ashtaadhyaayi

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (September 2014)

ashtaadhyaayi (ashtaadhyaayi = aath adhyaayon waali) maharshi paanini dvaara rachit sanskrut vyaakaran ka ek atyant praacheen granth (500 E poo) hai. ismein aath adhyaaya hain; pratyek adhyaaya mein chaar paad hain; pratyek paad mein 38 se 220 tak sootr hain. is prakaar ashtaadhyaayi mein aath adhyaaya, battees paad aur sab milaakar lagbhag 3155 sootr hain. ashtaadhyaayi par mahaamuni kaatyaayan ka vistrut vaartik granth hai aur sootr tatha vaartikon par Bhagwan patanyajali ka vishd vivranaatmak granth mahaabhaashya hai. sankshep mein sootr, vaartik evam mahaabhaashya teenon sammilit roop mein 'paanineeya vyaakaran' kahalaata hai aur sootrakaar paanini, vaartikkaar kaatyaayan evam bhaashyakaar patanyajali - teenon vyaakaran ke 'trimuni' kahalaate hain.

ashtaadhyaayi chhah vedaangon mein mukhya maana jaata hai. ashtaadhyaayi mein 3155 sootr aur aarambh mein varnasamaamnaaya ke 14 pratyaahaar sootr hain. ashtaadhyaayi ka parimaan ek sahasr anushtup shlok ke baraabar hai. mahaabhaashya mein ashtaadhyaayi ko "sarvaved-parishd-shaastr" kaha gaya hai. arthaat ashtaadhyaayi ka sambandh kisi vedavishesh tak seemit na hokar sabhi vaidik sanhitaaon se tha aur sabhi ke praatishrooya abhimton ka paanini ne samaadar kiya tha. ashtaadhyaayi mein anek poorvaachaaryon ke maton aur sootron ka sannivesh kiya gaya. unamein se shaakataayan, shaakalya, abhishaali, gaargya, gaalav, Bhardwaj, kashyap, shaunak, sfotaayan, chaakravarman ka ullekh paanini ne kiya hai.

ashtaadhyaayi ke karta paanini kab hue, is vishay mein kai mat hain. bhandaarakar aur goldastakar inka samay 7veen shataabdi E.poo. maanate hain. maikadaanel, keeth aadi kitne hi vidvaanon ne inhein chauthi shataabdi E.poo. maana hai. bhaarateeya anushruti ke anusaar paanini nandon ke samakaaleen the aur yeh samay 5veen shataabdi E.poo. hona chaahiye. paanini mein shatamaan, vinshatik aur kaarshaapan aadi jin mudraaon ka ek saath ullekh hai unke aadhaar par evam anya kai kaaranon se hamein paanini ka kaal yahi sameecheen jaan padta hai.

ashtaadhyaayi mein aath adhyaaya hain aur pratyek adhyaaya mein chaar paad hain. pehle doosare adhyaayon mein sanjnyaa aur paribhaasha sambandhi sootr hain evam vaakya mein aae hue kriya aur sanjnyaa shabdon ke paarasparik sambandh ke niyaamak prakaran bhi hain, jaise kriya ke liye aatmanepad-parasmaipad-prakaran, evam sanjnyaaaon ke liye vibhkti, samaas aadi. teesare, chauthe aur paaainchavein adhyaayon mein sab prakaar ke pratyayon ka vidhaan hai. teesare adhyaaya mein dhaatuon mein pratyaya lagaakar krudant shabdon ka nirvachan hai aur chauthe tatha paaainchave adhyaayon mein sanjnyaa shabdon mein pratyaya jodkar bane nae sanjnyaa shabdon ka vistrut nirvachan bataaya gaya hai. ye pratyaya jin arthavishyon ko prakat karte hain unhein vyaakaran ki paribhaasha mein vrutti kehte hain, jaise varsha mein honevaale indradhanu ko vaarshik indradhanu kaheinge. varsha mein honevaale is vishesh arth ko prakat karanevaala "ik" pratyaya taddhit pratyaya hai. taddhit prakaran mein 1,190 sootr hain aur krudant prakaran mein 631. is prakaar krudant, taddhit pratyayon ke vidhaan ke liye ashtaadhyaayi ke 1,821 arthaat aadhe se kuchh hi kam sootr viniyukt hue hain. chhathe, saatavein aur aathavein adhyaayon mein un parivrtanon ka ullekh hai jo shabd ke aksharon mein hote hain. ye parivartan ya to mool shabd mein judnevaale pratyayon ke kaaran ya sandhi ke kaaran hote hain. dvitv, sanprasaaran, sandhi, svar, aagam, lop, deergh aadi ke vidhaayak sootr chhathe adhyaaya mein aae hain. chhathe adhyaaya ke chauthe paad se saatavein adhyaaya ke ant tak angaadhikaar naamak ek vishisht prakaran hai jismein un parivrtanon ka varnan hai jo pratyaya ke kaaran mool shabdon mein ya mool shabd ke kaaran pratyaya mein hote hain. ye parivartan bhi deergh, hrasv, lop, aagam, aadesh, gun, vruddhi aadi ke vidhaan ke roop mein hi dekhe jaate hain. ashtam adhyaaya mein, vaakyagat shabdon ke dvitvavidhaan, plutavidhaan evam shatv aur natvavidhaan ka visheshat: upadesh hai.

