antararaashtreeya maatrak pranaali

antarraashtreeya maatrak pranaali (sankshep mein SI ; French Le Systèaame International d'unitéas ka sankshipt roop), meetari paddhati ka aadhunik roop hai. ise saamaanya roop mein dashamlav evam das ke gunaankon mein banaaya gaya hai. yeh vigyaan evam vaanijya ke kshetr mein vishv ki sarvaadhik prayog ki jaane waali pranaali hai. [1][2][3]

puraani metrik pranaali mein kai ikaaiyon ke samooh prayog kiye jaate the. SI ko 1960 mein puraani meter-kilogram-saikand yaani (MKS) pranaali se viksit kiya gaya tha, bajaay seinteemeetar-gram-saikand pranaali ki, jismein kai kathinaaiyaaain theen. SI pranaali sthir naheen rahati, varan ismein nirantar vikaas hote rahate hain, parantu ikaaiyaan antarraashtreeya samjhauton ke dvaara hi banaai aur badli jaati hain.

yeh pranaali lagbhag vishvavyaapak star par laagoo hai aur adhikaansh desh iske alaava anya ikaaiyon ki aadhikaarik paribhaashaaen bhi naheen samajhte hain. parantu iske apavaad sanyukt raajya amareeka aur Britain hain, jahaaain abhi bhi gair-SI ikaaiyon unki puraani pranaaliyaaain laagoo hain.Bhaarat mॆn yeh pranaali 1 April, 1957 mॆn laagoo hui. iske saath hi yahaan naya paisa bhi laagoo hua, jo ki swayam dashamlav pranaali par aadhaarit tha.[4]

is pranaali mein kai nai naamakaran ki gayi ikaaiyaaain laagoo hui. is pranaali mein saat mool ikaaiyaaain (meter, kilogram, saikand, empeeyar, kailvin, mol, kaindela, koolamb) aur anya kai vyutpann ikaaiyaaain hain. kuchh vaigyaanik aur saanskrutik kshetron mein S I pranaali ke saath anya ikaaiyaaain bhi prayog mein laai jaati hain. SI upasargon ke maadhyam se bahut chhoti aur bahut badi maatraaon ko vyakt karne mein saralata hoti hai.

teen raashtron ne aadhikaarik roop se is pranaali ko apni poorn ya praathamik maapan pranaali sveekaarya naheen kiya hai. ye raashtra hain: laaiberiya, myaaainmaar aur sanyukt raajya amareeka.



anukram

ikaaiyon ka kaaryaanvan

kisi ikaai ki paribhaasha aur kaaryaanvan ke beech antar mahattvapoorn hai. pratyek SI mool ikaai ki paribhaasha saavadhaani poorvak banaai gayi hai taaki vah apoorv aur adviteeya ho aur saath saath ek thos saiddhaantik aadhaar prastut kare jis par aadhaarit sabse parishuddh aur punarutpaadaneeya maapan kiye ja sakein. ek ikaai ki paribhaasha ke kaaryaanvayan ki prakriya vah hoti hai jisse ki vah paribhaasha us ikaai ki bhaanti hi usaki maatra ke maan aur usase judi anishchitta ko sthaapit karne hetu; prayog ki ja sake. kuchh mahattvapoorn ikaaiyon ki paribhaashaaen kaise kaaryaanvit ki jaati hain, yeh BIPM ki vebasaait par diya gaya hai[5] ek SI vyutpann ikaai adviteeya roop keval SI mool ikaaiyon ke roop mein hi paribhaashit hoti hai. udaaharanat: vidyut pratirodh ki SI vyutpann ikaai, ohm (chinh Ω), is sambandh se hi adviteeya roop se paribhaashit hoti hai: Ω = m2 kg s−3 A−2, jo ki vidyut pratirodh ki maatra, ki paribhaasha ka hi parinaam hai. vaise koi bhi tareeka, jo ki bhautiki ke siddhaanton/niyamon se saamanjasya rakhata ho, vah kisi bhi SI ikaaiyon ke kaaryaanvayan hetu prayog ho sakta hai.[6]

itihaas

mukhya lekh : meter, kilogram, saikand, empeeyar, kailvin, mol (ikaai) , kaindela, aur koolamb

