avadh ke navaab
avadh ke navaab Bhaarat mein 18veen va 19veen sadi mein avadh ke shaasakon ko kehte hain. avadh ke 139 varsh ke shaasanakaal mein ye shaasak rahe.
anukram
sthaapana
avadh ka itihaas anaadikaal se hai. yaha ke sarvaprasiddh raaja maryaada purushottam Bhagwan shrai Ram the jinke paoorvajo ne hi avadh kai sthaapana ki thaii. Ram ji ke 121 paurvaj aur vanshajo ka varnan lakhanau sthit raajakeeya saङarhalaya me surakshit hai. yaha pradarshit raajakeeya chainh Ram ji ke yug ki hi hai. lakhanau ki sthaapana raamaji ke anuj veeravar lakshman ne ki thi. astu,
jaise jaise mugl shakti ka hraas hota gaya aur shahanshaahon ki jor kam hone laga, ve dheere dheere pehle apne jaageeradaaron ke kathaputale aur antat: unke kaidi bante gaye, saath hi saath avadh aur shaktishaali va adhik svaadheen hota gaya. iski rajdhani faijaabaad thi.
mugl saamraajya ke sabhi muslim praanton aur adheenasthon mein avadh ka shaahi parivaar sabse naya tha. inka vansh ek faarasi diler saaadat Khan se upaja tha, jo ki moolat: faaras ke khoraasaan ilaake se the. muglon ki seva mein kai khoraasaani the, adhiktar sipaahi the aur unke safal hone par kaafi daulatamand hone ki ummeed rakhi ja sakti thi. is samooh mein saaadat Khan sabse adhik safal hue. 1732 mein unhein avadh praant ka jaageeradaar bana diya gaya. unhein pehle pahal najeem ka khitaab diya gaya tha, jiska arth hota hai raajyapaal, par unhein jald hi navaab bana diya gaya. 1740 mein navaab ko vajeer arthaat mukhya mantri kaha jaane laga aur iske baad unhein navaab vajeer ke naam se jaana jaane laga. vyaavahaarik taur par ye upaadhiyaaain aanuvanshik theen, haalaaainki kaagaji taur par ye mugl baadshah ki or se bheint ki tarah theen aur unke prati vafaadaari kabool ki jaati thi. har saal ek nazar Delhi bheji jaati thi aur shaahi parivaar ke sadasyon ki badi ijjt hoti thi: balki do to 1819 ke baad Lucknow mein hi rahate the aur unhein bade adab ke pesh aaya jaata tha.
angrejon ki or jhukaav
afsos, ki muglon se bahut seema tak svatantrata ka arth yeh naheen tha ki navaab jaise chaahein shaasan chala sakein. vaastav mein ek svaami ka sthaan jagah doosare ne le liya tha. Calcutta mein aadhaarit East India company ke roop mein angrejon ne bahut samay se avadh ki daulat par aaainkhein gadaai hui theen. is praant mein dakhalandaaji ke bahaane khojana koi mushkil naheen tha. avadh ki drushthi se sabse adhik dardanaak tha shujaauddaula dvaara Bengal par aakraman, jiske baad unhonne kuchh samay tak Calcutta par shaasan bhi kiya tha. lekin 1757 mein plaasi tatha 1764 mein baksar ki ladaai mein angrejon ki jeet ke baad navaab poori tarah matiyaamet ho gaye. yuddh samaapt hone ke baad avadh ne apni kaafi jameen kho di thi. fir bhi satahi taur par hi sahi, dushman dost ban gaye aur british sansad mein, sampoorn Bhaarat mein East India company ke pramukh mitr ke taur par navaab vajeer ke taareef ke pul baaaindhe gaye.
kai saalon ke darmiyaan navaab thoda thoda kar ke apni aajaadi khote gaye. angrej fauj ki suraksha aur yuddh mein sahaayata ka kharch chukaane ke liye avadh ne pehle chunaar ka kila aur fir banaaras aur gaajeepur ke jile aur fi Allahabad ka kila de diya. is dauraan navaab dvaara company ko diye jaane waali nakadi sahaayata bhi badhti hi gayi.