ashtaadhyaayi ke atirikt usi se sambandhit ganapaath aur dhaatupaath naamak do prakaran bhi nishchit roop se paanini nirmit the. unki parampara aaj tak akshunn chali aati hai, yadyapi ganapaath mein kuchh nae shabd bhi puraani soochiyon mein kaalaantar mein jod diye gaye hain. vartamaan unaadi sootron ke paaninikrut hone mein sandeh hai aur unhein ashtaadhyaayi ke ganapaath ke samaan abhinn ang naheen maana ja sakta. vartamaan unaadi sootr shaakataayan vyaakaran ke gyaat haate hain.

paanini ne sanskrut bhaasha ke tatkaaleen svaroop ko parishkrut evam niyamit karne ke uddeshya se bhaasha ke vibhinn avayavon evam ghatakon yatha dhvani-vibhaag (aksharasamaamnaaya), naam (sanyajnyaa, sarvanaam, visheshan), pad, kriya, vaakya, liङag ityaadi tatha unke antarsambandhon ka samaavesh ashtaadhyaayi ke 32 paadon mein, jo aath adhyaayon me samaan roop se vibhkt hain, kiya hai.

vyaakaran ke is mahaneeya granth me paanini ne vibhkti-pradhaan sanskrut bhaasha ke vishaal kalevar ka samagr evam sampoorn vivechan lagbhag 4000 sootron mein kiya hai, jo aath adhyaayon me sankhya ki drushti se asamaan roop se vibhaajit hain. tatkaaleen samaaj me lekhan saamagri ki dushpraapyata ko dhyaan mein rakhakar paanini ne vyaakaran ko smrutigmya banaane ke liye sootr shaili ki sahaayata li hai. pun:, vivechan ko atishya sankshipt banaane hetu paanini ne apne poorvavarti vaiyaakaranon se praapt upakaranon ke saath-saath swayam bhi anek upakaranon ka prayog kiya hai jinme shivsootr ya maaheshvar sootr sabse mahatvapoorn hain. prasiddh hai ki maharshi paanini ne in sootron ko devaadhidev Shiv se praapt kiya tha.

nruttaavasaane nataraajaraajo nanaad dhakkaan navapanyachavaaram.

uddharttukaamo sanakaadisiddhaadinetadvimrshe shivsootrajaalam.

paanini ne sanskrut bhaasha ke sabhi shabdon ke nirvachan ke liye kareeb 4000 sootron ki rachana ki jo ashtaadhyaayi ke aath adhyaayon me vaigyaanik dhang se sangruheet hain. ye sootr vaastav me ganit ke sootron ki bhaaainti hain. jis tarah se jatil evam vistrut ganiteeya dhaaranaaon athva siddhaanton ko sootron (Formula/formulae) dvaara saralata se vyakt kiya jaata hai, usi tarah paanini ne sootron dvaara atyant sankshep me hi vyaakaran ke jatil niyamon ko spasht kar diya hai. bhaasha ke samast pahaluon ke vivechan hetu hi unhein 4000 sootron ki rachana karni padi.

