baaains

baaains
vaigyaanik vargeekaran
jagat: paadap vibhaag: pushpi paadap varg: ek beejapatri gan: Poales kul: poesi upajaati: Bambusoideae suparatraaib: Bambusodae traaib: bamboosa
jaati
92 vansh evam 5000 jaatiyaaain

baaains, graamineei (Gramineae) kul ki ek atyant upayogi ghaas hai, jo Bhaarat ke pratyek kshetr mein pai jaati hai. baaains ek saamoohik shabd hai, jismein anek jaatiyaaain sammilit hain. mukhya jaatiyaaain, bainbyoosa (Bambusa), deindrokelaimas (nar baaains) (Dendrocalamus) aadi hain. bainbyoosa shabd maraathi bainboo ka laitin naam hai. iske lagbhag 24 vansh Bhaarat mein paae jaate hain.

baaains ek sapushpak, aavrutabeeji, ek beejapatri poesi kul ka paadap hai. iske parivaar ke anya mahatvapoorn sadasya doob, gehooain, makka, jau aur dhaan hain. yeh pruthvi par sabse tej badhne wala kaashtheeya paudha hai. iski kuchh prajaatiyaaain ek din (24 ghante) mein 121 seinteemeetar (47.6 inch) tak badh jaati hain. thode samay ke liye hi sahi par kabhi-kabhi to iske badhne ki raftaar 1 meter (39 meter) prati ghanta tak pahuainch jaati hai. iska tana, lamba, parvasandhi yukt, praay: khokhala evam shaakhaanvit hota hai. tane ko nichle gaanthon se apasthaanik jade niklati hai. tane par spasht parv evam parvasandhiyaaain rahati hain. parvasandhiyaaain thos evam khokhali hoti hain. is prakaar ke tane ko sandhi-stambh kehte hain. iski jade asthaanik evam reshedaar hoti hai. iski pattiyaaain saral hoti hain, inke sheersh bhaag bhaale ke samaan nukeele hote hain. pattiyaaain vrunt yukt hoti hain tatha inmein saamaanaantar vinyaas hota hai. yeh paudha apne jeevan mein ek baar hi fal dhaaran karta hai. fool safed aata hai. pashchimi Asia evam dakshin-pashchimi Asia mein baaains ek mahatvapoorn paudha hai. iska aarthik evam saanskrutik mahatva hai. isse ghar to banaae hi jaate hain, yeh bhojan ka bhi srot hai. sau gram baaains ke beej mein 60.36 gram kaarbohaaidret aur 265.6 kilo kailori oorja rahati hai. itne adhik kaarbohaaidret aur itni adhik oorja wala koi bhi padaarth svaasthyavardhak avashya hoga.^[1] 70 se adhik vansho vaale baaains ki 1000 se adhik prajaatiyaaain hai.

thande pahaadi pradeshon se lekar ushn katibandhon tak, sampoorn poorvi Asia mein, 50⁰ uttari akshaansh se lekar uttari Australia tatha pashchim mein, Bhaarat tatha himaalaya mein, Africa ke upasahaara kshetron tatha America mein dakshin-poorv America se lekar arjenteena evam chili mein (47⁰ dakshin akshaansh) tak baaains ke van paae jaate hain. baaains ki kheti kar koi bhi vyakti lakhapati ban sakta hai. ek baar baaains khet mein laga diya jaayein to 5 saal baad vah upaj dene lagta hai. anya fasalon par sookhe evam keet beemaariyo ka prakop ho sakta hai. jiske kaaran kisaan ko aarthik haani uthaani padti hai. lekin baaains ek aisi fasal hai jis par sookhe evam varsha ka adhik prabhaav nahi padta hai.^[2] baaains ka ped anya pedon ki apeksha 30 pratishat adhik okseejan chhodta aur kaarban daaioksaaid kheenchata hai saath hi yeh peepal ke ped ki tarah din mein kaarban daaioksaaid kheenchata hai aur raat mein aakseejan chhodta hai.^[3]

kyoto Japan mein baaains ke jungle

baaains paaristhitiki ke anukool, jaiv-kshayi evam praakrutik nirmaan padaarth hai jismein behtar kshamata evam nirmaan gun hai. angreji ka 'bamboo' shabd bhaarateeya shabd 'manbu' ya 'bambu' se utpann hua hai. baaains bahut teji se badh sakte hai. kuchh prajaatiyon mein to yeh ek din mein 1 meter tak badh jaata hai. baaains uttari evam dakshini America, Africa, osteinliya evam dakshini Asia mein paaya jaata hai. cheen mein baaains ki sabse adhik prajaatiyaaain pai jaati hai. vibhinn prakaar ke prakshetron evam vibhinn ooainchaai vaale ilaakon 1⁄a4 samudra star se 3500 meter ki ooainchaai taka1⁄a2 mein baaains ka utpaadan hota hai. baaains anya teevr gati se badhne vaale pedon ki tulana mein vaataavaran se kai guna jyaada kaarban sanrakshit karta hai. baaains ke kshetr mruda ke oopari hisse ke sanrakshan mein sarvaadhik kaaragar hain.

