aushadhanirmaan

chikitsa mein prayukt dravyon ke gyaan ko aushadhanirmaan athva bheshaj vigyaan ya 'bheshaji' ya 'faarmesi' (Pharmacy) kehte hain. iske antargat aushadhon ka gyaan tatha unka sanyojan hi naheen varan unki pehchaan, sanrakshan, nirmaan, vishleshan tatha pramaapan bhi hain. nai aushadhon ka aavishkaar tatha sanshleshan bheshaj (faarmesi) ke pramukh kaarya hain. faarmesi us sthaan ko bhi kehte hain jahaaain aushadhayojan tatha vikraya hota hai.

jab tak bheshajeeya pravidhiyaaain sugam theen tab tak bheshaj vigyaan chikitsa ka hi ang tha. parantu aushadhon ki sankhya tatha prakaaron ke badhne tatha unki nirmaanavidhiyon ke kramash: jatil hote jaane se bheshaj vigyaan ke alag visheshagyon ki aavashyakta padi.

adhyayan ke liye bheshaj vigyaan do bhaagon mein baaainta ja sakta hai - saiddhaantik bheshaji (theoretical pharmacy) tatha kriyaatmak bheshaji (practical pharmacy)

saiddhaantik bheshaj vigyaan ke antargat bhautiki, rasaayan, ganit aur saankhyik vishleshan tatha vanaspati vigyaan, praanishaastr, vanaushadh parichay, aushadh-prabhaav-vigyaan, sookshm-jeev-vigyaan tatha jaivikeeya pramaapan ka bhi gyaan aata hai. saath hi, ismein bhaashaajnyaaan, bheshaj sambandhi kaanoon, aushadhanirmaan, praathamik chikitsa aur saamaajik svaasthya ityaadi bhi sammilit hain.

kriyaatmak bheshaj vigyaan, vigyaan ki vah shaakha hai jismein bheshaj ke siddhaanton ko vyaavahaarik roop mein laane ke hetu prayukt vidhiyon tatha nirmaan kriyaaon ka gyaan aata hai. iske antargat aushadh sanyojan tatha bheshajeeya dravyon ka nirmaan bhi hai.

kriyaatmak bheshaj vigyaan ke adhyayan mein chhaatr ko ghol, choorn, kaipasool, malahal, goliyaaain, lep, varti (sapojitri), tikiyaaain, injekshan aadi banaana seekhana padta hai. saadhaaran upakaranon se lekar jatil yantron tak ke prayog ki vidhi vidyaarthi ko seekhani padti hai. aushadhon ki soochi ka sankalan tatha unke gun, prabhaav aadi aur nirmaanavidhi ka varnan jis granth mein kiya gaya hai usako aushadhakosh (faaramekopiya) kehte hain. kitne hi raashtra milkar athva ek raashtra svat: bhi apna aushadhakosh visheshagyon ki samiti dvaara prakaashit karavaata hai jismein chikitsopayogi padaartho ki soochi, unki nirmaanavidhi, naap taul aadi di rahati hai. samay-samay par isko doharaaya jaata aur prayogaanusaar aushadhon ko ghataaya badhaaya jaata hai. ek antararaashtreeya faaramekopiya bhi banti hai. yeh pratham baar san 1951 mein vishv svaasthya sangathan (dabloo. H.O.) dvaara prakaashit hui thi. isse sab raashtron ki faaramekopiyo ka ekeekaran kiya gaya hai.

pehli bhaarateeya faaramekopiya (I.pi.) san 1955 mein sankalit hui. faaramekopiya ke atirikt kai deshon mein anya praamaanik pustakein bhi hain. amareeka mein ek naishanal patraavali (naishanal faaramulari) aur ek new aind ofishiyl remedeej naam ki pustak hai. isi prakaar ki pustakein anya raashtron ne bhi taiyaar ki hain.

aspataalon tatha aushadhashaalaaon mein prayukt kriyaaon mein se kuchh ye hain :

nissaadan (levigeshan) aushadh ko jal ke saath ghotakar sukha lena tatha usaka maheen choorn taiyaar karna.

proddhaavan (ilyooshan) kisi aghulanasheel choorn ko paani mein milaakar bhaari bhaag ko baith jaane dete hain. fir oopar ke drav ko nithaar lete hain. aisa kai baar karne par aisa drav mil jaata hai jismein vaanchhit maheen choorn nilambit rahata hai.

mrudubhaavan (maisireshan) aushadh ke mote choorn ko kisi drav mein bhigokar samay-samay par paatr ko hilaate rahate hain. ant mein parinaami ghol ko nikaal lete hain. is prakaar praapt ghol ko satv ya tinkchar kehte hain.

chyavan (parakoleshan) kisi aushadh ke oopar koi vilaayak daalkar usaka vileya bhaag nikaal lene ko chyavan kehte hain. yeh kriya ek shankvaakaar paatr mein ki jaati hai tatha oopar vilaayak chhodkar neeche ke chhidr se vilyan booaind-booaind karke ikattha kar liya jaata hai. anek satv tatha tinkchar isi prakaar bante hain.

pramaapan kriya (staindardaaijing) faarmaakopiya ka aadesh hai ki kuchh nimitt oshadhiyaaain pramaapit ki jaaeain, arthaat yeh dekha jaae ki unamein unki pramukh aushadhi ek nirdhaarit anupaat mein avashya vidyamaan rahe.

