audyogik kraanti

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain.
krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (June 2015)

vaashp engine audyogik kraanti ka prateek tha.

atthaarahaveen shataabdi ke uttaraardh tatha unneesaveen shataabdi ke poorvaardh mein kuchh pashchimi deshon ke takaneeki, saamaajik, aarthik evam saanskrutik sthiti mein kaafi bada badlaav aaya. ise hi audyogik kraanti (Industrial Revolution) ke naam se jaana jaata hai. yeh silsila Britain se aarambh hokar poore vishv mein fail gaya. "audyogik kraanti" shabd ka is sandarbh mein upayog sabse pehle aaranold taayanabi ne apni pustak "lekchars on di indstriyl rivolyooshan in England" mein san 1844 mein kiya.

audyogik kraanti ka sootrapaat vastr udyog ke masheeneekaran ke saath aarambh hua. iske saath hi loha banaane ki takaneekein aayeen aur shodhit koyale ka adhikaadhik upayog hone laga. koyale ko jalaakar bane vaashp ki shakti ka upayog hone laga. shakti-chaalit masheenon (visheshakar vastr udyog mein) ke aane se utpaadan mein jabarajast vruddhi hui. unneesavi sadi ke pratham do dashakon mein poori tarah se dhaatu se bane aujaaron ka vikaas hua. iske parinaamasvaroop doosare udyogon mein kaam aane waali masheenon ke nirmaan ko gati mili. unneesavi shataabdi mein yeh poore pashchimi Europe tatha uttari America mein fail gayi.

alag-alag itihaasakaar audyogik kraanti ki samayaavadhi alag-alag maanate najar aate hain jabki kuchh itihaasakaar ise kraanti maanane ko hi taiyaar naheen hain.

anek vichaarakon ka mat hai ki gulaam deshon ke sroton ke shoshan aur loot ke bina audyogik kraanti sambhav nahi hui hoti, kyonki audyogik vikaas ke liye poonji ati aavashyak cheej hai aur vah us samay Bhaarat aadi gulaam deshon ke sansaadhanon ke shoshan se praapt ki gayi thi.

anukram

kaaran

krushi kraanti
janasankhya visfot
vyaapaar pratibandhon ki samaapti
upaniveshon ka kachcha maal tatha baajaar
poonji tatha nayi praudyogiki
punarjaagaran kaal aur prabodhan
raashtravaad
kaarkhaana pranaali

itihaas

san 1868 mein Germany ke kemaneej (Chemnitz) shahar ke ek kaarkhaane ka machine-haal

16veen tatha 17veen shataabdiyon mein Europe ke kuchh deshon ne apni nau-shakti ke aadhaar par doosare mahaadveepon mein aadhiptya jama liya. unhonne vahaaain par dharm tatha vyaapaar ka prasaar kiya. us yug mein masheenon ka aavishkaar bahut kam hua tha. jahaaj lakdi ke hi bante the. jin vastuon ka bhaar kam parantu moolya adhik hota unki bikri saat samudra paar bhi ho sakti thi. us yug mein nae vyaapaar se dhanopaarjan ka ek naya prabal saadhan praapt kiya aur krushi ka mahatva kam hone laga. vyaktiyon mein kisi saamant ki praja ke roop mein rahane ki bhaavana ka ant hone laga. amareeka ke svaadheen hone tatha France mein "bhraatrutv, samaanata aur svatantrata" ke aadhaar par honevaali kraanti ne nae vichaaron ka sootrapaat kiya. praacheen shrunkhalaaon ko todkar nai svatantrata ki or agrasar hone ki bhaavana ka aarthik kshetr mein yeh prabhaav hua ki gaaainv ke kisaanon mein apna bhaagya swayam nirmaan karne ki tatparata jaagrat hui. ve krushi ka vyavasaaya tyaag kar nae avsar ki prateeksha karne lage. yeh vichaaradhaara 18veen shataabdi ke ant mein samast Europe mein vyaapt ho gayi. England mein un dinon kuchh nae yaantrik aavishkaar hue. James ke flaaing shatal (1733), haaragreevj ki spining Jenny (1770), aarkaraait ke vaatar power spining frem (1769), kraanpatan ke myool (1779) aur kaartaraait ke power loom (1785) se vastrotpaadan mein paryaapt gati I. James vaat ke bhaap ke engine (1789) ka upayog gahari khaanon se paani ko baahar feinkane ke liye kiya gaya. jal aur vaashp shakti ka dheere-dheere upayog badha aur ek nae yug ka sootrapaat hua. bhaap ke engine mein sardi, garmi, varsha sahane ki shakti thi, usase kaheen bhi 24 ghante kaam liya ja sakta tha. is nai shakti ka upayog yaataayaat ke saadhanon mein karne se bhaugolik dooriyaaain kam hone lageen. lohe aur koyale ki khaanon ka vishesh mahatva prakat hua aur vastron ke utpaadan mein masheenon ka kaam spasht jhalak utha.