1773 mein navaab ne Lucknow mein british rejideint sveekaar karne ka aatmaghaati kadam uthaaya, iski badaulat videsh neeti par saara niyantran company ka ho gaya. jaldi hi, aupachaarik taur par navaab ko ijjt bakhshane ke baavajood vaastavik shaasak rejideint hi ho gaya.
nai rajdhani
shujaauddaula ke putr aasafuddaula 1775 mein rajdhani faijaabaad se Lucknow le gaye aur unhonne Lucknow ko Bhaarat ke sabse rais aur chamachamaate shaharon mein se ek bana diya. kaha jaata hai ki apni maaain ki sakhti se bachane ke liye unhonne yeh sthaanaantaran kiya. Lucknow jaise shahar ki kismat kaisi paristhitiyon ne banaai!
navaab aasafuddaula dayaalu va samvedansheel shaasak the, unhonne kai imaaratein banaain aur kalaaon ko protsaahan diya. bhool bhulaiya va nikat ke masjid sahit unhonne bada imaamabaada banavaaya, ise banavaane ka mukhya kaaran tha sookhe ke samay apni praja ko rojagaar dilvaana. roomi daravaaja bhi unki vaastushilp ke prati chetna ko darshaata hai.
angrejon ka hastakshep
unke putr, vajeer Ali, ko hi apne pitaamah dvaara Lucknow mein british rejideint sveekaarane ke faisale ka sabse zyaada afsos hua hoga. 1798 mein Governor general ne unhein sinhaasan se hata diya, bahaana yeh tha ki is baat ka shak tha ki ve vaastav mein aasafuddaula ke bete hain ya naheen, lekin sanbhavat: hataane ka vaastavik kaaran yeh tha ki ve svaayattata ki or badh rahe the. unhonne aasafuddaula ke bhaai saaadat Ali Khan ko taajaposh kiya. saaadat Ali Khan, vitteeya maamalon mein kaafi achha prabandhan karte the, lekin fir bhi unhonne kaafi nirmaan bhi karaae, jinmein dilkusha, hayaat baksh aur frahaat baksh tatha mashahoor laal baaraadari bhi shaamil hein. iske baad se uttaraadhikaar ke liye yeh vansh Delhi ke bajaay Calcutta ki or muainh taakane laga.
1798 mein banaaras mein padachyut vajeer Ali dvaara ek british rejideint ki hatya hone se hastakshep ka aur bahaana mil gaya aur Lord velesli (velingtan ke Duke ke bhaai) ne iska poora faayda uthaaya. 1801 ki sandhi ke anusaar navaab ko apni fauj ka tyaag kar ke uske bajaay ek angrejon ke netrutv waali sena ka bhaari kharcha dena pada. dakshini doaab (rohilkhand) de diya gaya aur Allahabad ke baaki ilaake va anya kshetr british Bhaarat ka ang ban gaye. tees saal mein avadh ne apni aadhi jameen angrejon ko de di thi.
in riyaayaton ke evaj mein navaab ne baaki ilaake ke shaasan mein khuli chhoot ki maaaing ki, taaki angrejon ki salaah aur hastakshep ki koi gunjaaish na rahe. lekin ismein dikkat yeh thi ki unke nirdeshon ka kriyaanvayan karne ke liye angreji fauj ki hi zaroorat padti. velesli ke paas ek aur chaal bhi thi: sandhi mein ek dhaara thi jiske tahat prashaasan pranaali "aadaraneeya company ke adhikaariyon ki salaah ke aadhaar par aur unheen ke anuroop" honi chaahiye thi. yeh dhaara yooain to nuksaanadeh naheen lagti thi, par isi ke jariye angrejon ne antat: avadh ka adhigrahan kiya.
svarnim yug
1819 ke baad se avadh mein gatividhiyaaain chalti rahageen. saaadat Ali ke dehaant ke baad unke putr gaaji masanad par baithe aur unhonne ud-deen ki upaadhi li, jiska arth hota hai dharm ke rakshak. angrejon ne aupachaarik taur par unhein raaja ki upaadhi di, haalaaainki yeh ek aisa kaal tha jab ve poori tarah angrejon par hi nirbhar the. Nepal yuddh ke liye unhonne angrej firangi ko 20 lakh rupae ka udhaar diya aur aadhe udhaar ki vaapasi ke taur par yuddh ke ant mein nepaali taraai angrejon se praapt ki - yeh himaalaya parvatamaala ke pehle maujood ek keechad wala jungle tha. kuchh ka sochana tha ki sauda achha naheen tha, lekin antat: taraai mein kaafi keemati lakdi paida hui.
