aurangajeb
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is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (May 2016) |
abul mujffar muhiuddeen muhammad aurangajeb aalamgeer (4 November 1618 – 3 March 1707) jise aamtaur par aurangajeb ya aalamgeer (svanya ko diya hua shaahi naam jiska arth hota hai vishv vijeta) ke naam se jaana jaata tha Bhaarat par raajya karne wala chhatha mugl shaasak tha. usaka shaasan 1658 se lekar 1707 mein usaki mrutyu hone tak chala. aurangajeb ne bhaarateeya upamahaadveep par aadhi sadi se bhi jyaada samay tak raajya kiya. vo Akbar ke baad sabse jyaada samay tak shaasan karne wala mugl shaasak tha. apne jeevanakaal mein usane dakshini Bhaarat mein mugl saamraajya ka vistaar karne ka bharsak prayaas kiya par usaki mrutyu ke pashchaat mugl saamraajya sikudne laga.
aurangajeb ke shaasan mein mugl saamraajya apne vistaar ke charamotkarsh par pahuncha. vo apne samay ka shaayad sabse dhani aur shaatishaali vyakti tha jisne apne jeevanakaal mein dakshin Bhaarat mein praapt vijyon ke jariye mugl saamraajya ko saadhe baarah lakh varg meal mein failaaya aur 15 karod logon par shaasan kiya jo ki duniya ki aabaadi ka 1/4 tha.
aurangajeb ne poore saamraajya par fatwa-A-aalamageeri (shariyt ya islaami kaanoon par aadhaarit) laagoo kiya aur kuchh samay ke liye gair-muslimo par atirikt kar bhi lagaaya. gair-musalmaan janta par shariyt laagoo karne wala vo pehla musalmaan shaasak tha. usane anek hindu dhaarmik sthalon ko nasht kiya aur guru teg bahaadur ki hatya karva di.
anukram
shurooaati jeevan
aurangajeb ka janm 4 November 1618 ko daahod, Gujarat mein hua tha. vo shaahajahaaain aur mumataaj mahal ki chhathi santaan aur teesara beta tha. uske pita us samay Gujarat ke soobedaar the. June 1626 mein jab uske pita dvaara kiya gaya vidroh asafal ho gaya to aurangajeb aur uske bhaai daara shikoh ko unke daada jahaaaingeer ke Lahore vaale darbaar mein noor jahaaain dvaara bandhak bana kar rakha gaya. 26 fravari 1628 ko jab shaahajahaaain ko mugl samraat ghoshit kiya gaya tab aurangajeb Agra kile mein apne maata pita ke saath rahane ke liye vaapas lauta. yaheen par aurangajeb ne arabi aur faarasi ki aupachaarik shiksha praapt ki.
sattaasan
mugl prathaaon ke anusaar, shaahajahaaain ne 1634 mein shahajaada aurangajeb ko dakkan ka soobedaar niyukt kiya. aurangajeb kirki (Maharashtra) ko gaya jiska naam badalkar usane Aurangabad kar diya. 1637 mein usane rabiya durraani se shaadi ki. idhar shaahajahaaain mugl darbaar ka kaamkaaj apne bete daara shikoh ko saunpane laga. 1644 mein aurangajeb ki bahan ek durghatana mein jalakar mar gayi. aurangajeb is ghatna ke teen hafte baad Agra aaya jisse uske pita shaahajahaaain ko usapar behad krodh aaya. usane aurangajeb ko dakkan ke soobedaar ke ohade se barkhaast kar diya. aurangajeb 7 maheenon tak darbaar naheen aa saka. baad mein shaahajahaaain ne use Gujarat ka soobedaar banaaya. aurangajeb ne suchaaroo roop se shaasan kiya aur use iska sila bhi mila, use badakhshaan (uttari afgaanistaan) aur baalkh (afgaan-ujbek) kshetr ka soobedaar bana diya gaya.
iske baad use multaan aur sindh ka bhi Governor banaaya gaya. is dauraan vo faaras ke safviyon se kandhaar par niyantran ke liye ladta raha par use haar ke alaava aur kuchh mila to vo tha- apne pita ki upeksha. 1652 mein use dakkan ka soobedaar fir se banaaya gaya. usane golakonda aur Bijapur ke khilaaf ladaaiyaaain ki aur nirnaayak kshan par shaahajahaaain ne sena vaapas bula li. isse aurangajeb ko bahut thes pahuainchi kyonki shaahajahaaain aisa uske bhaai daara shikoh ke kehne par kar raha tha.