England mein nae sthaanon par jangalon mein khanij kshetron ke nikat nagar base; naharon tatha achhi sadkon ka nirmaan hua aur graameen janasankhya apne nae svatantr vichaaron ko kriyaanvit karne ke avsar ka laabh uthaane lagi. desh mein vyaapaarik pooainji, saahas tatha anubhav ko nayaakshetr mila. vyaapaar vishvavyaapi ho saka. desh ki milon ko chalaane ke liye kachche maal ki aavashyakta hui, use amareeka tatha Asia ke deshon se praapt karne ke uddeshya se upaniveshon ki sthaapana ki gayi. kachcha maal praapt karne aur taiyaar maal bechne ke saadhan bhi ve hi upanivesh hue. nai vyaapaarik sansthaaon, baikon aur commission agenton ka praadurbhaav hua. ek vishesh vyaapak arth mein duniya ke vibhinn hisse ek doosare se sambaddh hone lage. 18veen sadi ke antim 20 varshon mein aarambh hokar 19veen ke madhya tak chalti rahanevaali England ki is kraanti ka anusaran Europe ke anya deshon ne bhi kiya. haulaind tatha France mein sheegra hi, tatha Germany, Italy aadi raashtron mein baad mein, yeh prabhaav pahuaincha. antarraashtreeya kshetr mein vyaapaariyon ne apne-apne raajyon mein dhan ki vruddhi ki aur badle mein sarkaaron se sainya suvidhaaeain tatha vishshaadhikaar maaainge. is prakaar aarthik tatha raajaneetik kshetron mein vyaapaar tatha sena ka yeh sahayog upaniveshavaad ki neenv ko sudrudh karne mein sahaayak hua. raajyon ke beech, apne deshon ki vyaapaaraneeti ko protsaahan dene ke prayaas mein, upaniveshon ke liye yuddh bhi hue. upaniveshon ka aarthik jeevan "mool raashtra" ki audyogik aavashyakataaon ki poorti karanevaala ban gaya. svatantr astitv ke sthaan par paraavalanban unki visheshata ban gayi. jin deshon mein audyogik parivartan hue vahaaain maanav bandhanon se mukt hua, nae sthaanon par nae vyavasaayon ki khoj mein vah ja saka, dhan ka vah adhik utpaadan kar saka. kintu is viksit sampatti ka shreya kisi ho aur usak pratifl kaun praapt kare, ye prashn uthane lage. 24 ghante chalanevaali masheenon ko sainbhaalanevaale majadoor bhi kitna kaam karein, kab aur kis vetan par karein, in prashnon par maanavata ki drushti se vichaar kiya jaane laga. maalik-majadoor-sambandhon ko sahaanubhootipoorn banaane ki cheshtaaeain hone lageen. maanav mukt to hua, par vah mukt hua dhani ya nirdhan hone ke liye, bharapet bhojan paane ya bhookha rahane ke liye, vastron ka utpaadan kar swayam vastraviheen rahane ke liye. ataev doosare pahaloo par dhyaan dene ke liye shaasan ki or se nae niyamon ki aavashyakta padi, jinki disha sada majadooron ki kathinaaiyaaain kam karne, unka vetan tatha suvidhaaeain badhaane tatha unhein utpaadan mein bhaageedaar banaane ki or rahi.

is prakaar 18veen shataabdi ke antim 20 varshon mein France ki raajyakraanti se prerana praapt kar England mein 19veen shataabdi mein viksit masheenon ka adhikaadhik upayog hone laga. utpaadan ki nai vidhiyon aur paimaanon ka janm hua. yaataayaat ke nae saadhanon dvaara vishvavyaapi baajaar ka janm hua. inhi sabse sambandhit aarthik evam saamaajik parinaamon ka 50 varshon tak vyaapt rahana kraanti ki sanjnyaa isliye pa saka ki parivrtanon ki vah mishrit shrrunkhala aarthik-saamaajik-vyavastha mein aadhaarbhoot parivartan ki janmadaayini thi.

sansaar ke doosare deshon tatha upaniveshon ke svatantr hokar aage badhane se is kraanti ke prabhaav dheere-dheere drushtigt hone lage. unke samaksh 20veen shataabdi mein krushi ke sthaan par udyogon ko viksit karne ka prashn hai; kintu unke paas na to gat do shataabdiyon ke vyaapaar ki ematrit pooainji tatha anubhav hai aur na unamein yaataayaat tatha mool udyogon ka vikaas hi hua hai. ye raashtra svaadheen hone ke pashchaat anya sampann raashtron se seemit roop mein pooainji tatha yaantrik sahaayata praapt karne ki cheshtaaon mein lage hain, kintu is prakaar ki sahaayata ke badle mein ve kisi raajaneetik bandhan mein naheen padna chaahate. in raashtron ka moolabhoot uddeshya apne yahaaain usi prakaar ke parivartan karna hai jaise parivartan audyogik kraanti ke saath Europe mein hue. par yeh spasht hai ki moolat: in nae raashtron ko apne liye kachcha maal praapt karne tatha pakke maal ka vikraya karne ke saadhan apni seemaaon ke anusaar hi viksit karna hai. iske liye chaarlin chelplin ki film "modern time" ek achha udaaharan hai jo san 1936 mein pehli baar dikhaai gayi vaise to ye goongi film hai lekin ismein audyogik kraanti, machine aur insaan ka sambandh bataaya gaya hai

