apabhransh

apabhransh, aadhunik bhaashaaon ke udaya se pehle uttar Bhaarat mein bolachaal aur saahitya rachana ki sabse jeevant aur pramukh bhaasha (samay lagbhag chhathi se 12veen shataabdi). bhaashaavaijnyaaanik drushti se apabhransh bhaarateeya aaryabhaasha ke madhyakaal ki antim avastha hai jo praakrut aur aadhunik bhaashaaon ke beech ki sthiti hai.

apabhransh ke kaviyon ne apni bhaasha ko keval 'bhaasa', 'desi bhaasa' athva 'gaamell bhaasa' (graameen bhaasha) kaha hai, parantu sanskrut ke vyaakaranon aur alankaaragranthon mein us bhaasha ke liye praay: 'apabhransh' tatha kaheen-kaheen 'apabhrasht' sanjnyaa ka prayog kiya gaya hai. is prakaar apabhransh naam sanskrut ke aachaaryon ka diya hua hai, jo aapaatat: tirskaarasoochak prateet hota hai. mahaabhaashyakaar patanjali ne jis prakaar 'apabhransh' shabd ka prayog kiya hai usase pata chalta hai ki sanskrut ya saadhu shabd ke lokaprachalit vividh roop apabhransh ya apashabd kahalaate the. is prakaar pratimaan se chyut, skhalit, bhrasht athva vikrut shabdon ko apabhransh ki sanjnyaa di gayi aur aage chalakar yeh sanjnyaa poori bhaasha ke liye sveekrut ho gayi. dandi (saataveen shati) ke kathan se is tathya ki pushti hoti hai. unhonne spasht likha hai ki shaastr arthaat vyaakaran shaastr mein sanskrut se itar shabdon ko apabhransh kaha jaata hai; is prakaar paali-praakrut-apabhransh sabhi ke shabd 'apabhransh' sanjnyaa ke antargat aa jaate hain, fir bhi paali praakrut ko 'apabhransh' naam naheen diya gaya.

patanjali aadi vidvaanon ne praakrut aur apabhransh naamon ka prayog samaan arth mein kiya hai. parantu bharatamuni ka naatyashaastr pratham aisi rachana hai jismein apabhransh ka vaastavik sandarbh milta hai (aadhunik arth mein). vahaaain aabheeron ki boli ko, jismein -u ka prayog bahutaayat mein milta hai, apabhransh kaha gaya hai (us sthaan par apabhransh ke samakaksh shabd vibhrasht ka prayog hai).^[1]

dandi ne is baat ko spasht karte hue aage kaha hai ki kaavya mein aabheer aadi boliyon ko apabhransh naam se smaran kiya jaata hai; isse yeh nishkarsh nikaala ja sakta hai ki apabhransh naam usi bhaasha ke liye roodh hua jiske shabd sanskrutetar the aur saath hi jiska vyaakaran bhi mukhyat: aabheeraadi lok boliyon par aadhaarit tha. isi arth mein apabhransh paali-praakrut aadi se vishesh bhinn thi.

apabhransh ke sambandh mein praacheen alankaaragranthon mein do prakaar ke paraspar virodhi mat milte hain. ek orkaavyaalankaar(rudrat) ke teekaakaar namisaadhu (1069 E.) apabhransh ko praakrut kehte hain to doosari or bhaamah (chhathi shati), dandi (saataveen shati) aadi aachaarya apabhransh ka ullekh praakrut se bhinn svatantr kaavyabhaasha ke roop mein karte hain. in virodhi maton ka samaadhaan karte hue yaakogi (bhavissayatt kaha ki jarman bhoomika, angreji anuvaad, Baroda oriental insteetayoot journal, June 1955) ne kaha hai ki shabdasamooh ki drushti se apabhransh praakrut ke nikat hai aur vyaakaran ki drushti se praakrut se bhinn bhaasha hai.

is prakaar apabhransh ke shabdakosh ka adhikaansh, yahaaain tak ki nabbe pratishat, praakrut se gruhit hai aur vyaakaranik gathan praakrutik roopon se adhik viksit tatha aadhunik bhaashaaon ke nikat hai. praacheen vyaakaranon ke apabhransh sambandhi vichaaron ke kramabaddh adhyayan se pata chalta hai ki chhah sau varshon mein apabhransh ka kramash: vikaas hua. bharat (teesari shart) ne ise shaabar, aabheer, gurjar aadi ki bhaasha bataaya hai. chand (chhathi shati) ne 'praakrutalakshanam' mein ise vibhaasha kaha hai aur usi ke aaspaas balabhi ke raaj dhruvasen dviteeya ne ek taamrapatt mein apne pita ka gunagaan karte hue unahein sanskrut aur praakrut ke saath hi apabhransh prabandharachana mein nipun bataaya hai. apabhransh ke kaavyasamarth bhaasha hone ki pushti bhaamah aur dandi jaise aachaaryon dvaara aage chalakar saataveen shati mein ho gayi. kaavyameemaansaakaar raajashekhar (dasveen shati) ne apabhransh kaviyon ko raajasabha mein sammaanapoorn sthaan dekar apabhransh ke raajasammaan ki or sanket kiya to teekaakaar purushottam (11veen shati) ne ise shishtavarg ki bhaasha batalaaya. isi samay aachaarya hemachandr ne apabhransh ka vistrut aur sodaaharan vyaakaran likhkar apabhransh bhaasha ke gauravapoorn pad ki pratishtha kar di. is prakaar jo bhaasha teesari shati mein aabheer aadi jaatiyon ki lokaboli thi vah chhathi shati se saahityik bhaasha ban gayi aur 11veen shati tak jaate-jaate shishtavarg ki bhaasha tatha raajabhaasha ho gayi.