meetrik pranaali ko vaigyaaniko ke samooh dvaara abhiklpit kiya gaya tha. inmein entoni lauriyet laivaashiye pramukh the, jinhein aadhunik rasaayanashaastr ka janak kaha jaata hai. is samooh ko tarkasangat maapan pranaali ka nirmaan karne hetu; France ke samraat lui XVI dvaara ekeekrut evam adhikrut kiya gaya tha. fraanseesi kraanti ke uparaant nai sarkaar dvaara yeh pranaali angeekrut kar li gayi thi.[7] 1 August, 1793, ko raashtreeya sammelan dvaara naya dashamlav meter bhi angeekrut kiya gaya aur ek asthaayi lambaai ke saath-saath hi anya dashamlav ikaaiyaaain bhi paribhaashit huin. 7 April, 1795 (Loi du 18 germinal, an III) ko, gramme evam kilogramme ne puraani shabdaavali "gravet" (shodhit roop "milligrave") evam "grev" ka sthaan liya. 10 December, 1799 ko, meetrik pranaali ko sthaai roop se France mein apnaaya gaya.

aaj vishv bhar mein prayog ho rahi meetrik pranaali ne kai badlaav dekhe hain. isne kai paramparaagat pranaaliyon ko adhikramit bhi kiya hai. dviteeya vishv yuddh ke bahut baad tak kai bhinn maapan pranaaliyaaain vishv bhar mein prayukt ho raheen theen. inmein se kai pranaaliyaaain, meetrik pranaali ki hi bhinnak thi, jabki anya ya to impeeriym pranaali ya fir Amreeki pranaali par aadhaarit theen. tab yeh aavashyakta siddh hui ki in sab ka meetreekaran hona chaahiye, jisse ek vishvavyaapi maapan pranaali banaai ja sake. falat: nauvaan bhaar evam maapan par saamaanya sammelan (CGPM) 1948 mein hua jismein bhaar evam maapan antarraashtreeya samiti (CIPM) ko vaigyaanik, praudyogik evam shikshan samitiyon ki maapan sambandhi aavashyakataaon ka ek antarraashtreeya adhyayan karne ko nirdeshit kiya gaya.

is adhyayan ke parinaamon par aadhaarit, dasveen CGPM ne 1954 mein yeh nirnaya kiya ki chh: mool ikaaiyon se ek antarraashtreeya pranaali vyutapann ki jaae, jo ki yaantrik evam vidyutachumbakeeya maatraaon ki saath hi taapamaan evam drushti sambandhi vikirnon ka maapan upalabdh kara paae. anumodit ki gain chh: mool ikaaiyaaain theen meter, kilogram, saikand, empeeyar, degree kailvin evam kaindela. 1960 mein, 11vein CGPM ne is pranaali ka naamakaran antarraashtreeya ikaai pranaali ya International System of Units, sankshep mein SI jo moolat: bana hai French se: Le Systèame international d'unitéas. saataveen mool ikaai, mol ya the mole, ko 1971 mein 14vein CGPM mein jodaa gaya.

bhavishya ke vikaas

antaraashtreeya maanakeekaran sangathan ya ISO ke maanak ISO 31 mein antarraashtreeya ikaai pranaali ke vidyut anuprayogon mein prayog hetu antarraashtreeya vidyutatakaneeki aayog ya IEC ki sifaarishein hai jinmein ki unke maanak IEC 60027 bhi dhyaanayogya hain. vah kaarya abhi pragati par hai jisse ki donon ka ekeekaran kar ek sanyukt maanak ISO/IEC 80000 bane, jise maatraaon ki antarraashtreeya pranaali ya International System of Quantities (ISQ) kaha jaae.

ikaaiyaaain

mukhya lekh : mool ikaaiyaaain, vyutpann ikaaiyaaain, aur SI upasarg

antaraashtreeya ikaai pranaali mein ikaaiyon ka samooh hai, jiske sadॄsh hi upasargon ke samooh bhi hain. SI ikaaiyon ko do upasamoohon mein baanta ja sakta hai :-

in ikaaiyon ke saath hi

taalika - 1 - SI mool ikaaiyaaain[8]
naam chinh maatra
meter m lambaai
kilogram kg bhaar
saikand s samay
empeeyar A vidyut dhaara
kailvin K ooshmagatikeeya taapamaan
mol (ikaai) mol padaarth ki maatra
kaindela cd prakaasheeya teevrata

mool ikaai ke gunak banaane hetu, SI upasarg ko joda ja sakta hai. sabhi gunak das ki poorn sankhya ghaat ke hain. udaaharanat:
kilo-= sahasr ya hajaar
mili-= hajaaravaan bhaag yaani ek meter mein ek hajaar milimeetar hote hain, saath hi ek hajaar meter se ek kilo meter banta hai.
upasargon ko milaaya naheen ja sakta hai. ek kilogram ka das laakhavaaain bhaag hai miligraam parantu use ek micro-kilogram naheen kaheinge.