sattaasangharsh
san 1652 mein shaahajahaaain beemaar pada aur aisa lagne laga ki shaahajahaaain ki maut aa jaaegi. daara shikoh, shaah suja aur aurangajeb mein satta sangharsh chalne laga. shaah suja, jisne apne ko Bengal ka Governor ghoshit karavaaya tha ko haarakar barma ke araakaan kshetr jaana pada aur 1659 mein aurangajeb ne shaahajahaaain ko kaid karne ke baad apna raajyaabhishekh karavaaya. daara shikoh ko faaainsi de di gayi. aisa kaha jaata hai ki shaahajahaaain ko maarane ke liye aurangajeb ne do baar jhar bhijvaaya. par jin hakeemon se usane jhar bhijvaaya tha vo shaahajahaaain ke vafaadaar the aur shaahajahaaain ke vish dene ke bajaaya ve khud jhar pi gaye.
shaasak aurangajeb
mugl, khaaskar Akbar ke baad se, gair-muslimon par udaar rahe the lekin aurangajeb unke theek ulat tha. aurangajeb ne jajiya kar fir se aarambh karavaaya, jise Akbar ne khatm kar diya tha. usane Kashmiri braahmanon ko islaam kabool karne par majaboor kiya. Kashmiri braahmanon ne sikkhon ke nauvein guru tegabahaadur se madad maangi. tegabahaadur ne iska virodh kiya to aurangajeb ne unhein faansi par lataka diya. is din ko sikkh aaj bhi apne tyauhaaron mein yaad karte hain.
saamraajya vistaar
aurangajeb ke shaasan kaal mein yuddh-vidroh-daman-chadhaai ityaadi ka taanta laga raha. pashchim mein sikkhon ki sankhya aur shakti mein badhottri ho rahi thi. dakshin mein Bijapur aur golakunda ko antat: usane hara diya par is beech shivaaji ki maraatha sena ne unako naak mein dam kar diya. shivaaji ko aurangajeb ne girftaar kar to liya par shivaaji aur sambhaaji ke bhaag nikalne par uske liye behad fikr ka sabab ban gaya. aakhir shivaaji mahaaraaja ne aurangajeb ko haraaya aur Bhaarat mein maraatho ne pure desh mein apni taakat badhaai shivaaji ki mrutyu ke baad bhi maraathon ne aurangjeb ko pareshaan kiya. is beech hinduon ko islaam mein parivrtit karne ki neeti ke kaaran rajput uske khilaaf ho gaye the aur uske 1707 mein marne ke turant baad unhonne vidroh kar diya.
vyaktitv
aurangajeb pavitra jeevan vyateet karta tha. apne vyaktigat jeevan mein vah ek aadarsh vyakti tha. vah un sab durgunon se sarvatr mukt tha, jo Asia ke raajaaon mein saamanyat: the. vah yati-jeevan jeeta tha. khaane-peene, vesh-bhoosha aur jeevan ki anya sabhi-suvidhaaon mein vah sanyam baratata tha. prashaasan ke bhaari kaam mein vyast rahate hue bhi vah apni jarooraton ko poora karne ke liye kuraan ki nakal karke aur topiyaaain seekar kuchh paisa kamaane ka samay nikaal leta tha.
