anuvaad

kisi bhaasha mein kahi ya likhi gayi baat ka kisi doosari bhaasha mein saarthak parivartan anuvaad (Translation) kahalaata hai. anuvaad ka kaarya bahut puraane samay se hota aaya hai.

sanskrut mein 'anuvaad' shabd ka upayog shishya dvaara guru ki baat ke duharaae jaane, pun: kathan, samarthan ke liye prayukt kathan, aavrutti jaise kai sandarbhon mein kiya gaya hai. sanskrut ke 'vad' dhaatu se 'anuvaad' shabd ka nirmaan hua hai. 'vad' ka arth hai bolna. 'vad' dhaatu mein 'a' pratyaya jod dene par bhaavavaachak sanjnyaa mein iska parivrtit roop hai 'vaad' jiska arth hai- 'kehne ki kriya' ya 'kahi hui baat'. 'vaad' mein 'anu' upasarg upasarg jodkar 'anuvaad' shabd bana hai, jiska arth hai, praapt kathan ko pun: kehna. iska prayog pehli baar moniyr Williams ne aaingreji shabd taannsaleshan (translation) ke paryaaya ke roop mein kiya. iske baad hi 'anuvaad' shabd ka prayog ek bhaasha mein kisi ke dvaara prastut ki gayi saamagri ki doosari bhaasha mein pun: prastuti ke sandarbh mein kiya gaya.

vaastav mein anuvaad bhaasha ke indradhanushi roop ki pehchaan ka samarthatam maarg hai. anuvaad ki anivaaryata ko kisi bhaasha ki samruddhi ka shor macha kar taala naheen ja sakta aur na anuvaad ki bahukoneeya upayogita se inkaar kiya ja sakta hai. jt.hais.jpvh ke paryaayasvaroop 'anuvaad' shabd ka sveekrut arth hai, ek bhaasha ki vichaar saamagri ko doosari bhaasha mein pahuainchana. anuvaad ke liye hindi mein 'ultha' ka prachalan bhi hai.aaingreji mein TRANSLATION ke saath hi TRANSCRIPTION ka prachalan bhi hai, jise hindi mein 'lipyantaran' kaha jaata hai. anuvaad aur lipyantaran ka antar is udaaharan se spasht hai-

uske sapane sach hue.

HIS DREAMS BECAME TRUE - TRANSLATION

USKEY SAPNE SACH HUEY - TRANSCRIPTION

isse spasht hai ki 'anuvaad' mein hindi vaakya ko aaingreji mein prastut kiya gaya hai jabki lipyantaran mein naagari lipi mein likhi gayi baat ko maatr roman lipi mein rakh diya gaya hai.

anuvaad ke liye 'bhaashaantar' aur 'roopaantar' ka prayog bhi kiya jaata raha hai. lekin ab in donon hi shabdon ke nae arth aur upayog prachalit hain. 'bhaashaantar' aur 'roopaantar' ka prayog aaingreji ke INTERPRETATION shabd ke paryaaya-svaroop hota hai, jiska arth hai do vyaktiyon ke beech bhaashik sampark sthaapit karna. kannadabhaashi vyakti aur asamiyaabhaashi vyakti ke beech ki bhaashik doori ko bhaashaantaran ke dvaara hi door kiya jaata hai. 'roopaantar' shabd in dinon praay: kisi ek vidha ki rachana ki anya vidha mein prastuti ke liye prayukt hai. jais, premachand ke upanyaas 'godaan' ka roopaantaran 'hori' naatak ke roop mein kiya gaya hai.

kisi bhaasha mein abhivyakt vichaaron ko doosari bhaasha mein yathaavat prastut karna anuvaad hai. is vishesh arth mein hi 'anuvaad' shabd ka abhipraaya sunishchit hai. jis bhaasha se anuvaad kiya jaata hai, vah moolabhaasha ya srotabhaasha hai. usase jis nai bhaasha mein anuvaad karna hai, vah 'prastut bhaasha' ya 'lakshya bhaasha' hai. is tarah, srot bhaasha mein prastut bhaav ya vichaar ko bina kisi parivartan ke lakshyabhaasha mein prastut karna hi anuvaad hai.

ek achha anuvaadak vah hai jo-

1. srot bhaasha (jisse anuvaad karna hai) ke likhit evam vaachik donon roopon ka achha jnyaaata ho.
2. lakshya bhaasha ((jismein anuvaad karna hai) ke likhit roop ka achha jnyaaata ho,
3. paath jis vishay ya taupik ka hai, usaki jaankaari rakhata ho.

