asamiya saahitya

yadyapi asamiya bhaasha ki utpatti satrahaveen shataabdi se maani jaati hai kintu saahityik abhiruchiyon ka pradarshan terahaveen shataabdi mein rudr kandali ke dron parv (mahaabhaarat) tatha maadhav kandali ke raamaayan se praarambh hua. vaishnavi aandolan ne praanteeya saahitya ko bal diya. shankar Dave (1449-1568) ne apni lambi jeevan-yaatra mein is aandolan ko svarachit kaavya, naatya va geeton se jeevit rakha.

asamiya ke shisht aur likhit saahitya ka itihaas paaainch kaalon mein vibhkt kiya jaata hai:

(1) vaishnavapoorvakaal : 1200-1449 E.,

(2) vaishnavakaal : 1449-1650 E.,

(3) gadya, buranji kaal : 1650-1926 E.,

(4) aadhunik kaal : 1026-1947 E.,

(5) svaadheenatottarakaal : 1947 E.-.

adyatan upalabdh saamagri ke aadhaar par hem sarasvati aur harihr vipr asamiya ke praarambhik kavi maane ja sakte hain. hem sarasvati ka "prahlaadacharitr" asamiya ka pratham likhit granth maana jaata hai. ye donon kavi kamataatur (pashchim kaamaroop) ke shaasak durlabhanaaraayan ke aashrit the. ek teesare prasiddh kavi kavaritn sarasvati bhi the, jinhone "jayadrathavadh" likha. parantu vaishnavapoorvakaal ke sabse prasiddh kavi maadhav kandali hue, jinhonne raaja mahaamaanikya ke aashray mein rahakar apni rachanaaeain keen. maadhav kandali ke raamayan ke anuvaad ne vishesh khyaati praapt ki. sanskrut shabdasamooh ko asamiya mein roopaanrit karna kavi ki vishesh kala thi. is kaal ki anya futakar rachanaaon mein kuchh geetikaavya ullekhaneeya hain. in rachanaaon mein tatkaaleen lokamaanas vishesh roop se pratiflit hua. tantr mantra, manasaapooja aadi ke vidhaan is varg ki krutiyon mein adhik charchit hue hain.

is kaal ki poorvavarti rachanaaon mein vishnu se sambaddh kuchh devataaon ko mahatva diya gaya tha. parantu aage chalakar vishnu ki pooja ki vishesh roop se pratishtha hui. sthiti ke is parivartan mein asamiya ke mahaan kavi aur dharmasudhaarak shankaradev (1449-1568) E. ka yog basase adhik tha. shankaradev ki adhikaansh rachanaaeain bhaagavatapuraan par aadhaarit hain aur unke mat ko bhaagavati dharm kaha jaata hai. asamiya janajeevan aur sanskruti ko uske vishisht roop mein dhaalane ka shreya shankaradev ko hi diya jaata hai. isliye kuchh sameekshak unke vyaktitv ko keval kavi ke roop mein hi seemit naheen karna chaahate. ve moolat: unhein dhaarmik sudhaarak ke roop mein maanate hain. shankaradev ki bhakti ke pramukh aashray the shreekrushn. unki lagbhag 30 rachanaaeain hain, jinmein se "keertanaghosh" unki sarvotkrusht kruti hai. asamiya saahitya ke prasiddh naatyaroop "ankeeya naatak" ke praaranbhakarta bhi shankaradev hi hain. unke naatakon mein gadya aur padya ka baraabar mishran milta hai. in naatakon ki bhaasha par maithili ka prabhaav hai. "ankeeya naatak" ke padyaansh ko "varageet" kaha jaata hai, jiski bhaasha pramukhat: brajabuli hai.

shankaradev ke atirikt is yug ke doosare mahatvapoorn kavi unke shishya maadhavadev hue. unka vyaktitv bahumukhi tha. ve kavi hone ke saath-saath sanskrut ke vidvaan, naatakakaar, sangeetakaar tatha dharmaprachaarak bhi the. "naamaghosha" inki vishisht kruti hai. shankaradev ke naatakon mein "choradhara" adhik prasiddh rachana hai. is yug ke anya lekhakon mein anant kandali, shreedharakandali tatha bhattadev vishesh roop se ullekhaneeya hain. asamiya gadya ko sthireekrut karne mein bhattadev ka aitihaasik yog maana jaata hai.