paanini ne ashtaadhyaayi me prakaranon tatha tadsambandhit sootron ka vibhaajan vaigyaanik reeti se kiya hai. paanini ne ashtaadhyaayi ko do bhaagon me baaainta hai: pratham adhyaaya se lekar aathavein adhyaaya ke pratham paad tak ko sapaadasaptaadhyaayi evam shesh teen paadon ko tripaadi kaha jaata hai. paanini ne poorvatraaऽsiddham (8-2-1) sootr banaakar nirdesh diya hai ki sapaadasaptaadhyaayi me vivechit niyamon (sootron) ki tulana me tripaadi me varnit niyam asiddh hain. arthaat, yadi dono bhaagon me varnit niyamon ke madhya yadi kabhi virodh ho jaae to poorv bhaag ka niyam hi maanya hoga. isi tarah, sapaadasaptaadhyaayi ke antargat aane vaale sootron (niyamon) me bhi virodh drushtigochar hone par kramaanusaar paravarti (baad me aane vaale) sootr ka praadhaanya rahega – vipratishedhe paran kaaryam. in siddhaanton ko sthaapit karne ke baad, paanini ne sarvapratham sanjnyaa padon ko paribhaashit kiya hai aur baad me un sanjnyaa padon par aadhaarit vishay ka vivechan.

sankshiptata banaae rakhane ke liye paanini ne anek upaaya kiye hain. ismein sabse mahatvapoorn hai – vishisht sanjnyaaaon (Technical Terms) ka nirmaan. vyaakaran ke niyamon ko bataane me bhaasha ke jin shabdon / aksharon samoohon ki baarambaar aavashyakta padti thi, unhein paanini ne ekatr kar vibhinn vishisht naam de diya jo sanjnyaaaon ke roop me ashtaadhyaayi me aavashyakataanusaar vibhinn prasangon me prayukt kiye gaye hain. niyamon ko bataane ke pehle hi paanini vaisi sanjnyaaaon ko paribhaashit kar dete hain, yatha – maaheshvar sootr – 'pratyaahaar, it, ti, nadi, ghu, pad, dhaatu, pratyaya, aङag, nishtha ityaadi. inmein se kuchh ko paanini ne apne poorvavarti vaiyaakaranon se udhaar liya hai. lekin adhikaansh swayam unke dvaara banaae gaye hain. in sanjnyaaaon ka vivran aage diya gaya hai.

vyaakaran ke kuchh avayavon yatha dhaatu, pratyaya, upasarg ke vivechan me, paanini ko anek niyamon (sootr) ki aavashyakta padi. aise niyamon ke nirmaan ke pehle, praarambh me hi paanini un sambandhit avayavon ka ullekh kar bata dete hain ki aage ek nishchit sootr tak in avayavon ka adhikaar rahega. in avayavon ko ve poorv me hi sanjnyaa roop me paribhaashit kar chuke hain. doosare shabdon me paanini prakaran vishesh ka nirvachan us prakaran ki moolabhoot sanjnyaa – yatha dhaatu, pratyaya ityaadi – ke adhikaar (Coverage) me karte hain jisse unhe pratyek sootr me sambandhit sanjnyaa ko baar–baar duharaana nahi padta hai. sankshiptata laane me yeh upakaran bahut sahaayak hai.

shabdon/padon ke nirvachan ke liye, prakruti ke aadhaar par paanini ne chh: prakaar ke sootron ki rachana ki hai:

sanyajnyaa ch paribhaasha ch vidhirniym ev ch.

atideshoऽdhikaarashch shadvidhm sootran matam .

• (1) sanyajnyaa sootr :

naamakaranan sanyajnyaa - takaneeki shabdon ka naamakaran.

• (2) paribhaasha sootr :

aniyme niymakaarini paribhaasha.

• (3) vidhi sootr :

vishay ka vidhaan.

• (4) niyam sootr :

bahutr praapto sankochanan hetu.

• (5) atidesh sootr :

• (6) adhikaar sootr :

ekatr upaattasya anyatr vyaapaar: adhikaar:

• (k) ashtaadhyaayi - ismein vyaakaran ke lagbhag 4000 sootr hain.

• (kh) shivsootr ya maaheshvar sootr - yeh pratyaahaar banaane mein sahaayak hota hai. pratyaahaar ke prayog se vyaakaran ke niyam sankshipt roop mein poori spashtata se kahe gaye hain.

• (g) dhaatupaath - is bhaag mein lagbhag 2000 dhaatuon (kriyaaon) ki soochi di gayi hai. in dhaatuon ko vibhinn vargon mein rakha gaya hai.

• (gh) ganapaath - yeh 261 shabdon ka sangrah hai.

(1) sampoornata (completeness)

paanini ka vyaakaran sanskrut bhaasha ka atyant sookshm vishleshan karta hai. yeh us samay ki bolachaal ki maanak bhaasha ka to varnan karta hi hai, iske saath hi vaidik sanskrut aur sanskrut ke kshetreeya prayogon ka bhi varnan karta hai. yahaaain tak ki paanini ne bhaasha ke saamaajik-bhaashik (sociolinguistic) prayog par bhi prakaash daala hai.