Bhaarat mein audyogik kraanti

praacheen kaal mein Bhaarat ek sampann desh tha. bhaarateeya kaareegaron dvaara niryaat maal arab, misr, rom, France tatha England ke baajaaron mein bikta tha aur bhaaratavarsh se vyaapaar karne ke liye videshi raashtron mein hod si lagi rahati thi. isi uddeshya se san 1600 mein East India company ki sthaapana England mein hui. yeh company Bhaarat mein bana hua maal England le jaakar bechati thi. bhaarateeya vastueain, visheshakar resham aur makhamal ke bane hue kapde, England mein bahut adhik pasand ki jaati thi; yahaaain tak ki England ki mahaaraani bhi bhaarateeya vastron ko pahanane mein apna gaurav samajhti theen. parantu yeh sthiti bahut dinon tak bani na rah saki. audyogik kraanti ke parinaamasvaroop England mein maal bade paimaane par taiyaar hone laga aur yeh upaniveshon mein becha jaane laga. angrej vyaapaariyon ko apni sarkaar ka poora-poora sahayog praapt tha. bhaarateeya kaareegar nirbal aur bikhre hue the; ataev ve machine ki bani vastuon se pratispardha karne mein asamarth rahe. falat: unhein apna pushtaini pesha chhodkar kheti ka sahaara lena pada. is prakaar audyogik kraanti ke falasvaroop bhaarateeya udyog dhandhon ka naash ho gaya tatha laakhein kaareegar bhookhon marne lage. audyogik kraanti, jo England ke liye varadaan svaroop thi, bhaarateeya udyogon ke liye abhishaap siddh hui.

aadhunik roop se bhaaratavarsh ka audyogeekaran 1850 E. se praarambh hua. san 1853-54 mein Bhaarat mein rel aur taar ki pranaali praarambh hui. yadyapi rel banaane ka mukhya uddeshya kachche maal ka niryaat tatha nirmit maal ka aayaat karna tha, to bhi relon se bhaarateeya udyogon ko vishesh sahaayata mili. praarambh mein bhaarateeya pooainji se kuchh sooti milein aur koyale ki khadaanein sthaapit ki gain. dheere-dheere ye udyog bahut unnat ho gaye. kuchh samay ke pashchaat kaagaj banaane aur chamade ke kaarkhaane bhi sthaapit ho gaye aur 1908 E. mein bhaaratavarsh mein pratham baar lohe aur ispaat ka kaarkhaana bhi praarambh hua. pratham mahaayuddh (1914-1918) ke anantar udyogon ki unnati mein vishesh roop se sahaayak siddh hui. san 1922 aur 1939 E. ke beech sooti kapadon ka nirmaan duguna aur kaagaj ka utpaadan dhaai guna ho gaya. 1932 E. mein shakkar ke kaarkhaanon ki sthaapana bhi hui aur 1935-36 E. mein ve desh ki 95 pratishat aavashyakataaon ki poorti karne lage.

dviteeya mahaayuddh kaal mein bhaarateeya udyogon ne aur bhi adhik unnati ki. puraane udyogon ki utpaadan shakti bahut adhik badh gayi aur anek naveen udyogon ki bhi sthaapana hui. Bhaarat mein deejl engine, panp, baaisiklein, kapda seene ki masheenein, kaastik soda, sod aish, klorin, aadi ka utpaadan praarambh hua tatha desh ke itihaas mein pehli baar vaayuyaanon, motarakaaron tatha jahaajon ki marammat karne ka kaarya praarambh hua. dviteeya mahaayuddh ke ant tak bhaaratavarsh ki ganana vishv ke pratham aath audyogik raashtron mein hone lagi. us samay bhaarateeya companiyon mein lagi hui kul pooainji 424.2 karod Ru. thi tatha udyogon mein 25 lakh majadoor kaarya karte the. Bhaarat shakkar, cement tatha saabun ke kshetr mein poornat: aatmanirbhar tha tatha joot ke kshetr mein to usaka ekaadhiptya tha.

svatantrataapraapti ke uparaant audyogik unnati ka naya adhyaaya praarambh hua. raashtreeya sarkaar ne desh ki sarvaangeen unnati ke liye panchavarsheeya yojanaaeain banaain. pratham panchavarsheeya yojanaakaal mein sarkaar ne 101 karod rupae ki raashi udyogon mein viniyojit ki tatha raasaayanik khaad, engine, rel ke dibbe, peneesilin, di.di.ti. tatha nyoojprint (akhbaaron ka kaagaj) banaane ke kaarkhaanon ki sthaapana ki. desh ke pooainjeepatiyon ne bhi, is kaal mein, 340 karod rupae ki pooainji lagaakar anek nae kaarkhaane khole tatha puraane kaarkhaanon ki utpaadan shakti badhaai. dviteeya panchavarsheeya yojana ka mukhya uddeshya desh ki audyogik pragati ko teevratar karna tha.