baaains se jaiv utpaadan, iski prajaati, kshetr, vaataavaran evam jalavaayu par nirbhar karta hai. isse jaiv utpaadan 50 se 100 tan prati hekteyar ho sakta hai. jismein 60-70 pratishat kalam, 10-15 pratishat tahani evam 15 se 20 pratishat hote hai. baaains ka ek hekteyar ropit kshetr prati varsh vaataavaran se 17 tan kaarban avashoshit kar sakta hai.

baaains ke teevr gati se badhane ke kaaran, ek varsh mein uchit fasal suvidha ke dvaara 30 tan baaains ka utpaadan prati hekteyar kiya ja sakta hai. ek 18 meter lambe ped ko kaatne par usaka purnanirmaan hone mein 30 se 60 varsh lag jaate hai. iski tulana mein 18 meter ke baaains ko 59 dinon mein vaapas ugaaya ja sakta hai. baaains par saadhaaranataya 12 se 120 varshon mein fool lagte hai, aur beejon ki praapti hoti hai. foolon evam beej hetu lagne wala samay baaains ki prajaati par nirbhar karta hai. iska beej saadhaaranataya ghaas ke beej ke samaan hota hai jiska upayog sthaaneeya aabaadi dvaara khaadya padaarthon mein bhi kiya jaata hai.

ek anumaan ke anusaar vishv arthavyavastha mein baaains ka yogadaan 12 arab ameriki dauailar se adhik hai jismein vikaasasheel desh agrani hai. baaains ke Abhinav utpaadon ki lagaataar ho rahi khoj ke kaaran iski aarthik kshamata bahut adhik hai. baaains ki praakrutik sudanrata ke kaaran iski maaaing saudarya evam design ki duniya mein teji se badh rahi hai. iske atirikt aisi kai naveenatam prodyogikiyon ka vikaas hua hai jisse lakdi ke upayog ko baaains ke dvaara pratisthaapit kiya ja sake.

Bhaarat me baaains ke jangalon ka kul kshetrafal 11.4 million hekteyar hai jo kul jangalon ke kshetrafal ka 13 pratishat hai. abhi tak baaains ke lagbhag 2000 vibhinn upayogon ki jaankaari hai jismein sanrachanaaon ka nirmaan gharelu upayog ki vastueain, saaj-sajja ke saamaan, indhan evam hava hetu bafar kshetr banaana ityaadi shaamil hai. Bhaarat mein baaains ka anumaanit vaarshik utpaadan 1.35 karod tan hai. desh ka uttarapoorvi kshetr baaains ke utpaadan mein kaafi samruddh hai evam desh ke 65 pratishat evam vishv ke 20 pratishat baaains ka utpaadan karta hai. cheen ke baad Bhaarat baaains ki anuvaanshik sansaadhanon mein 136 prajaatiyon ke saath doosare sthaan par hai jismein se 58 prajaatiyaaain uttari poorvi Bhaarat mein pai jaati hai.

baaains ke uchit prasanskaran hetu kushal, majaboot evam uchit moolya ke upakaranon ki aavashyakta hai. jisse utpaadakata mein badhat, kathin shram mein kami evam baaainson ki barbaadi mein kami ki ja sake. in vikaas kaaryo ne, vibhinn kshetron jaise baagabaani, pashudhan, matsya paalan mein, baaains ke upayog ki sanbhaavanaaeain badhaai hai. iska upayog fasal vaastukala, bhandaaran sanrachanaaon, aavaas, matsya paalan sanrachanaaen, machhali jaal, machhali beejon ka parivhan ityaadi mein kiya ja sakta hai. baaains ki bani vastuon ka graameen star par utpaadan rojgaar evam achhe aay ka maadhyam ban sakti hai. baaains ka upayog karke krushi kaaryon mein upayog aane vaale upakaranon ka nirmaan bhi kiya ja sakta hai. is prakaar krushi upakaranon mein baaains ek harit abhiyaantrikeeya padaarth ke roop mein apnaaya ja sakta hai.

Bhaarat mein paae jaanevaale vibhinn prakaar ke baaainson ka vargeekaran dau॰ braindis ne prakand ke anusaar is prakaar kiya hai :

(k) kuchh mein bhoomigat prakand (rhizome) chhota aur mota hota hai. shaakhaaeain saamoohik roop se niklati hain. uparyukt prakandavaale baaains nimnalikhit hain :

1. baibyoosa arandinesi (Bambusa arundinacea) - hindi mein ise vedur baaains kehte hain. yeh madhya tatha dakshin-pashchim Bhaarat evam barma mein bahutaayat se paaya jaanevaala kaaaintedaar baaains hai. 30 se 50 foot tak ooainchi shaakhaaeain 30 se 100 ke samooh mein pai jaati hain. bauddh lekhon tatha bhaarateeya aushadhi granthon mein iska ullekh milta hai.