(2) sankshiptata (compactness or economy)

paanini ka vyaakaran sampoorn hone ke saath hi itna chhota hai ki log ise yaad karte aaye hain.

(3) prayog-saralata (Systemacity, Consistency and user-friendliness)

(4) saamaanya (generalised approach)

yadyapi paanini ne apna vyaakaran sanskrut ke liye racha, kintu iski yuktiyaaain aur upakaran sabhi bhaashaaon ke vyaakaran ke vishleshan mein prayukt ki ja sakti hain.

ashtaadhyaayi ke saath aarambh se hi arthon ki vyaakhyaapoorak koi vrutti bhi thi jiske kaaran ashtaadhyaayi ka ek naam, jaisa patanjali ne likha hai, vruttisootr bhi tha. aur bhi, maathureevrutti, punyavrutti aadi vruttiyaaain theen jinki parampara mein vartamaan kaashikaavrutti hai. ashtaadhyaayi ki rachana ke lagbhag do shataabdi ke bheetar kaatyaayan ne sootron ki bahumukhi sameeksha karte hue lagbhag chaar sahasr vaartikon ki rachana ki jo sootrashaili mein hi hain. vaartiksootr aur kuchh vruttisootron ko lekar patanjali ne mahaabhaashya ka nirmaan kiya jo paanineeya sootron par arth, udaaharan aur prakriya ki drushti se sarvopari granth hai.

ashtaadhyaayi mein vaidik sanskrut aur paanini ki samakaaleen shisht bhaasha mein prayukt sanskrut ka sarvaangapoorn vichaar kiya gaya hai. vaidik bhaasha ka vyaakaran apekshaakrut aur bhi paripoorn ho sakta tha. paanini ne apni samakaaleen sanskrut bhaasha ka bahut achha sarvekshan kiya tha. inke shabdasangrah mein teen prakaar ki vishesh soochiyaaain I hain :

(1) janapad aur graamon ke naam,

(2) gotron ke naam,

(3) vaidik shaakhaaon aur charanon ke naam.

itihaas ki drushti se aur bhi anek prakaar ki saanskrutik saamagri, shabdon aur sansthaaon ka sannivesh sootron mein ho gaya hai.

• paanineeya vyaakaran maanaveeya mashtishk ki sabse badi rachanaaon mein se ek hai. (leningraad ke professor ti. sheravaatsaki)

• paanineeya vyaakaran ki shaili atishya-pratibhaapoorn hai aur iske niyam atyant satarkata se banaaye gaye hain. (kol Brooke)

• sansaar ke vyaakaranon mein paanineeya vyaakaran sarvashiromani hai... yeh maanaveeya mashtishk ka atyant mahattvapoorn avishkaar hai. (sar dablyoo. dablyoo. handar)

• paanineeya vyaakaran us maanav-mashtishk ki pratibha ka aashcharyatam namoona hai jise kisi doosare desh ne aaj tak saamane naheen rakha. (pro॰ moniyr Williams)

• bhattikaavya
• patanjali krut mahaabhaashya
• bhartruhari rachit vaakyapadeeya
• dhaatupaath
• maaheshvar sootr

• paanini ki ashtaadhyaayi ITRANSliteration mein tatha devanaagari lipi mein
• vyaakaran ke mool-granth ashtaadhyaayi mein vyaakaran se alag bhi vishay
• ganakaashtaadhyaayi - paanini ke sootron par aadhaarit sanskrut vyaakaran ka saaftaveyar (Win98/2000/XP)
• paanini ki ashtaadhyaayi ka mendaleev ki aavart saarani par prabhaav - yeh pepar en:ArXiv.org e-print archive mein hai.
• Panini is slick, but he isn't mean - Nagoya Studies in Indian Culture and Buddhism: Sambhasa 26: 1-28, 2007.
• On the Architecture of Panini's Grammar - Three lectures delivered at the Hyderabad Conference on the Architecture of Grammar, Jan. 2002, and at UCLA, March 2002.
• Sanskrit and Computational Linguistics
• Sanskrit Computational Linguistics: First and Second International Symposia (By Géarard Huet, Amba Kulkarni, Peter S)
• Aṣaṭaāadhyāayī of Pāaṇaini By Pāaṇaini (translated by Sumitra Mangesh Katre)
• laghusiddhaantakaumudi ; tiङagant prakaran (Google pustak ; Dr ke ke aanand)
• ashtaadhyaayi mein darshan
• ashtaadhyaayi kanthasth kaise karein? (Narayan prasaad)