anuvaad dasha mein pehla saarthak prayaas H. H. Wilson ne 1855 mein 'glori of jyoodishiyl end revenyoo tarms' ke dvaara kiya. san 1961 mein raajabhaasha vidhaayi aayog ki sthaapana hui. iska kaam akhil bhaarateeya maanak vidhi shabdaavali taiyaar karna tha. 1970 mein vidhi shabdaavali ka prakaashan hua. iska parivrdhan hota aa raha he. iska naveen sanskaran 1984 mein nikla. is aayog ne kaanoon sambandhi anek grantho ka anuvaad kiya he. kai nyaayaalayon mein nyaayaadheesh hindi mein bhi nirnaya dene lage hai.

anuvaad ko kala aur vigyaan donon hi roopon mein sveekaarane ki maanasikta isi kaaran pallavit hui hai ki sansaarabhar ki bhaashaaon ke paarasparik anuvaad ki koshish anuvaad ki anek shailiyon aur pravidhiyon ki or ishaara karti hain. anuvaad ki ek bhangima to yahi hai ki kisi rachana ka saahityik-vidha ke aadhaar par anuvaad upasthit kiya jaae. yadi kisi naatak ka naatak ke roop mein hi anuvaad kiya jaae to aise anuvaadon mein anuvaadak ki apni sarjanaatmak pratibha ka vaishishtya bhi apekshit hota hai. anuvaad ka ek aadhaar anuvaad ke gadyaatmak athva padyaatmak hone par bhi aashrit hai. aisa paaya jaata hai ki adhikaanshat: gadya ka anuvaad gadya mein athva padya mein hi upasthit ho, lekin kabhi-kabhi yeh kram badla hua najar aata hai. kai gadya krutiyon ke padyaanuvaad milte hain, to kai kaavyakrutiyon ke gadyaanuvaad bhi upalabdh hain. anuvaadon ko vishay ke aadhaar par bhi vargeekrut kiya jaata hai aur kai staron par anuvaad ki prakruti ke anuroop use mool-keindrit aur moolamukt do vargon mein bhi baaainta gaya hai. anuvaad ke jin saarthak aur prachalit prabhedon ka ullekh anuvaad vijnyaaaniyon ne kiya hai, unamein shabdaanuvaad, bhaavaanuvaad, chhaayaanuvaad, saaraanuvaad, vyaakhyaanuvaad, aashuanuvaad aur roopaantaran ko sarvaadhik sveekruti mili hai.

shabdaanuvaad

srotabhaasha ke pratyek shabd ka lakshyabhaasha ke pratyek shabd mein yathaavat anuvaadan ko shabdaanuvaad kehte hain. 'makshika sthaane makshika' par aadhaarit shabdaanuvaad vaastav mein anuvaad ki sabse nikrusht koti ka parichaayak hota hai. pratyek bhaasha ki prakruti anya bhaasha se bhinn hoti hai aur har bhaasha mein shabd ke anekaanek arth vidyamaan rahate hain. iseeliye mool bhaasha ki har shabdaabhivyakti ko yathaavat lakshyabhaasha mein naheen anuvaadit kiya ja sakta. kai baar aise shabdaanuvaadon ke kaaran badi haasyaaspad sthiti utpann ho jaati hai. sanskrut se hindi mein kiye gaye anuvaad ko kai baar prakruti ki saamyata ke kaaran sahya hote hain, lekin Europeeya parivaar ki bhaashaaon se kiye gaye anuvaad mein arth aur padakram ke dosh saamaanyat: najar aate hain. vaastav mein yadi srot aur lakshyabhaasha mein arth, prayog, vaakya-vinyaas aur shaili ki samaanata ho, tabhi shabdaanuvaad sahi hota hai, anyatha yantraavat kiye gaye shabdaanuvaad abodhagamya, haasyaaspad evam krutrim ho jaate hain.