2. bainbyoosa spaayanosa - Bengal, asam tatha barma ka kaaaintedaar baaains hai, jiski kheti uttari-pashchimi Bhaarat mein ki jaati hai. hindi mein ise Bihar baaains kehte hain.

3. bainbyoosa toolla - Bengal ka mukhya baaains hai, jise hindi mein peka baaains kehte hain.

4. bainbyoosa valagairis (Bambusa vulgaris) - peeli evam hari dhaareevaala baaains hai, jo poore Bhaarat mein paaya jaata hai.

5. deindrokailaimas ke anek vansh, jo shivaalik pahaadiyon tatha himaalaya ke uttar-pashchimi bhaagon aur pashchimi ghaat par bahutaayat se paae jaate hain.

(kh) kuchh baaainson mein prakand bhoomi ke neech hi failata hai. yeh lamba aur patala hota hai tatha ismein ek ek karke shaakhaaeain niklati hain. aise prakandavaale baaains nimnalikhit hain :

(1) bainbyoosa nootains (Babusa nutans) - yeh baaains 5,000 se 7,000 foot ki ooainchaai par, Nepal, sikkim, asam tatha bhootaan mein hota hai. iski lakdi bahut upayogi hoti hai.

(2) mailokena (Melocanna) - yeh baaains poorvi Bengal evam varma mein bahutaayat se paaya jaata hai.

baaains ka sabse upayogi bhaag tana hai. ushn katibandh mein baaains bade-bade samoohon mein paaya jaata hai. baaains ke tane se nai nai shaakhaaeain nirantar baahar ki or nikalkar iske ghere ko badhaati hain, kintu samasheetoshn evam sheetakatibandh mein yeh samooh apekshaakrut chhota hota hai tatha tanon ki lanbaai hi badhti hai. tanon ki lanbaai 30 se 150 foot tak evam chaudaai 1/4 inch se lekar ek foot tak hoti hai. tana mein parv (internode), parvasandhi (node) se juda rahata hai. kisi kisi mein poora tana thos hi rahata hai. neeche ke do tihaai bhaag mein koi tahani naheen hoti. nai shaakhaaon ke oopar pattiyon ki sanrachana dekhkar hi vibhinn baaainson ki pehchaan hoti hai. pehle teen maah mein shaakhaaeain ausat roop se teen inch prati din badhti hain, iske baad inmein neeche se oopar ki or lagbhag 10 se 50 inch tak tana banta hai.

tane ki majabooti usamein ekatrit silika tatha usaki motaai par nirbhar hai. paani mein bahut din tak baaains kharaab naheen hote aur keedon ke kaaran nasht hone ki sambhaavana rahati hai.

baaains ka jeevan 1 se 50 varsh tak hota hai, jab tak ki fool naheen khilte. fool bahut hi chhote, rangaheen, bina danthal ke, chhote chhote guchhon mein paae jaate hain. sabse pehle ek fool mein teen chaar, chhote, sookhe tush (glume) paae jaate hain. inke baad naav ke aakaar ka antapushpakavach (palea) hota hai. chhah punkesar (stamens) hote hain. andaashaya (ovary) ke oopari bhaag par bahut chhote chhote baal hote hain. ismein ek hi daana banta hai. saadhaaranat: baaains tabhi foolata hai jab sookhe ke kaaran kheti maari jaati hai aur durbhiksh padta hai. shushk evam garam hava ke kaaran pattiyon ke sthaan par kaliyaaain khilti hain. fool khilne par pattiyaaain jhad jaati hain. bahut se baaains ek varsh mein foolate hain. aise kuchh baaains neelagiri ki pahaadiyon par milte hain. Bhaarat mein adhikaansh baaains saamuhik tatha saamayik roop se foolate hain. iske baad hi baaains ka jeevan samaapt ho jaata hai. sookhe tane girkar raasta band kar dete hain. agale varsh varsha ke baad beejon se nai kalamein foot padti hain aur jungle fir hara ho jaata hai. yadi fool khilne ka samay gyaat ho, to kaat chhaaaintakar khilna roka ja sakta hai. pratyek baaains mein 4 se 20 ser tak jau ya chaaval ke samaan fal lagte hain. jab bhi ye lagte hain, chaaval ki apeksha saste bikte hain. 1812i. ke udeesa durbhiksh mein ye gareeb janta ka aahaar tatha jeevan rakshak rahe.