apabhransh ke kramash: bhaugolik vistaarasoochak ullekh bhi praacheen granthon mein milte hain. bharat ke samay (teesari shati) tak yeh pashchimottar Bhaarat ki boli thi, parantu raajashekhar ke samay (dasveen shati) tak Punjab, Rajasthan aur Gujarat arthaat samooche pashchimi Bhaarat ki bhaasha ho gayi. saath hi svayanbhoo, pushpadant, dhanapaal, kanakaamar, sarahapa, kanhapa aadi ki apabhransh rachanaaon se pramaanit hota hai ki us samay yeh samooche uttar Bhaarat ki saahityik bhaasha ho gayi thi.

vaiyaakaranon ne apabhransh ke bhedon ki bhi charcha ki hai. maarkandeya (17veen shati) ke anusaar iske naagar, upanaagar aur braachad teen bhed the aur namisaadhu (11veen shati) ke anusaar upanaagar, aabheer aur graamya. in naamon se kisi prakaar ke kshetreeya bhed ka pata naheen chalta. vidvaanon ne aabheeron ko vraatya kaha hai, is prakaar 'braachad' ka sambandh 'vraatya' se maana ja sakta hai. aisi sthiti mein aabheeri aur braachad ek hi boli ke do naam hue. kramadeeshvar (13veen shati) ne naagar apabhransh aur shasak chhand ka sambandh sthaapit kiya hai. shasak chhandon ki rachana praay: pashchimi pradeshon mein hi hui hai. is prakaar apabhransh ke sabhi bhedopabhed pashchimi Bhaarat se hi sambaddh dikhaai padte hain. vastut: saahityik apabhransh apne parinishthit roop mein pashchimi Bhaarat ki hi bhaasha thi, parantu anya pradeshon mein prasaar ke saath-saath usamein svabhaavat: kshetreeya visheshataaeain bhi jud gain. praapt rachanaaon ke aadhaar par vidvaanon ne poorvi aur dakshini do anya kshetreeya apabhranshon ke prachalan ka anumaan lagaaya hai.

apabhransh bhaasha ka dhaaaincha lagbhag vahi hai jiska vivran hemachandr ke siddhahemashabadaanushaasanam ke aathavein adhyaaya ke chaturth paad mein milta hai. dhvaniprirvaan ki jin pravruttttiyo ke dvaara sanskrut shabdon ke tadbhav roop praakrut mein prachalit the, vahi pravrutiyaaain adhikaanshat: apabhransh shabdasamooh mein bhi dikhaai padti hai, jaise anaadi aur asanyukt k, g, ch, j, t, the, p, ya aur va ka lop tatha inke sthaan par udvrut svar a athva ya shruti ka prayog. isi prakaar praakrut ki tarah ('kt', 'kv', 'dv') aadi sanyukt vyanjanon ke sthaan par apabhransh mein bhi 'kt', 'kk', 'dd' aadi dvittavyanjan hote the. parantu apabhransh mein kramash: sameetavarti udvrut svaron ko milaakar ek svar karne aur dvittavyanjan ko saral karke ek vyanjan surakshit rakhane ki pravrutti badhti gayi. isi prakaar apabhransh mein praakrut se kuchh aur vishisht dhvaniprivrtan hue. apabhransh kaarakarachana mein vibhktiyaaain praakrut ki apeksha adhik ghisi hui milti hain, jaise truteeya ekavachan mein 'en' ki jagah 'en' aur shashthi ekavachan mein 'ss' ke sthaan par 'h'. iske atirikt apabhransh nirvibhktik sanjnyaa roopon se bhi kaarakarachana ki gayi. sahun, kehin, tehin, desi, tanen, keraa, majjhi aadi parasarg bhi prayukt hue. krudantaj kriyaaon ke prayog ki pravrutti badhi aur sanyukt kriyaaon ke nirmaan ka aarambh hua. sankshep mein apabhransh ne nae subanton aur tiङaanton ki srushti ki.

