ashok
 |
is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (September 2014) |
| ashok bindusaar maurya | ||
|---|---|---|
| raaja 'devaanaampriya' evam 'priydarshi' | ||
 |
||
| raajakaal | 304 isa poorv se 232 isa poorv | |
| raajyaabhishek | 270 isa poorv | |
| janm | 304 isa poorv | |
| paataliputr, Patna | ||
| mrutyu | 232 isa poorv | |
| paataliputr, Patna | ||
| uttaraadhikaari | dasharath maurya | |
| patni | devi (vedis-mahaadevi shaakyakumaari) kaaruvaaki (dviteeya devi teevalamaata) |
|
| vansh | maurya | |
| pita | bindusaar | |
| maata | subhadraangi (uttari parampara), raani dharma (dakshini parampara) | |
ashok mahaan ka poora naam devaanaanpriya ashok maurya (raaja priydarshi devataaon ka priya). (raajakaal isaapoorv 273-232) praacheen Bhaarat mein maurya raajavansh ka chakravarti raaja tha. uske samay maurya raajya uttar mein hindukush ki shreniyon se lekar dakshin mein godaavari nadi ke dakshin tatha Mysore tak tatha poorv mein Bengal se pashchim mein afgaanistaan tak pahuainch gaya tha. yeh us samay tak ka sabse bada bhaarateeya saamraajya tha. samraat ashok ko apne vistrut saamraajya se behtar kushal prashaasan tatha bauddh dharm ke prachaar ke liye jaana jaata hai.[1][2]
jeevan ke uttaraardh mein ashok tathaagat buddh(siddhaarth Gautam) ki maanavataavaadi shikshaaon se prabhaavit hokar bauddh ho gaye aur unhi ki smruti me unhone ek stambh khada kar diya jo aaj bhi Nepal mein unke janmasthal - lumbini - me maayaadevi mandir ke paas ashok stambh ke rup me dekha ja sakta hai. usane bauddh dharm ka prachaar Bhaarat ke alaava Sri Lanka, afgaanistaan, pashchim Asia, misr tatha yoonaan mein bhi karavaaya. ashok apne poore jeevan me ek bhi yuddh naheen haare. samraat ashok ke hi samay mein 23 vishvavidyaalayon ki sthaapana ki gayi jismein takshashila, naalanda, vikramashila,kandhaar aadi vishvavidyaalaya pramukh the. inheen vishvavidyaalayon mein videsh se kai chhaatr shiksha paane Bhaarat aaya karte the.
anukram
aaranbhik jeevan
ashok maurya samraat bindusaar tatha raani dharma ka putr tha. lanka ki parampara mein bindusaar ki solah pataraaniyon aur 101 putron ka ullekh hai. putron mein keval teen ke naamollekh hain, ve hain - suseem jo sabse bada tha, ashok aur tishya. tishya ashok ka sahodar bhaai aur sabse chhota tha.ek din usako svapn aaya usaka beta ek bahut bada samraat banega. uske baad use raaja bindusaar ne apni raani bana liya. chuainki dharma koi kshatriya kul se naheen thi at: usako koi vishesh sthaan raajakul mein praapt naheen tha. ashok ke kai (sautele) bhaai -bahne the. bachapan mein unamein kadi pratispardha rahati thi. ashok ke baare mein kaha jaata hai ki vo bachapan se sainya gatividhiyon mein praveen tha. do hajaar varshon ke pashchaat, ashok ka prabhaav Asia mukhyat: bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein dekha ja sakta hai. ashok kaal mein ukera gaya prateetaatmak chinh, jise ham 'ashok chinh' ke naam se bhi jaante hain, aaj Bhaarat ka raashtreeya chinh hai. bauddh dharm ke itihaas mein Gautam buddh ke pashchaat ashok ka hi sthaan aata hai.
divyadaan mein ashok ki ek pataani ka naam 'tishyarakshita' milta hai. uske lekh mein keval usaki pataani 'karoonaavaki' hai. divyaadaan mein ashok ke do bhaaiyon suseem tatha vigtaashok ka naam ka ullekh hai.
saamraajya-vistaar
ashok ka jyeshth bhaai susheem us samay takshashila ka praantapaal tha. takshashila mein bhaarateeya-yoonaani mool ke bahut log rahate the. isse vah kshetr vidroh ke liye upayukt tha. susheem ke akushal prashaasan ke kaaran bhi us kshetr mein vidroh panap utha. raaja bindusaar ne susheem ke kehne par Rajkumar ashok ko vidroh ke daman ke liye vahaaain bheja. ashok ke aane ki khabar sunakar hi vidrohiyon ne upadrav khatm kar diya aur vidroh bina kisi yuddh ke khatm ho gaya. haalaaki yahaaain par vidroh ek baar fir ashok ke shaasanakaal mein hua tha, par is baar use balapoorvak kuchal diya gaya.
ashok ki is prasiddhi se uske bhaai susheem ko sinhaasan na milne ka khatra badh gaya. usane samraat bindusaar ko kehkar ashok ko nirvaas mein daal diya. ashok kaling chala gaya. vahaaain use matsyakumaari kaurvaki se pyaar ho gaya. haal mein mile saakshyon ke anusaar baad mein ashok ne use teesari ya doosari raani banaaya tha.