badalein
Table 2 - SI upasarg
naam yotta- jeetta- ekja- peta- taira- geega- maiga- kilo- haikto- daika-
chinh Y Z E P T G M k h da
kaarak 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101
naam desi- sainti- mili- micro- naino- peeko- faimto- etto- jaipto- yokto-
chinh d c m µ n p f a z y
kaarak 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24

SI lekhan paddhati

  • chinhon mein koi ardh/poorn viraam naheen judaa hota, jab tak ki ve vaakya ke ant mein na hon.
  • chinh roman mein seedhe khade hote hain (jaise meter ke liye m, liter ke liye litres), jisse ki ve ganit ke asthir maan se pruthak kiye ja sakein (m hai bhaar ya mass, l hai lambaai ya length ke liye).
  • ikaaiyon ke liye chinh angreji ke chhote aksharon mein likhe jaate hain, sivaaya kisi vyakti ke naam se bane chinhon ke. udaaharanat: dabaav ki ikaai paaskal hai, blej paaskal ke naam par; ataev chinh "Pa" likhte hain, lekin poorn naam ke liye pascal hi likha jaata hai.
    • iska ek apavaad hai liter jiske liye "l" ko isaliye chhodaa gaya, kyonki vah angreji ank "1" (ek) ya badaa akshar I "i" jaisa lagta hai. Amreeki raashtreeya maanak evam takaneek sansthaan ( naishanal insteetyoot ऒf staindards end taiknolauji NIST) ne bade akshar "L" ke prayog ki salaah di hai, un deshon mein jahaan angreji prayog hoti hai, parantu baaki desh vahi pratha prayog karein. yeh CGPM dvaara 1979 se maanya hai. karsiv kabhi kabhi khaaskar Japan evam yoonaan mein dekha gaya hai, parantu ise abhi maanak sangathanon se maanyata naheen mili hai. adhik jaankaari hetu, dekhein liter.
  • bahuvachaneekaran hetu SI niyam hai ki ikaaiyon ke chinh bahuvachan mein naheen likhe jaayein.[9], for example "25 kg" (not "25 kgs").
    • Amreeki raashtreeya maanak evam takaneek sansthaan ( naishanal insteetyoot ऒf staindards end taiknolauji) ne SI ikaaiyon ke prayog hetu nirdeshika banaai hai, jo uske apne prakaashan mein, tatha anya prayoktaaon hetu hai.[10] is nirdeshika mein bahuvachaneekaran ke saamaanya vyaakaran niyam diye hain, jaise "henari" ka angreji bahuvachan hai henareej "henries"| ismein laks, hartj evam saaimans apavaad hain. ye apne mool roop mein hi sabhi vachanon mein prayukt hoti hain. yeh niyam keval ikaaiyon ke poorn naamon par hi laagoo hain, na ki unke chinhon par.
  • ank aur chinh ko ek blaink space yaani rikt sthaan alag karta hai, udaa0 "2.21 kg", "7.3×a102 m²", "22 K"[11]. taleeya aanshik degree (plane angular degrees), minute aur saikand (°, ′ and ″), iske apavaad hain, jinhein ank ke ekdam baad hi anivaaryat: lagaaya jaata hai.
  • hajaar (sahasr) ki sankhya ko alag karne hetu bhi space prayog ho sakta hai (1 000 000) ardh ya poorn viraam ke alaava (1,000,000 ya 1.000.000).
  • CGPM ke 10vein sammelan san 2003 mein, ghoshit hua ki, dashamlav ke chinh hetu poorn viraam ya ardh viraam chinh prayukt ho sakta hai.
  • anek ikaaiyon ke gunan se bani, vyutpann ikaaiyon ke chinhon ko ek space ya bindu (·) se jodaa jaata hai, jaise "N m" ya "N·aam".[12]
  • do ikaaiyon ke bhaag se banane vaale chinhon ko tirchhe slaish (⁄), ya rinaatmak eksponent se darshaate hain, jaise, meter prati sai ke liye "m/s", "m s−1", "m·aas−1" ya yadi parinaam dviarthi ho, to ise prayog na karein, jaise "kg/m·aas²" behtar hai "kg·aam−1·as−2" se.
  • cheeni, Japani aur Koreai bhaashaaon mein kuchh khaas ikaaiyon, ityaadi ko ek poorvanirdhaarit chinh ya akshar aavantit kiya gaya hai, jo saadhaaranataya ek khaali varg ka roop le leta hai. inhein yahaan diya gaya hai.
  • jab aayaamarahit maatraaon ko likhein, to tarm 'ppb' (parts per billion) evam 'ppt' (parts per triliyn) ko bhaasha mukt tarm maana gaya hai, kyonki billion evam triliyn ki lambaai bhaashaaon mein bhinn ho sakti hai. ataev SI ne se in tarm se bachane ki salaah di hai. [2]. lekin inka koi vikalp BIPM ne naheen sujhaaya hai.