bhaavaanuvaad

aise anuvaadakon mein srot-bhaasha ke shabd, padakram aur vaakya-vinyaas par dhyaan na dekar anuvaad moolabhaasha ki vichaar-saamagri ya bhaavadhaara par apne aapko keindrit karta hai. aise anuvaadon mein srotabhaasha ki bhaav-saamagri ko upasthit karna hi anuvaadak ka lakshya hota hai. bhaavaanuvaad ki prakriya mein kabhi-kabhi mool rachana jaisa maulik vaibhav aa jaata hai, lekin kai baar paathakon ko yeh shikaayat hoti hai ki anuvaadak ne moolabhaasha ki bhaavadhaara ko samajhe bina, lakshya-bhaasha ki prakruti ke anuroop bhaav saamagri prastut kar di hai. jab paathak kisi rachana ko rachanaakaar ke abhivyakti-kaushal ki dashshti se padhna chaahata hai, to bhaavaanuvaad usaki lakshyasiddhi mein sahaayak naheen hota.

chhaayaanuvaad

sanskrut naatakon mein lagaataar aise prayog milte hain ki unki stra-paatra tatha sevak, daasi aadi jis praakrut bhaasha ka prayog karte hain , usaki sanskrut chhaaya bhi naatak mein vidyamaan rahati hai. aise hi prayogon se chhaayaanuvaad ka udbhav hua hai. anuvaad ki pravidhi ke antargat anuvaadak na shabdaanuvaad ki tarah keval mool shabdon ka anusaran karta hai aur na sirf bhaavon ka hi paripaalan karta hai, balki moolabhaasha se poori tarah bandha hua usaki chhaaya mein lakshyabhaasha mein varnya-vishay ki prastuti karta hai.

saaraanuvaad

is anuvaad mein moolabhaasha ki saamagri ka sankshipt aur atisankshipt anuvaad lakshyabhaasha mein kiya jaata hai. lambe bhaashanon aur vaad-vivaadon ke anuvaad prastut karne mein yeh vidhi sahaayak hoti hai.

vyaakhyaanuvaad

aise anuvaadon mein moolabhaasha ki saamagri ka lakshyabhaasha mein vyaakhya sahit anuvaad upasthit kiya jaata hai. ismein anuvaadak apne adhyayan aur dashshtikon ke anuroop mool bhaasha ki saamagri ki vyaakhya apekshit pramaanon aur udaaharanon aadi ke saath karta hai. lokamaanya tilk ne 'geeta' ka anuvaad is shaili mein kiya hai. sanskrut ke bahut saare bhaashyakaaron aur hindi ke teekaakaaron ne vyaakhyaanuvaad ki shaili ka hi anugaman kiya hai. svabhaavat: vyaakhyaanuvaad athva bhaashyaanuvaad mool se bahut bada ho jaata hai aur kai staron par to ekdam maulik ban jaata hai.

aashu anuvaad

jahaaain anuvaad dubhaashiye ki bhoomika mein kaam karta hai, vahaaain vah keval aashuanuvaad kar paata hai. do doorasth deshon ke bhinn bhaasha-bhaashi jab aapas mein baatein karte hain, to unke beech dubhaashiya samvaad ka maadhyam banta hai. aise avsaron par ve anuvaad shabd aur bhaav ki seemaaon ko todkar anuvaadak ki satvar anuvaad kshamata par aadhaarit ho jaata hai. uske paas itna samay naheen hota hai ki shabd ke sahi bhaashaayi paryaaya ke baare mein soche athva koshon ki sahaayata le sake. kai baar aise dubhaashiye ke aashuanuvaad ke kaaran do deshon mein tanaav ki sthiti bhi ban jaati hai. aashuanuvaad hi ab bhaashaantaran ke roop mein charchit hai.

roopaantaran

anuvaad ke is prabhed mein anuvaadak moolabhaasha se lakshyabhaasha mein keval shabd aur bhaav ka anuvaadan naheen karta, apitu apni pratibha aur suvidha ke anusaar mool rachana ka poori tarah roopaantaran kar daalata hai. William sheksapeeyar ke prasiddh naatak 'marchent of venis' ka anuvaad bhaaratendu harishchandr ne 'durlabh bandhu' arthaat 'vanshapur ka mahaajan' naam se kiya hai jo roopaantaran ke anuvaad ka anyatam udaaharan hai. mool naatak ke entoniyo, baisoliyo, porshiya, shaailauk jaise naamon ko bhaarateindu ne kramash: anant, basant, purashri, shailaaksh jaise roopaantar pradaan kiye hain. aise roopaantaran mein anuvaad ki maulikta sabse adhik ubharakar saamane aati hai.