isi beech ujjain mein vidroh ho gaya. ashok ko samraat bindusaar ne nirvaasan se bula vidroh ko dabaane ke liye bhej diya. haalaaki uske senaapatiyon ne vidroh ko daba diya par usaki pehchaan gupt hi rakhi gayi kyonki mauryon dvaara failaae gaye guptachar jaal se uske baare mein pata chalne ke baad uske bhaai susheem dvaara use maravaae jaane ka bhaya tha. vah bauddh sanyaasiyon ke saath raha tha. isi dauraan use bauddh vidhi-vidhaanon tatha shikshaaon ka pata chala tha. yahaaain par ek sundari, jiska naam devi tha, usase ashok ko prem ho gaya. svasth hone ke baad ashok ne usase vivaah kar liya.
kuchh varshon ke baad susheem se tang aa chuke logon ne ashok ko raajasinhaasan hathiya lene ke liye protsaahit kiya, kyonki samraat bindusaar vruddh tatha rugn ho chale the. jab vah aashram mein the tab unako khabar mili ki unki maaain ko unke sautele bhaaiyon ne maar daala, tab unhone mahal me jaakar apne saare sautele bhaaiyon ki hatya kar di aur samraat bane.
satta sanbhaalate hi ashok ne poorv tatha pashchim, donon disha mein apna saamraajya failaana shuru kiya. usane aadhunik asam se Iran ki seema tak saamraajya keval aath varshon mein vistrut kar liya.
kaling ki ladaai
ashok ne apne raajyaabhishek ke 8vein varsh (261 E. poo.) mein kaling par aakraman kiya tha. aantarik ashaanti se nipatne ke baad 269 E. poo. mein usaka vidhivt Abhishek hua terahavein shilaalekh ke anusaar kaling yuddh mein ek lakh 50 hajaar vyakaati bandi banaakar nirvaasit kar diye gaye, ek lakh logon ki hatya kar di gayi. samraat ashok ne bhaari narasanhaar ko apni aaainkhon se dekha. isse dravit hokar ashok ne shaanti, saamaajik pragati tatha dhaarmik prachaar kiya. .
kaling yuddh ne ashok ke hrudaya mein mahaan parivartan kar diya. usaka hrudaya maanavata ke prati daya aur karuna se udvelit ho gaya. usane yuddhakriyaaon ko sada ke liye band kar dene ki pratijnyaa ki. yahaaain se aadhyaatmik aur dhamm vijay ka yug shuroo hua. usane bauddh dharm ko apna dharm sveekaar kiya.
sinhali anushrutiyon deepavansh evam mahaavansh ke anusaar ashok ko apne shaasan ke chaudahavein varsh mein nigoth naamak bhikshu dvaara bauddh dharm ki deeksha di gayi thi. tatpashachaat mogaali putr niss ke prabhaav se vah poornat: bauddh ho gaya tha. divyaadaan ke anusaar ashok ko bauddh dharm mein Dixit karne ka shreya upagupt naamak bauddh bhikshuk ko jaata hai. apne shaasanakaal ke dasvein varsh mein sarvapratham bodhagaya ki yaatra ki thi. taduparaant apne raajyaabhishek ke beesavein varsh mein lumbini ki yaatra ki thi tatha lumbini gram ko karamukaat ghoshit kar diya tha.
bauddh dharm angeekaran
kaling yuddh mein hui kshati tatha narasanhaar se usaka man ladaai karne se ub gaya aur vah apne krutya se vyathit ho gaya. isi shok mein vo buddh ke upadeshon ke kareeb aata gaya aur usane bauddh dharm sveekaar kar liya.
bauddh dharm sveekeer karne ke baad usane usako apne jeevan me utaarane ki koshish bhi ki. usane shikaar tatha pashu-hatya karna chhod diya. usane braahmanon anya sampradaayon ke sanyaasiyon ko khulkar daan diya. janakalyaan ke liye usane chikityaalaya, paathashaala tatha sadkon aadi ka nirmaan karavaaya.
usane bauddh dharm ke prachaar ke liye apne dharm prachaarak Nepal, Sri Lanka, afgaanistaan, Syria, misr tatha yoonaan tak bheje. usane is kaam ke liye apne putr or putri ko yaatraaon par bheja tha. ashok ke dharm prachaarakon me sabse adhik safalta uske putr Mahendra ko mili. Mahendra ne Sri Lanka ke raaja tiss ko bauddh dharm me Dixit kiya, jisne bauddh dharm ko apna raajadharm bana diya. ashok se prerit hokar usane apni upaadhi 'devanaamapriya' rakh liya.
ashok ke shaasanakaal mein hi paataliputr mein truteeya bauddh sangeeti ka aayojan kiya gaya, jiski adhyakshata mogaali putr tishya ne ki. isi mein abhidhmmapitk ki rachana hui aur bauddh bhikshu vibhinaan deshon mein bheje gaye jinmein ashok ke putr Mahendra evam putri sanghamitra ko Sri Lanka bheja gaya.
