ankaganit

Pune mein aaryabhat ki moorti 476-550

ankaganit (greek meinΑaaρaaιaaθaaμaaηaaτaaιaaκaaή, jarman meinArithmetik, angreji meinArithmetic) ganit ki teen badi shaakhaaon mein se ek hai. ankon tatha sankhyaaon ki gananaaon se sambandhit ganit ki shaakha ko ankaganit kaha jaata hain. yeh ganit ki maulik shaakha hai tatha isi se ganit ki praarambhik shiksha ka aarambh hota hai. pratyek manushya apne dainik jeevan mein praay: ankaganit ka upayog karta hai. ankaganit ke antargat jod, ghataana, guna, bhaag, bhinn, dashamlav aadi prakriyaaeain aati hain.

manushya aarambh se hi saamaajik praani raha hai tatha apne praarambhik kaal mein kabeela bana kar raha karta tha. jab kabeele ke sadasyon mein vruddhi hone par unki ginti karne ke liye ankon ki aavashyakta padi. ank banaane ke liye manushya ki anguliyaaain aadhaar bani. anko ke itihaas ke vishay mein bahut kam jaanakaariyaaain upalabdh hain. kaha jaata hai ki isa poorv 1850 mein bebeelon ke nivaasi ganit ki praarambhik prakriyaaon se achhi tarah se parichit the. Bhaarat mein ankaganit ka gyaan atyant praacheenakaal se raha hai tatha vedon mein ganiteeya prakriyaaon ka ullekh hai. shoonya bhi Bhaarat ki hi den hai.

shoonya se lekar nau ko pradarshit karne vaale sanketon ko ank kehte hain. ank hi ganit ka mool hai. dainik jeevan ke adhikaansh karyo mein ankon ka prayog hota hai.

ek se adhik ankon ko ek ke paas ek rakhane se sankhya banti hai. ank keval das hote hain kintu sankhyaaeain anant hain.

ankaganit ki mukhya chaar mool prakriyaaeain hoti hain

• jod
• ghataana
• guna
• bhaag

jod

jab kisi sankhya ya ank mein ek ya ek se adhik sankhya ya ank ko milaaya jaata hai to use jod (en:Addition) kehte hain. jod ko + chinh se pradarshit kiya jaata hai.

udaaharan:
10 + 10 = 20

25 + 50 =75

ghataana

jodne ki prakriya ke viruddh prakriya ko ghataana (en:Subtraction) kaha jaata hai. jab kisi sankhya athva ank se kisi doosari sankhya ya ank ko kam kiya jaata hai to use ghataana kaha jaata hai. ghataane ko - chinh se pradarshit kiya jaata hai.

udaaharan:

14 - 6 = 8
24-10 = 14

guna

jab kisi sankhya athva ank mein usi sankhya athva ank ko ek ya ek se adhik baar joda jaata hai to use guna (en:Multiplication) kehte hain. sankhya athva ank ko jitni baar joda jaata hai vah utani hi baar guna hota hai. guna ko x chinh se pradarshit kiya jaata hai.

udaaharan:
2 x 4 = 8

2*10= 20

bhaag

guna karne ki prakriya ke viruddh prakriya ko bhaag (en:Division) kaha jaata hai. jab kisi sankhya athva ank mein kisi sankhya athva ank ko ek se adhik baar ghataaya jaata hai to use bhaag kehte hain. sankhya athva ank ko jitni baar vibhaajit kiya jaata hai, utani hi baar bhaag dena hota hai. bhaag ko / chinh se pradarshit kiya jaata hai.

udaaharan:

4 / 2 = 2

• beejaganit
• jyaamiti
• trikonamiti
• kailakulas

• pratiyogi pareekshaaon ke liye ankaganit (Google pustak; lekhak - aar S Agrawal)
• vastunisht ankaganit (Google pustak ; lekhak -khattar)