aurangajeb ki dhaarmik neeti
samraat aurangajeb ne islaam dharm ke mahatva ko sveekaarate hue 'kuraan' ko apne shaasan ka aadhaar banaaya. usane sikkon par kalama khudavaana, nauroj ka tyauhaar manaana, bhaang ki kheti karna, gaana-bajaana aadi par rok laga di. 1663 E. mein sati pratha par pratibndh lagaaya. teerth kar pun: lagaaya. apne shaasan kaal ke 11 varsh mein 'jharokha darshan', 12vein varsh mein 'tulaadaan pratha' par pratibndh laga diya, 1668 E. mein hindu tyauhaaron par pratibndh laga diya. 1699 E. mein usane hindu mandiron ko todne ka aadesh diya. bade-bade nagaron mein aurangajeb dvaara 'muhatasib' (saarvajanik sadaachaara nireekshak) ko niyukt kiya gaya. 1669 E. mein aurangajeb ne banaaras ke 'vishvanaath mandir' evam Mathura ke 'keshav rai madinr' ko tudva diya. usane shareeyat ke viruddh liye jaane vaale lagbhag 80 karon ko samaapt karva diya. inheen mein 'aabavaab' naam se jaana jaane wala 'raayadaari' (parivhan kar) aur 'paanadaari' (chungi kar) naamak sthaaneeya kar bhi shaamil the. aurangajeb 'daarul harb' (kaafiron ka desh Bhaarat) ko 'daarul islaam' (islaam ka desh) mein parivrtit karne ko apna mahattvapoorn lakshya maanata tha.
atyaachaari vyakti
aurangajeb ke samay mein braj mein aane vaale teerth−yaatriyon par bhaari kar lagaaya gaya. mandir nasht kiye lage, jajiya kar fir se lagaaya gaya aur hinduon ko musalmaan banaaya gaya. us samay ke kaviyon ki rachanaaon mein aurangajeb ke atyaachaaron ka ullekh hai. tode gaye mandiron ki jagah par masjid aur saraaya banaai gain tatha makatab aur kasaaikhaane kaayam kiye gaye. hinduon ke dil ko dukhaane ke liye go−vadh karne ki khuli chhoot de di gayi.
dharmaachaaryon ka nishkraman
jab braj mein itna atyaachaar hone laga, tab yahaaain ke dharmapraan bhaktajan apni dev−moortiyaaain aur dhaarmik pothiyon ko lekar bhaagane ka vichaar karne lage. kintu kahaaain jaayein, yeh unke liye badi samasya thi. ve teerth sthaanon mein rah kar apna dharm−karm karna chaahate the; kintu yahaaain rahana unke liye asambhav ho gaya tha.
Mathura ki durdasha
us samay kuchh prabhaavashaali hindu raajyon ki sthiti aurangajeb ke majhabi taanaashaahi se mukt thi, at: braj ke anek dharmaachaarya evam bhaktajan apne parivaar ke saath vahaaain ja kar basane lage. us abhootapoorv dhaarmik nishkraman ke falasvaroop braj mein govardhan aur gokul jaise samruddhishaali dharmasthaan ujad gaye aur vrundaavan shobhaaheen ho gaya tha. aurangajeb ke shaasan mein braj ki jaisi barbaadi hui, usaka varnan naheen kiya ja sakta hai. aurangajeb ke atyaachaaron se Mathura ki janta apne Patrick aavaason ko chhod kar niktavarti hindu raajaaon ke raajyon mein jaakar basane lagi thi. jo rah gaye the, ve badi kathin paristhiti mein apne jeevan bita rahe the. us samay mein Mathura ka koi mahattv naheen tha. usaki dhaarmikta ke saath hi saath usaki bhautik samruddhi bhi samaapt ho gayi thi. prashaasan ki drushti se us samay mein Mathura se adhik mahaavan, sahaar aur saadaabaad ka mahattv tha, vahaaain musalmaanon ki sankhya bhi apekshaakrut adhik thi.
aurangajeb ki mrutyu
aurangajeb ke antim samay mein dakshin mein maraathon ka jor bahut badh gaya tha. unhein dabaane mein shaahi sena ko safalta naheen mil rahi thi. isliye san 1683 mein aurangajeb swayam sena lekar dakshin gaya. vah rajdhani se door rahata hua, apne shaasan−kaal ke lagbhag antim 25 varsh tak usi abhiyaan mein raha. 50 varsh tak shaasan karne ke baad usaki mrutyu dakshin ke ahamadanagar mein 3 March san 1707 E. mein ho gayi. daulataabaad mein sthit fkeer buruhaanuddeen ki kbr ke ahaate mein use dafna diya gaya. usaki neeti ne itne virodhi paida kar diye, jis kaaran mugl saamraajya ka ant hi ho gaya.
sthaapatya nirmaan
mugl samraaton ka kaalakram