vartani ke antar

  • kai deshon mein metre evam litre ke sthaan par meter evam liter prayog hote hain, jo ki maanya maane gaye hain. isi prakaar deka hetu bhi amareeka mein deka prayukt hota hai.[13]
  • kai angreji bole jaane vaale deshon mein "ampere" ko laghu roop mein amp (ekavachan) ya amps (bahuvachan) roop mein prayog hota hai.

antaran ke kaarak

vibhinn pranaaliyon mein prayog ki jaane waali ikaaiyon ke beech sambandh sthaapit karne hetu ikaai parampara ya ikaai ki mool paribhaasha se banaaya jaata hai. ikaaiyon ke beech antaran hetu antaran kaarakon ka prayog kiya jaata hai. antaran kaarakon ke kai sanskaran hain, udaaharanat: dekhein parishisht bi, NIST SP 811.[10]

lambaai, bhaar, taapamaan abhisaarita

spesifik graiviti (vishisht ghanatv) ko praay: SI ikaaiyon mein, ya paani ke sandarbh mein darshit kiya jaata hai. kyonki ek ghan jiske naap hain 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm, usaki aayatan hogi 1000 cm3 (praay: 1000 cc likha jaata hai), jo baraabar hai 1 L ke; aur jab jal se bhara jaaye, to usaka bhaar 1 kg hota hai, ataev paani ki spesifik graiviti hai 1 g/cm3 aur yeh 0 degree celcius par jam jaayega.

saanskrutik mudde

meetrik pranaali ko arth evam dainik vaanijya (vyaapaar sambandhi) saadhan ke roop mein vishvavyaapi samarthan mila hai. iska kaaran bahut had tak yeh bhi tha ki kai deshon mein roodhigt pranaaliyon mein kai siddhaanton ko samajhaane ka saamarthya naheen thi. saath hi kshetreeya badlaavon ka maanakeekaran kar ek vishv vyaapi pranaali, jo sarv maanya ho, bani. isse antarraashtreeya vyaapaar ko bhi badhaava mila. vaigyaanik drushtikon se dekhein, to ismein atyadhik badi aur atisookshm ikaaiyon ko bhi dashamlav ke prayog se bataaya ja sakta hai.

dainik evam vaigyaanik prayog ki kai ikaaiyaaain, saat mool ikaaiyon se vyutpann naheen hain. kai maamalon mein yeh badlaav BIPM. dvaara maanya bhi hai.[14] Some examples include:

  • samay ki kai ikaaiyaaain — minute (min), ghanta (h), diwas (d) — prayog mein hain SI ikaai saikand ke alaava bhi aur vishisht maanyata praapt bhi hain, saarani 6 ke anusaar.[15]
  • varsh bhi sammilit naheen hua hai, parantu iska maanya antaran kaarak hai.[16]
  • celcius taapamaan paimaana; jabki kailvin SI ikaai dainik prayog mein kahaan aati hai.
  • vidyut oorja ko praay: kilovaut aavar mein bill kiya jaata hai, bajaay maiga jool ke.
  • nautikl meal aur not (nautikl meal prati ghanta) jo ki jahaajon aur havaai yaatra mein doori maapan mein prayukt hota hai (1 antarraashtreeya naotikl meal = 1852 m ya lagbhag bhoomadhya rekha ki 1 minute laitityood par). iske saath hi, antararaashtreeya naagar vimaanan sammelan ke anulagnak 5 dvaara olteetyood hetu fut ka "asthaayi prayog" ki anujnyaa di jaati hai.
  • aakaasheeya dooreeyaan aakaasheeya ikaaiyon, paarasaik aur prakaash-varsh mein naapi jaati hai, bajaay petaameetar ke (ek prakaash-varsh lagbhag 9.461 Pm ya 9 a461 a000 a000 a000 a000 m ke baraabar hota hai).
  • bhautiki aur raasaayaniki mein aanvik parinmaan ikaaiyaan prayog ki jaati hain, jaise aangstraum, ilektraun volt, aanvik bhaar ikaai aur baarn.
  • kuchh bhautik shaastri abhi bhi seinteemeetar-gram-saikand ikaai pranaali uske saath judee gair-SI vidyut ikaaiyon sahit prayog karte hain.
  • kuchh deshon mein anaupachaarik cup ikaai baraabar 250 ml prachalit hai. aise hi 500 g "meetrik paaund" bhi prayukt hoti hai.
  • US mein rakt sharkara maapan ko miligraam prati deseeleetar (mg/dL) mein kiya jaata hai; Canada, Australia, nyoojeelaind, oshaniya aur Europe mein yeh maanak hai mili mol prati liter (mmol/L) ya mM (milimolar).
  • raktachaap ko mmHg mein maapa jaata hai, bajaay Pa ke.

vyaapaar

yooropiyn sangh ne ek nirdesh diya hai[17] jo gair-SI chinhit saamaan ki bikri ko 31 December 2009 ke baad se pratibandhit karta hai. yeh sabhi utpaadon, sanlagn nirdeshon aur kaagajon, paiking tatha vijnyaaapanon par laagoo hota hai. lekin 11 September 2007 ko, EU ne ghoshit kiya hai, ki Britain ko is nirdesh se mukt karte hain aur unka imperiyl pranaali abhi bhi aniyt roopen maanya hoga, saath saath mein metrik pranaali ke diya ho to.[18]

sandarbh

  1. ↑ Official BIPM defintions
  2. ↑ SI ikaaiyon ka vyaapak pradarshan antarjaal par aanalaain NIST dvaara kiya jaata hai. ismein SI ikaaiyon par aadhaarit, vyutpann ikaaiyon ke beech antarsanbandh ka aarekh chitr bhi sammilit hai. mool ikaaiyon ki paribhaashaae bhi is sthal par mileingi.
  3. ↑ "In the International System of Units (SI) (BIPM, 2006), the definition of the meter fixes the speed of light in vacuum c0, the definition of the ampere fixes the magnetic constant (also called the permeability of vacuum) μ0, and the definition of the mole fixes the molar mass of the carbon 12 atom M(12C) to have the exact values given in the table [Table 1, p.7]. Since the electric constant (also called the permittivity of vacuum) is related to μ0 by ε0 = 1/μ0c02, it too is known exactly." CODATA report
  4. ↑ [1]
  5. ↑ ::SI vyavahaarik kaaryaanvayan vivranika
  6. ↑ uparyukt tippani bureau intarnaishnal des poeds et mejrs SI ikai vivranika p. 111 se hain.
  7. ↑ "The name "kilogram"". http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/history-si/name_kg.html. abhigman tithi: 2006-07-25.
  8. ↑ Barry N. Taylor, Ed.. The International System of Units (SI). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. pp. 9. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf. abhigman tithi: 2007-10-30.
  9. ↑ Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2006). "The International System of Units (SI)". 8th ed.. abhigman tithi:
  10. ↑ a aa Taylor, B.N. (1995). "NIST Special Publication 811: Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)". National Institute of Standards and Technology. abhigman tithi:
  11. ↑ Taylor, B. N.. "NIST Guide to SI Units - Rules and Style Conventions". National Institute of Standards and Technology. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec07.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-04-12.
  12. ↑ Barry N. Taylor, Ed.. The International System of Units (SI). Washington, DC: National Institute of Standards and Technology. pp. 30. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf. abhigman tithi: 2007-10-15.
  13. ↑ "Definitions of the SI units: The twenty SI prefixes". http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/prefixes.html. abhigman tithi: 2007-04-12.
  14. ↑ http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table8.html
  15. ↑ http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table6.html
  16. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB9.html#TIME
  17. ↑ Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC, as amended with Directive 89/617/EEC (which changed the cutoff date in article 3.2 to 31 December 1999) and Directive 1999/103/EC (which further changed the date to 31 December 2009). Retrieved on 2006-07-24.
  18. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6988521.stm

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sangathan

maanak evam prathaaen


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soochana
itihaas
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