ashok ne bauddh dharm ko apna liya aur saamraajya ke sabhi saadhanon ko janta ke kalyaan hetu laga diya. ashok ne bauddh dharm ke prachaar ke liye nimnalikhit saadhan apnaaye-
- (k) dharmayaatraaon ka praarambh,
- (kh) raajakeeya padaadhikaariyon ki niyukaati,
- (g) dharm mahaapaatron ki niyukaati,
- (gh) divya roopon ka pradarshan,
- (ch) dharm shraavan evam dharmopadesh ki vyavastha,
- (chh) lokaachaarita ke kaarya,
- (j) dharmalipiyon ka khudavaana,
- (jh) videshon mein dharm prachaar ko prachaarak bhejana aadi.
ashok ne bauddh dharm ka prachaar ka praarambh dharmayaatraaon se kiya. vah Abhishek ke 10vein varsh bodhagaya ki yaatra par gaya. kaling yuddh ke baad aamod-pramod ki yaatraaon par paabandi laga di. apne Abhishek 20vein varsh mein lumbini gram ki yaatra ki. Nepal taraai mein sthit nigleeva mein usane kanakamuni ke stoop ki marammat karavaai. bauddh dharm ke prachaar ke liye apne saamraajya ke uchch padaadhikaariyon ko niyukaat kiya. stambh lekh teen aur saat ke anusaar usane vyusht, rajjuk, praadeshik tatha yukaat naamak padaadhikaariyon ko janta ke beech jaakar dharm prachaar karne aur upadesh dene ka aadesh diya.
Abhishek ke 13vein varsh ke baad usane bauddh dharm prachaar hetu padaadhikaariyon ka ek naya varg banaaya jise 'dharm mahaapaatr' kaha gaya tha. iska karya vibhinaan dhaarmik sampradaayon ke beech dveshabhaav ko mitaakar dharm ki ekta sthaapit karna tha.
vidvaanon ashok ki tulana vishaav itihaas ki vibhootiyaaain kaanstetaain, aitoniys, Akbar, sentapaul, nepoliyn seejar ke saath ki hai.
ashok ne ahinsa, shaanti tatha lok kalyaanakaari neetiyon ke vishaavavikhyaat tatha atulaneeya samraat hain. H. ji. vels ke anusaar ashok ka charitra “aitihaas ke stambhon ko bharne vaale raajaaon, samraaton, dharmaadhikaariyon, sant-mahaatmaaon aadi ke beech prakaashamaan hai aur aakaash mein praay: ekaaki taara ki tarah chamakata hai."
shilaalekh
mrutyu
ashok ne lagbhag 40 varshon tak shaasan kiya jiske baad lagbhag 234 isaapoorv mein usaki mrutyu hui. uske kai santaan tatha patniyaan theen par unke baare mein adhik pata naheen hai. uske putr Mahendra tatha putri sanghamitra ne bauddh dharm ke prachaar mein yogadaan diya.
ashok ki mrutyu ke baad maurya raajavansh lagbhag 50 varshon tak chala.[krupaya uddharan jodein]
magadh tatha bhaarateeya upamahaadveep mein kai jagahon par uske avashesh mile hain. Patna (paataliputr) ke paas kumharaar mein ashokakaaleen avashesh mile hain. lumbini mein bhi ashok stambh dekha ja sakta hai. Karnataka ke kai sthaanon par uske dharmopadeshon ke shilotkeern abhilekh mile hain.
paravarti maurya samraat
magadh saamraajya ke mahaan maurya samraat ashok ki mrutyu 237-236 E. poo. mein (lagbhag) hui thi. ashok ke uparaant agale paaainch dashak tak unke nirbal uttaraadhikaari shaasan sanchaalit karte rahe.
jain, bauddh tatha braahman granthon mein ashok ke uttaraadhikaariyon ke shaasan ke baare mein paraspar virodhi vichaar paaye jaate hain. puraanon mein ashok ke baad 9 ya 10 shaasakon ki charcha hai, jabki divyaadaan ke anusaar 6 shaasakon ne ashok ke baad shaasan kiya. ashok ki mrutyu ke baad maurya saamraajya pashaachimi aur poorvi bhaag mein baint gaya. pashaachimi bhaag par kunaal shaasan karta tha, jabki poorvi bhaag par samprati ka shaasan tha. lekin 180 E. poo. tak pashaachimi bhaag par baiktriya yoonaani ka poorn adhikaar ho gaya tha. poorvi bhaag par dasharath ka raajya tha. vah maurya vansh ka antim shaasak hai.
inhein bhi dekhein
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vikimeediya kaumans par ashok se sambandhit media hai. |
sandarbh
- ↑ Lars Fogelin (1 April 2015). An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press. pp. 81–. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-0-19-994823-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=yPZzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81.
- ↑ Fred Kleiner (1 January 2015). Gardner's Art through the Ages: A Global History. Cengage Learning. pp. 474–. aai॰aऍsa॰abee॰aऍna॰ 978-1-305-54484-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=q4bCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT474.