paalan karne ki svatantrata di hai. at:, vinaya ke niyam mein parimaarjan/parivartan, sthaaneeya saanskrutik/bhaashik paksh, vyaktigat dharm ka svatantrata, dharm ke nishchit paksh mein jyaada va kam jod aadi kaaran se buddh dharm mein vibhinn sampradaaya va sangh mein parimaarjit hue. vartamaan mein, in sangh mein sabse bada sangh theravaad, mahaayaan aur bajrayaan hai.

theravaad

theravaad buddh ke maulik upadesh hi maanata hai.

mahaayaan

mahaayaan ke kuchh sangh mein buddh ki pooja karta hai.

1. ↑ meercha itu, darshan aur dharm ka itihaas, bukhaarest, kal ki romaaniya ka prakaashan sanstha, do hajaar chaar, ek sau ikyaasi ka prushth. (ISBN 973-582-971-1)
2. ↑ Ananda K Coomaraswamy, hindu dharm aur bauddh dharm, nai yaurk, golden eliksir press, do hajaar gyaarah, chauhattar ka prushth. (ISBN 978-0-9843082-3-1)

• bauddh dharm ka itihaas
• paali bhaasha ka saahitya
• bauddh shabdaavali

sanskrut vikisrot par is lekh se sambandhit mool paath upalabdh hai:

bauddhadarshanam

• bhaarateeya darshan
• bauddh dharm darshan (Google pustak ; lekhak - aachaarya Narendra Dave)
• bauddh shabdaavali (angreji mein)