gaajeeuddeen ek achhe shaasak the aur unhonne kai saarvajanik va bhavan nirmaan kaarya kiye, tatha insaaf dilaane par bhi kaafi dhyaan diya. unhonne mubaarak manjil, shaah manjil va hajaari baag bhi banaae. yahaaain unhonne jaanvaron ki ladaaiyon ke khelon se Lucknow ko pehli baar parichit karaaya.
lekin unke putr naasiruddeen, jo unke baad gaddi par baithe, angrejon ke prati aakarshit to the, par insaaf, aajaadi, lokatantr aadi cheejon ke prati naheen, balki unke kapadon, Khan paan aur, afsos, sharaab peene ki aadat ke prati, jo ki unke aas paas ke kuchh kharaab angrej saahasiyon mein thi.
naasiruddeen, is svabhaav ke baavajood kaafi lokapriya raaja the aur unhonne ek khagoleeya kendra, taaronvaali kothi bhi banvaai, jismein kai najaakat vaale upakaran the. iska rakharakhaav ek angrej khagolavid karta tha. unki maut ke baad ek aur uttaraadhikaar yuddh hua, jismein angrejon ne jor diya ki saaadat Ali ka ek aur putr, mohammad Ali gaddi par baithe. mohammad Ali ek nyaayapriya va lokapriya shaasak the aur unke adheen Lucknow ne kuchh samay ke liye vaapas puraani shaanoshaukat haasil ki. lekin ve gathiya se peedit the. 1842 mein unka dehaant hua aur unke putr amajad Ali shaasak bane, inka rujhaan majhabi aur ruhaani duniya ki or adhik tha, jiski vajah se prashaasan par pakad dheeli hui.
angrejon dvaara adhigrahan
amajad Ali ke baad vaajid Ali shaah aae, ve kavi, gaayak, kala ke kadradaan aur Lucknow se mohabbat karne vaale the. unke baare mein yeh likha gaya hai, "ve keval anapi niji indriyon ko sukhi karne mein talleen hain. unka saarvajanik maamalon mein koi rujhaan naheen hai aur uchch pad ke kartavyon aur jimmedaariyon se unhein koi lena dena naheen hai. ve kaval gaayakon, hijdon aur auraton ke beech hi rahate hain, bachapan se hi aise rahe hain aur ant tak bhi aise hi rahane ki aashanka hai."[1]
vaajid Ali shaah ke is varnan ko avadh ka angrejon dvaara adhigrahan ki daleel ke taur par istemaal kiya gaya. yadi vaajid Ali shaah ke khilaaf bad-intajaami ka iljaam sach tha, to iske liye angrej bhi navaab ke baraabar jimmedaar the. 1780 ke dashak ke baad se avadh ke prashaan aur vitt ka niyantran unke paas adhik tha. saath hi, angrejon dvaara navaab se lagaataar dhan ki maaaing se avadh kaafi nirdhan ho chuka tha.
antat: angrejon ko 1801 ki sandhi ki dhaara laagoo karne ka bahaana mil hi gaya aur 1856 mein Governor general Lord dalahauji is kaam ke liye bilkul upayukt the. avadh ka adhigrahan hua, vaajid Ali shaah ko Calcutta mein matiyaaburj mein lagbhag bandi hi bana diya gaya, haalaaainki ye angrejon ki yojana mein naheen tha. Bhaarat mein angrejon ki satta ke khilaaf sabse bade vidroh ke liye manch saj chuka tha.