aahom raajaaon ke asam mein sthaapit ho jaane par unke aashray mein rachit saahitya ki prerak pravrutti dhaarmik na hokar laukik ho gayi. raajaaon ka yashavarnan is kaal ke kaviyon ka ek pramukh kartavya ho gaya. vaise bhi ahom raajaaon mein itihaasalekhan ki parampara pehle se hi chali aati thi. kaviyon ki yashavarnan ki pravrutti ko aashrayadaata raajaaon ne is or mod diya. pehle to ahom bhaasha ke itihaas granthon (buranjiyon) ka anuvaad asamiya mein kiya gaya aur fir maulik roop se buranjiyon ka srujan hone laga. "buranji" moolat: ek taai shabd hai, jiska arth hai "agyaat kathaaon ka bhaandaar". in buranjiyon ke maadhyam se asam pradesh ke madhyayug ka kaafi vyavasthit itihaas upalabdh hai. buranji saahitya ke antargat kaamaroop buranji, kachhaari buranji, aahom buranji, jayanteeya bunraji, beliyaar buranji ke naam apekshaakrut adhik prasiddh hain. in buranji granthon ke atirikt raajavanshon ki vistrut vanshaavaliyaaain bhi is kaal mein hui. upayogi saahitya ki drushti se is yug mein jyotish, ganit, chikitsa aadi vigyaan sambandhi granthon ka srujan hua. kala tatha nrutya vishyak pustakein bhi likhi gain. is samast bahumukhi saahityasrujan ke mool mein raajyaashraya dvaara poshit dharmanirpekshata ki pravrutti spasht roop se dekhi ja sakti hai.

is kaal mein hindi ke do soofi kaavyon (kutuban ki "mrugaavati" tatha manjhan ki "madhumaalati") ke kathaanakon ke aadhaar par do asamiya kaavya likhe gaye. par moolat: yeh yug gadya ke vikaas ka hai.

anya anek praanteeya bhaashaaon ke saahitya ke samaan asamiya mein bhi aadhunik kaal ka praarambh angreji shaasan ke saath joda jaata hai. 1826 E. asam mein angreji shaasan ke praarambh ki tithi hai. is yug mein svadeshi bhaavanaon ke daman tatha saamaajik vishmata ne mukhya roop se lekhakon ko prarena di. idhar 1838 E. se hi videshi mishnariyon ne bhi apna kaarya praarambh kiya aur janta mein dharmaprachaar ka maadhyam asamiya ko hi banaaya. falat: asamiya bhaasha ke vikaas mein in mishnariyon dvaara parichaalit vyavasthit dhang ke mudran tatha prakaashan se bhi ek star par sahaayata mili. angreji shaasan ke yug mein angreji aur Europeeya saahitya ke adhyayan manan se asamiya ke lekhak prabhaavit hue. kuchh paashchaatya aadarsh bangala ke maadhyam se bhi apanaae gaye. is yug ke praarambhik lekhakon mein aanandaraam tekiyaal fukan ka naam sabse mahatvapoorn hai. anya lekhakon mein hemachandr baruaa, gunaabhiraam baruaa tatha satyanaash boda ke naam ullekhaneeya hain. asamiya saahitya ka mool roop pramukhat: teen lekhakon dvaara nirmit hua. ye lekhak the chandrakumaar Agrawal (1858-1938), lakshmeenaath bejabaruaa (1858-1938) tatha hemachandr Goswami (1872-1928). Calcutta mein rahakar adhyayan karte samay in teen mitron ne 1889 mein "jonaaki" (jugunoo) naamak maasik patra ki sthaapana ki. is patrika ko kendra banaakar dheere-dheere ek saahityik samudaaya uth khada hua jise baad mein jonaaki samooh kaha gaya. is varg mein adhikaansh lekhak angreji romaantisijm se prabhaavit the. 20veen sadi ke praarambh ke in lekhakon mein lakshmeenaath bejabaruaa bahumukhi pratibhaasanpann the. unka "asamiya saahityer chaaneki" naamak sankalan vishesh prasiddh hai. asamiya saahitya mein unhonne kahaani tatha lalit nibandh ke beech ke ek sahitya roop ko adhik prachalit kiya. bejabaruaa ki haasyaras ki rachanaaon ko kaafi lokapriyta mili. iseeliye use "rasaraaj" ki upaadhi di gayi. is yug mein anya kaviyon mein kamalaakaant Bhattacharya, raghunaath chaudhari, nalineebaala devi, anbikaagiri raayachaudhuri, fukan aadi ka krutitv mahatvapoorn maana jaata hai. mafijuddeen Ahmad ki kavitaaeain soofi dharmasaadhana se prerit hain.