anuvaadak ke in prabhedon se jnyaaapit hota hai ki sansaar bhar ki bhaashaaon mein anuvaad ki kai shailiyaaain aur pravidhiyaaain apnaai gayi hain, lekin yadi anuvaadak saavadhaaneepoorvak shabd aur bhaav ki aatma ka sparsh karte hue moolabhaasha ki prakruti ke anuroop lakshyabhaasha mein anuvaad upasthit kare to yahi aadarsh anuvaad hoga. iseeliye shreshth anuvaadak ko aisa kushal chikitsak kaha jaata hai, jo botal mein rakhi dava ko apni sirinj ke dvaara rogi ke shareer mein yathaavat pahuaincha deta hai.

anuvaad ek likhit vidha hai, jise karne ke liye kai saadhanon ki jaroorat padti hai. shabdakosh, sandarbh granth, vishay visheshagya ya maargadarshak ki madad se anuvaad kaarya ko poora kiya jaata hai. iski koi samay seema naheen hoti. apni ichhaanusaar anuvaadak ise kai baar shuddheekaran ke baad poora kar sakta hai. intarapretashan yaani bhaashaantaran ek bhaasha ka doosari bhaasha mein maukhik roopaantaran hai. ise karne wala intarapretar kahalaata hai. intarapretar ka kaam taatkaalik hai. vah kisi bhaasha ko sun kar, samajh kar doosari bhaasha mein turant usaka maukhik taur par roopaantaran karta hai. ise mool bhaasha ke saath maukhik taur par aadha minute peechhe rahate hue kiya jaata hai. bahut kuchh yaantrik dhang ka bhi hota hai.

• saahityik anuvaad
• takaneeki anuvaad
• chikitsakeeya anuvaad

masheeni anuvaad

computer aur saaftaveyar ki kshamataaon mein atyadhik vikaas ke kaaran aajkal anek bhaashaaon ka doosari bhaashaaon mein masheeni anuvaad sambhav ho gaya hai. yadyapi in anuvaadon ki gunavata abhi bhi santoshaprad naheen kahi ja sakti, tathaapi apne is roop mein bhi yeh masheeni anuvaad kai arthon mein aur anek drushtiyon se bahut upayogi siddh ho raha hai. jahaaain koi chaara na ho, vahaaain masheeni anuvaad se kuchh na kuchh arth to samajh mein aa hi jaata hai.

masheeni anuvaad ki disha mein aane vaale dinon mein kaafi pragati hone waali hai. masheeni anuvaad ke kaaran duniya mein ek nayi kraanti aayegi.

kamyootar sahaayyit anuvaad

• raashtreeya anuvaad mission
• takaneeki anuvaad
• masheeni anuvaad
• lipyantaran
• masheeni lipyantaran

• bhaarateeya anuvaadak sangh
• Bhaarat ki anuvaad parampara
• anuvaad ke niyam-aniym (srujanagaatha)
• anuvaad ka svarup (prayaas)
• anuvaad ki paribhaashaaen
• anuvaad param‍aapara ki pehchaan
• angreji-hindi anuvaad vyaakaran (Google pustak ; lekhak - sooraj bhaan Singh)
• anuvaad vigyaan ki bhoomika (Google pustak ; lekhak - Krishna Kumar Goswami)
• saahityaanuvaad : samvaad aur samvedna (Google pustak)
• anuvaad kya hai? (Google pustak ; sampaadak - raajamal vora)
• anuvaad kala (Google pustak ; lekhak enai vishvanaath ayyar)
• anuvaad : bhaashaaen, samasyaaeain (Google pustak ; lekhak enai vishvanaath ayyar)
• bhaarateeya bhaashaaen evam hindi anuvaad : samasya samaadhaan (Google pustak ; lekhak - kailaashachandr Bhatia)
• malayalam se hindi anuvaad ki samasyaaeain (madhumati)
• bahubhaashikta, vaishvikkaran aur anuvaad
• anuprayukt ganit ke sandarbh mein anuvaad
• UNESCO Clearing House for Literary Translation
• TRANSLATORS NOW AND THEN : HOW TECHNOLOGY HAS CHANGED THEIR TRADE By - Luciano O. Monteiro
• Online Translation
• IndianScripts - Translation service provider for Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Urdu,Tamil, Telegu, Marathi, Malayalam, Nepali, Sanskrit, Tulu, Assamese, Oriya, English and other languages by native translators