1857 ka svaadheenata sangraam
vaajid Ali shaah ki ek patni, begam hajrat mahal Lucknow mein hi raheen aur jab 1857 mein yuddh hua to svaadheenata ke liye ladne vaalon ki unhonne aguaai ki.
begam ne kabhi haar naheen maani aur 1879 mein Nepal mein unka dehaant hua.
avadh ke shaasak
| avadh ke shaasak 1732-1858 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| se | tak | shaasak ka naam | (janm - mrutyu) | tippani |
| 1732 - mugl saamraajya ka ek varishth adhikaari ne mugl saltanat ke adheen avadh mein ek aanuvanshik raajyatantr ki sthaapana ki. | ||||
| shaasak (khitaab soobedaar navaab) | ||||
| 1732 | 19 March 1739 | borhan al-mulk meer mohammad ameen musaavi saadat Ali Khan pratham | (1680 - 1739) | |
| 19 March 1739 | 28 April 1748 | Abu al mansoor mohammad mokim Khan (1li baar) | (1708-1754) | |
| shaasak (khitaab navaab vajeer al maamaalik) | ||||
| 28 April 1748 | 13 May 1753 | Abu al mansoor mohammad mokim Khan (19 June 1748 tak kaaryakaari) | ||
| shaasak (khitaab soobedaar navaab) | ||||
| 5 November 1753 | 5 October 1754 | Abu al mansoor mohammad mokim Khan (2sari baari) | ||
| 5 October 1754 | 15 fravari 1762 | jalaaluddeen shujaauddaula haidar | (1732-1775) | |
| shaasak (khitaab navaab vajeer al mamaalik) | ||||
| 15 fravari 1762 | 26 January 1775 | jalaaluddeen shujaauddaula haidar | ||
| 26 January 1775 | 21 September 1797 | aasafuddaula amani | (1748 - 1797) | |
| 11 September 1797 | 21 January 1798 | mirja vajeer Ali Khan | (1780 - 1817) | |
| 21 January 1798 | 11 July 1814 | yaameenuddaula naajim al mulk saadat Ali Khan bahaadur dviteeya | (1752 - 1814) | |
| 11 July 1814 | 19 October 1818 | gaajeeuddeen rafaataddaula Abu al mujffr haidar Khan | (1769 - 1827) | |
| 8 October 1819 - shaasakon ne baadshah ki upaadhi ka prayog shuroo kiya, arthaat aupachaarik roop se svaadheenata ki ghoshana. | ||||
| raaja (khitaab baadshah-A-avadh, shaah-A-jmaaain) | ||||
| 19 October 1818 | 19 October 1827 | gaajeeuddeen rafaataddaula Abu al mujffr haidar Khan | ||
| 19 October 1827 | 7 July 1837 | naseeruddeen haidar sulemaan jaah shaah | (1803 - 1837) | |
| 7 July 1837 | 17 May 1842 | moinuddeen Abu al fath mohammad Ali shaah | (1777 - 1842) | |
| 17 May 1842 | 13 fravari 1847 | naseeruddaula amajad Ali torayya jaah shaah | (1801 - 1847) | |
| 13 fravari 1847 | 7 fravari 1856 | naseeruddeen abdul mansoor mohammad vaajid Ali shaah | (1822 - 1887) | |
| 7 fravari 1856 - raaja apadasth, avadh british Bhaarat ka hissa bana. | ||||
| 5 July 1857 se 3 March 1858 - apadasth raaja ne svaadheenata sangraam mein bhaag liya | ||||
| 5 July 1857 | 3 March 1858 | birjis kdr (svaadheenata sangraam ke dauraan) | (1845? - 1893) | [2] |
| Source: Bhaarat ke rajavaade, 1947 ke pehle ke raajya A-J | ||||
chitr deergha
avadh ke vajeer navaab
-
shujaauddaula (1753-1775)
-
aasafuddaula (1775-1797)
-
haidar beg Khan avadh ke navaab aasafuddaula ke vajeer, 1786 ka chitr.
avadh ke raaja
-
naseeruddeen haidar (1827-1837)
-
vaajid Ali shaah (1847-1856)
 |
vikimeediya kaumans par avadh se sambandhit media hai. |
yahaaain bhi dekhein
atirikt saamagri
sandarbh
- ↑ 'ek poorvi raaja ka niji jeevan', William naaitan dvaara
- ↑ avadh ka itihaas - Bhaarat ka ek rajavaada, lekhak hameed Akhtar siddeeki