jaivikeeya pramaanan (biological staindardaaijeshan) yadi koi aushadhi rasaayanavishesh ho to oshadhi ko raasaayanik vidhiyon dvaara pramaapit kiya ja sakta hai. parantu kuchh oshadhiyon ki maap ghata badhaakar jeevit praani par uske prabhaav ki nyoonaadhikta se hi usaka pramaapan sambhav hai; udaaharanaarth haaramon, heeperin, penisilin aadi. aise pramaapan ko jaivikeeya pramaapan kehte hain.

saadhaaranat: prayukt bhaishaj padaartho ka vargeekaran nimnalikhit hai :

vaari (aikvi) ye praaya: saurabhik telon ko jal ke saath hilaakar bante hain; sravit jal (distilled water) bhi isi soochi mein hai.

kreem tvacha par lagaanevaali oshadhi ko kreem kehte hain.

paayas (imalashan) yadi do na mil sakanevaale dravyon ko is prakaar mishrit kar diya jaata hai ki ve paryaapt samay tak alag naheen hote ta paayas praapt hota hai. udaaharanaarth, machhali ke tel ka paayas

saar (ekstraikt) vanaspati ya anya padaarth se kisi vilaayak dvaara vileya bhaag nikaalkar use gaadha kar lete ya sukha lete hain. is tarah taral athva shushk nissaar ban jaata hai.

ant:kshep (injekshan) tvacha ke neeche, peshi mein ya nas mein sui dvaara pravesh karne yogya oshadhi ko injekshan kehte hain.

mrudaya (linimeint) ye taileeya ya madyasaarayukt lep hain jo tvacha par ragade jaate hain.

vilyan (likr) praaya: jal mein ya madyasaar mein kisi rasaayanavishesh ke ghol ko likr kehte hain.

avaneg (loshan) kisi oshadhi ko jal ke saath milaakar kisi angavishesh ko dhone ke liye ya patti bhigokar rakhane ke liye banaai gayi oshadhi ko loshan kehte hain.

goli (pil) ek ya kai oshadhiyaaain milaakar goli ke roop mein bana di jaati hain tatha niglane ke liye di jaati hai. du:svaad chhipaane ke liye praaya: in par sharkaraadi ka lep kar diya jaata hai.

mishran (mikschar) kai oshadhiyon ko jal athva anya kisi peya mein milaakar niyamit maatra mein pilaane ke liye bani oshadhi ko miksachar kehte hain.

choorn (paaudar) yeh ek oshadhi athva kai oshadhiyon ka choorn hota hai.

praasav (spirit) yeh saurabhik tailon athva anya kisi drav ka madyasaar mein ghol hota hai.

varti (sapojitri) kisi naram padaarth se chhoti peinsil ke samaan bani vastu hai, jismein oshadhi mili rahati hai tatha jo gudaadvaar ya yoni mein pravisht kara di jaati hai.

tikiya (taiblet) ye praaya: machine se banti hain tatha inmein ek ya kai oshadhiyaaain hoti hain.

nishkarsh (tinkchar) jaisa pehle likha ja chuka hai, yeh vanaspati padaartho ke oopar koi vilaayak (praaya: madyasaar) chhodkar banaai jaati hai. ghulanasheel tatv is prakaar vilaayak mein aa jaate hain.

malaham (angveint) ye vaisaleen aadi mein kisi oshadhi ko feintakar banaae jaate hain tatha tvacha par lagaane ke kaam aate hain.

• maanya aushadhakosh
• dravyagun shaastr (AYURVEDA PHARMACOLOGY)
• bhaishajya kalpana
• rasashaastr
• bheshaj-chikitsaavijnyaaan (pharmacotherapeutics)
• vishleshan bheshaji (analytical pharmacy)
• jaiv faarmesi (biological pharmacy)
• saamudaayik faarmesi (community pharmacy)
• dant bheshaji (dental pharmacy)
• naitik bheshaji (ethical pharmacy)
• saamaanya bheshaji (general pharmacy)
• aspataal faarmesi (hospital pharmacy)
• vinirmaan bheshaji (manufacturing pharmacy)
• madhyakaaleen bheshaji (medieval pharmacy)
• maanya faarmesi (official pharmacy)
• bhautik bheshaji (physicial pharmacy)
• vyaavasaayik faarmesi (professional pharmacy)
• vikirn bheshaji (radio pharmacy)
• futakaravikraya faarmesi (retail pharmacy)

• Indigenous Drugs Of India (Google book By Chopra R N, I.C. Chopra)
• Navigator History of Pharmacy Collection of internet resources related to the history of pharmacy.
• RPSGB Museum Information Sheets Illustrated information sheets on objects in the history of pharmacy.
• History of Pharmacy Web Pages Perbo's History of Pharmacy Web Pages.
• Soderlund Pharmacy Museum - Information about the history of the American Drugstore
• The Lloyd Library Library of botanical, medical, pharmaceutical, and scientific books and periodicals, and works of allied sciences
• American Institute of the History of Pharmacy American Institute of the History of Pharmacy—aresources in the history of pharmacy
• [1] International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). Federation representing national associations of pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. Information and resources relating to pharmacy education, practice, science and policy.

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• The Virtual Library of Pharmacy - Extensive index of pharmacy-related resources, including information on careers in pharmacy, pharmacy schools, pharmaceutical companies, associations and conferences.