gadya, vishesh roop se kathaasaahitya, ke kshetr mein 19veen shataabdi ke ant mein do lekhak padyanaath gosaai baruaa tatha Rajnikant baaradolaai apne aitihaasik upanyaason tatha naatakon ke liye mahatvapoorn samajhe jaate hain. jonaaki samudaaya ke samaanaantar jin gadyalekhakon ne saahityasrujan kiya unamein se venudhar raajakhova tatha sharachchandr Goswami ke naam vishesh roop se ullekhaneeya hain. sharachchandr Goswami ki pratibha vaise to bahumukhi thi, par unki khyaati pramukhat: kahaaniyon ko lekar hai. kahaani ke kshetr mein lakshmeedhar sharma, beena baruaa, Krishna bhuyaan aadi ne pranaya sambandhi nae abhipraayon ke kuchh prayog kiye. lakshmeenaath fukan apni haasyaras ki kahaaniyon ke liye smaraneeya hain. kithaasaahitya ke atirikt naatak ke kshetr mein atulachandr hajaarika tatha jyotiprasaad Agrawal ka kaarya adhik mahatvapoorn hai. sameeksha tatha shodh ki drushti se anbikaanaath bara, vaaneekaant kaakati, kaaleeraam medhi, viranchi baruaa tatha dinbeshvar niyog ka krutitv ullekhaneeya hai.

asamiya saahitya ke aadhunik kaal mein patra patrikaaon ka maadhyam bhi kaafi prachalit hua. inmein se "arunodaya", "jonaaki", "boli", "aavaahan", "jayanti", tatha "pachhova" ne vibhinn kshetron mein kaafi upayogi kaarya kiya hai. nae prakaar ka saahityasrujan pramukhat: "raamadhenu" ko kendra banaakar hua hai.

is yug mein paashchaatya prabhaav adhik svasth tatha santulit roop mein aae hain. iliyt tatha unke sahayogi angreji kaviyon se nae asamiya lekhakon ko pramukhat: prerana mili hai. keval kavita mein hi naheen, kathaasaahitya tatha naatak mein bhi in nae prayogon ki pravrutti dekhi ja sakti hai. samaajashaastreeya tatha manovaigyaanik donon hi prakaar ki samasyaaon ka nae lekhakon ne uthaaya hai. unke shilp sambandhi prayog bhi kam mahatvapoorn naheen hain.

praacheen asam ki saahitya-ruchi-sampannta ka pata tatkaaleen taamrapatron se chalta hai. isi prakaar vahaaain ke pustakotpaadan ke sambandh mein bhi ek praacheen ullekh milta hai, jiske anusaar Kumar bhaaskaravarman (isa ki saataveen shataabdi) ne apne mitr kannaujasamraat harshavardhan ko sundar lipi mein likhi hui anek pustakan bheint ki theen. in pustakon mein se ek sambhavat: tatkaaleen asam mein prachalit kahaavaton tatha muhaavaron ka sankalan tha.

bahut praacheen kaal se hi asam mein sangeetapriyta ki parampara chalti aa rahi hai. iske pramaanasvaroop aadhunik asam mein alikhit aur agyaat lekhakon dvaara prastut vastut: anekaanek lokageet milte hain, jo ek peedhi se doosari peedhi tak maukhik parampara se surakshit rah sake hain. ye logageet dhaarmik avsaron, achaaron tatha rituon ke paritrvanon se sambaddh hain. kuchh lokagaathaaon mein Rajkumar naayakon ke aakhyaan bhi milte hain. shisht saahitya ke udbhav ke poorv is kaal mein daarshanik daak ka mahatva asaadhaaran hai. uske kathanon ko vedavaakya sanjnyaa di gayi hai. daakavachanon ki yeh parampara Bengal tatha Bihar tak milti hai. asam ke praaya: pratyek parivaar mein kuchh samay poorv tak in daakavachanon ka ek hastalikhit sankalan rahata tha.

asam ke praacheen naam "kaamaroop" se prakat hota hai ki vahaaain bahut praacheen kaal se tantr mantra ki parampara rahi hai. in guhyachaaron se sambaddh anek prakaar ke mantra milte hain jinse bhaasha tatha saahitya vishyak praarambhik avastha ka kuchh parichay milta hai. "charyaapad" ke lekhak siddhon mein se kai ka kaamaroop se ghanisht sambandh bataaya jaata hai, jo is pradesh ki taantrik parampara ko dekhte hue kaafi svaabhaavik jaan padta hai. is prakaar charyaapadon ke samay se lekar 13veen shataabdi ke beech ka maukhik saahitya ya to janapriya lokageeton aur lokagaathaon ka hai ya neetivchanon tatha mantron ka. yeh saahitya bahut baad mein lipibddh hua.

• asamiya bhaasha
• asamiya lipi
• asam saahitya sabha
• charyaapad