apabhransh saahitya ki praapt rachanaaon ka adhikaansh jain kaavya hai arthaat rachanaakaar jain the aur prabandh tatha muktak sabhi kaavyon ki vastu jain darshan tatha puraanon se prerit hai. sabse praacheen aur shreshth kavi svayanbhoo (naveen shati) hain jinhonne Ram ki katha ko lekar 'paum-chariu' tatha 'mahaabhaarat' ki rachana ki hai. doosare mahaakavi pushpadant (dasveen shati) hain jinhonne jain parampara ke trishshthi shalaakaapurushon ka charit 'mahaapuraan' naamak vishaal kaavya mein chitrit kiya hai. ismein Ram aur Krishna ki bhi katha sammilit hai. iske atirikt pushpadant ne 'naayakumaarachariu' aur 'jasaharachariu' jaise chhote-chhote do charitkaavyon ki bhi rachana ki hai. teesare lokapriya kavi dhanapaal (dasveen shati) hain jinki 'bhavissayatt kaha' shrutapanchami ke avsar par kahi jaanevaali lokaprachalit praacheen katha hai. kanakaamar muni (11veen shati) ka 'karakanduchariu' bhi ullekhaneeya charitkaavya hai.

apabhransh ka apna dulaara chhand doha hai. jis prakaar praakrut ko 'gaatha' ke kaaran 'gaahaabandh' kaha jaata hai, usi prakaar apabhransh ko 'dohaabandh'. futakal dohon mein anek lalit apabhransh rachanaaeain hui hain, jo indu (aathaveen shati) ka 'paramaatmaprakaash' aur 'yogasaar', raamasinh (dasveen shati) ka 'paahud doha', devasen (dasveen shati) ka 'saavayadhamm doha' aadi jain muniyon ki jnyaaanopadeshaparak rachanaaeain adhikaashant: doha mein hain. prabandhachintaamani tatha hemachandrarachit vyaakaran ke apabhransh dohon se pata chalta hai ki shrungaar aur shaurya ke aihik muktak bhi kaafi sankhya mein likhe gaye hain. kuchh raasak kaavya bhi likhe gaye hain jinmein kuchh to 'upadesh rasaayan raas' ki tarah nitaant dhaarmik hain, parantu addahamaan (13veen shati) ke sandesharaasak ki tarah shrungaar ke saras romance kaavya bhi likhe gaye hain.

jainon ke atirikt bauddh siddhon ne bhi apabhransh mein rachana ki hai jinmein sarahapa, kanhapa aadi ke dohaakosh mahattvapoorn hain. apabhransh gadya ke bhi namoone milte hain. gadya ke tukade udyotan soori (saataveen shati) ki 'kuvalayamaal kaha' mein yatratatr bikhre hue hain. naveen khojon se jo saamagri saamane aa rahi hai, usase pata chalta hai ki apabhransh ka saahitya atyant samruddh hai. dedh sau ke aaspaas apabhransh granth praapt ho chuke hain jinmein se lagbhag pachaas prakaashit hain.

apabhransh aadhunik aarya bhaasha tatha upabhaasha

• shauraseni-pashchimi hindi (brajabhaasha, khadi boli, baangaru, kannauji, bundeli), raajasthaani (mevaati, maaravaadi, maalavi, jayapuri), gujaraati
• ardhamaagadhi-poorvi hindi (avadhi, bagheli, chhatteesagadhi)
• maagadhi-bihaari (Bhojpuri, maithili, magahi), bangala, udiya, asamiya
• khas-pahaadi hindi
• paishaachi-lahanda, punjabi
• braachad-sindhi
• mahaaraashtri-maraathi

uparokt vivran se spasht hai ki hindi bhaasha ka udbhav, apabhransh ke shauraseni, ardhamaagadhi aur maagadhi roopon se hua hai.

naamavar Singh : hindi ke vikaas mein apabhransh ka yog (1954); harivansh kochhad; apabhransh saahitya (1956). (na.sin.)

• praakrut
• hindavi
• hindustaani ka itihaas

1. ↑ Historical grammar of Apabhraṁaśaa, Ganesh Vasudev Tagare

• [1] (professor mahaaveer saran jain ka aalekh - apabhransh: bhaashik vaividhya, sampark bhaasha evam bhaashik visheshataaeain)
• apabhransh bhaasha aur saahitya (Google pustak ; lekhak - raajamani sharma)
• yoon hua bhaasha ka kramik vikaas (jaagaran)
• Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri
• apabhransh bhaasha saahitya ki shodh-pravruttiyaaain (Google pustak ; lekhak - Dr devendr Kumar shaastri)
• Apabhrangsha
• apabhransh: hindi ki poorvapeethika (Ajay Yadav)
• rahasyavaadi jain apabhransh kaavya ka hindi par prabhaav (Google pustak ; lekhak - premachandr jain)

mota paath