vishv mein baans ke kshetr

baaains beejon se dheere dheere ugata hai. mitti mein aane ke pratham saptaah mein hi beej ugana aarambh kar deta hai. kuchh baaainson mein vruksh par do chhote chhote ankur nikalte hain. 10 se 12 varshon ke baad kaam laayak baaains taiyaar hote hain. Bhaarat mein daab kalam ke dvaara inki upaj ki jaati hai. adhapake tanon ka nichla bhaag, teen inch lanbaai mein, thoda parvasandhi (node) ke neeche kaatkar, varsha shu degree hone ke baad laga dete hain. yadi ismein prakand ka bhi ansh ho to ati uttam hai. iske nichle bhaag se nai nai jadein niklati hain.

kaagaj banaane ke liye baaains upayogi saadhan hai, jisse bahut hi kam dekhbhaal ke saath-saath bahut adhik maatra mein kaagaj banaaya ja sakta hai. is kriya mein bahut si kathinaaiyaaain jhelni padti hain. fir bhi baaains ka kaagaj banaana cheen evam Bhaarat ka praacheen udyog hai. cheen mein baaains ke chhote bade sabhi bhaagon se kaagaj banaaya jaata hai. iske liye pattiyon ko chhaaaintakar, tane ko chhote-chhote tukadon mein kaatkar, paani se bhare pokharon mein choone ke sang teen chaar maah sadaaya jaata hai, jiske baad use badi badi ghoomti hui okhaliyon mein gooaindhakar, saaf kiya jaata hai. is lugdi ko aavashyakataanusaar rasaayanak daalkar safed ya rangeen bana lete hain aur fir garam tavon par dabaate tatha sukhaate hain.

visheshat: bainbyoosa arandinesi ke parv mein pai jaanevaali, yeh pathareeli vastu safed ya halake neele rang ki hoti hai. ise tabaasheer bhi kehte hain. yoonaani granthon mein iska ullekh milta hai. bhaaratavaasi praacheen kaal se dava ki tarah iska upayog karte rahe hain. yeh thanda tatha balavardhak hota hai. vaayudosh tatha dil evam fefade ki tarah tarah ki beemaariyon mein iska prayog hota hai. bukhaar mein isse pyaas door hoti hai. baaains ki nai shaakhaaon mein ras ekatrit hone par vanshalochan banta hai aur tab isse sugandh niklati hai.

vanshalochan se ek choorn bhi banta hai, jo mandaagni ke liye vishesh upayogi hai. ismein 8 bhaag vanshalochan, 10 bhaag peepar, 10 bhaag roomi mastagi tatha 12 bhaag chhoti ilaayachi rahati hai. choorn ko shahad ke saath milaakar khaane aur doodh peene se bahut sheegra svaasthyalaabh hota hai.

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  baans ki saayakil

chhoti chhoti tahaniyon tatha pattiyon ko daalkar ubaala gaya paani, bachcha hone ke baad pet ki safaai ke liye jaanvaron ko diya jaata hai. jahaaain par chikitsakeeya upakaran upalabdh naheen hote, baaains ke tanon evam pattiyon ko kaat chhaaaintakar safaai karke khapachchiyon ka upayog kiya jaata hai. baaains ka khokhala tana apang logon ka sahaara hai. iske khule bhaag mein pair tika diya jaata hai. baaains ki khapachchiyon ko tarah tarah ki chataaiyaaain, kursi, tebul, chaarapaai evam anya vastueain binn ke kaam mein laaya jaata hai. machhali pakadne ka kaaainta, daliya aadi baaains se hi banaae jaate hain. makaan banaane tatha pul baaaindhane ke liye yeh atyant upayogi hai. isse tarah tarah ki vastueain banaai jaati hain, jaise chammach, chaakoo, chaaval pakaane ka baratan. naaga logon mein pooja ke avsar par isi ka baratan kaam mein laaya jaata hai. isse kheti ke aujaar, oon tatha soot kaatane ki takali banaai jaati hai. chhoti chhoti takhtiyaaain paani mein bahaakar, unase machhali pakadne ka kaam liya jaata hai. baaains se teer, dhanush, bhaale aadi ladaai ke saamaan taiyaar kiye jaate the. puraane samay mein baaains ki kaaaintedaar jhaadiyon se kilon ki raksha ki jaati thi. painagis naamak ek tej dhaaravaali chhoti vastu se dushmanon ke praan liye ja sakte hain. isse tarah tarah ke baaje, jaise baaainsuri, vauyalin, naaga logon ka jyoors haarp evam malaaya ka okalaang banaaya jaata hai. Asia mein iski lakdi bahut upayogi maani jaati hai aur chhoti chhoti ghareloo vastuon se lekar makaan banaane tak ke kaam aati hai. baaains ka praroh (young shoot) khaaya jaata aur iska achaar tatha murabba bhi banta hai.

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