anda

is lekh mein sandarbh ya sootr naheen diye gaye hain. krupaya vishvasaneeya sootron ke sandarbh jodkar is lekh mein sudhaar karein. bina sootron ki saamagri ko hataaya ja sakta hai. (September 2014)

murgi ka anda (baayein) tatha bater ka anda (daayein)

anda gol ya andaakaar jeevit vastu hai jo bahut se praaniyon ke maada dvaara paida ki jaati hai. adhikaansh jaanvaron ke andon ke upar ek kathor aavaran hota hai jo ande ki suraksha karta hai. yadyapi anda jeevadhaariyon dvaara apni santaane paida karne ka maarg hai, kintu anda khaane ke kaam bhi aata hai. poshak tatvon ki drushti se ismein proteen evam cholaain bharpoor maatra mein paaye jaate hain.

pratyek jaati ki chidiyon ke andon mein, thodi bahut bhinnata bhale hi ho, par inki apni ek visheshata hoti hai. pratyek jaati ke pakshiyon ke andon ka aakaar, maap aur rang anootha hota hai.

pakshiyon ke jeevan aur unke angon ke aakaar, maap, satah ki rachana (texture) aur rang mein ek sambandh hai. usi prakaar ek thok ya samooh (clutch) ke antargat andon ki sankhya aur kisi ritu mein thokon ki sankhya mein ek sambandh hota hai.

ande ki maap mukhyat: anda denevaali chidiya ke deeladaul par nirbhar karti hai, kintu yeh aavashyak naheen hai ki anupaat hamesha ek ho. iske do kaaran hain :

• pratyek jaati ke pakshiyon mein bachche vikaas ki vibhinn avasthaaon mein ande se baahar nikalte hain aur yeh us jaati ke pakshi ki apne jeevan ki paristhitiyon par nirbhar hota hai.
• jin pakshiyon mein udbhavan avadhi (incubation period) lambi hoti hai unke andon mein svabhaavat: bade hone ki pravrutti hoti hai, kintu koyal jaisi chidiya ke ande bilkul hi chhote hote hain aur yeh uske vichitr jaateeya svabhaav ke kaaran hai.

murgi ke ande ka jo aakaar hota hai, vahi aakaar praaya: anya chidiyon ke andon ka hota hai. anda ek disha mein lamba hota hai aur usaka ek chhor golaakaar aur doosra chhor thoda nukeela hota hai. ande ek chhor par gol aur doosare chhor par nukeele hone se saralata se ludhak naheen paate. saath saath andon ke nukeele bhaag ghonsale ke madhya mein keindrit ho jaane aur unka golaakaar bhaag baahar ki or hone se, yadi ghonsale mein teen chaar ande hon to ve sabhi aasaani se aaint jaate hain. kuchh chidiyon ke ande lagbhag golaakaar hote hain. ulloo ke ande golaakaar aur bataasi ke ande patale aur donon chhoron par gol hote hain.

kuchh chidiyon ke andon ki satahein chikni hoti hain, kuchh ki chamakeeli (glossy), kuchh ki bahut adhik paalishdaar (highly burnished) aur kuchh ki khuradari tatha khadiyaanuma hoti hai.

andon ka rang bhi bhinn bhinn chidiyon mein bhinn-bhinn hota hai. kuchh chidiyon ke ande bilkul safed hote hain, kintu kuchh ke ande rangeen, hare, neele, bhoore aur lalachhaunh hote hain. kuchh ke andon ka rang bilkul ek samaan (uniform) hota hai aur kuchh ka chitkabara athva chitteedaar. chittiyaaain dhabbe ke roop mein, athva chakatton (blotches) ke roop mein hoti hai aur thodi athva atyadhik sankhya mein hoti hain. dhabbe andon ki satah par samaan roop se bikhre ho sakte hain, athva kisi bhaag mein adhik aur kisi bhaag mein kam. kuchh jaati ke pakshiyon mein ek hi jaati ke antargat vibhinn sadasyon ke andon ke rang aur chihnon (markings) mein vyaktigat bhinnata hoti hai.

ande ka rang mukhya roop se rakshaatmak hota hai. ataev hari daaliyon par diye jaanevaale andon ka rang hara aur jameen par diye jaanevaale andon ka rang praaya: bhoora hota hai. kotar athva bill ke ande praaya: safed hote hain, jisse pakshi andhere mein bhi unka pata laga sake.

gilmaat aur rejarabil keval ek hi anda deti hain, paraavat ya jangali kabootar aur garud (golden eagel) do, dhomara ya gangachilli ki vibhinn jaatiyaaain teen aur tittibh ki anek jaatiyaaain chaar ande deti hain. anek jaatiyaaain paaainch chhah ande tak deti hai. kuchh gaanevaali chhoti kism ki chidiyon mein saat aath se lekar das baarah tak ande milte hain. shikaar ki kuchh chidiyon aur batakhon mein isse bhi aur adhik sankhya pai jaati hai.

adhikaansh chidiyaaain, yadi unke ande chura liye jaaain, athva nasht ho jaaain, athva andon ko tyaagane ke liye ve baadhya kar di jaayein, to fir se ande deti hain, kyonki har pakshi ke andon ki ek nishchit sankhya hoti hai. jab tak yeh sankhya poori naheen ho jaati, vah ande dena samaapt naheen karti. chidiyaaain saadhaaranataya ek ritu mein ek hi baar ade deti hain. kuchh gaanevaali chidiyaaain ritukaal mein do ya teen baar bhi bachche utpann karti hain.

jin chidiyon ke ande aur bachche adhik nasht hote hain, athva jo alpaayu hoti hain, unamein janan teevr gati se aur andon ki sankhya adhik hoti hai. chidiyon ki aayu ka bhi prabhaav unke andon ki sankhya par padta hai. pratham baar maaain bananevaali chidiyaaain kam aur doosari ya teesari baar ande denevaali chidiyaaain adhik ande deti hain.

ek shodh ke anushaar vaijnyaaaniko ne un tamaam tathyon ka khandan kiya hai ki haai kolestrol yukt bhojan ya ando ka sevan hradayaghaat ki sambhaavanaaye ko badhaata hai |

report mein ye bhi kaha gaya ki aise vyaktiyon mein bhi jinke parivaar mein peedhi dar peedhi hradaya rog ki samasya ho, uname bhi kolestrol ya ando ke sevan se hradaya rog ka khatra naheen hota |

andon ki sankhya jab poori ho jaati hai, tab unka sena praarambh hota hain. pakshi badi lagan aur tatparata se ande sete hain, apne pankhon se unhein garam rakhate tatha unki raksha karte hain :

adhikaansh jaatiyon mein nar aur maada donon hi andasevan ka kaarya karte hain, bhale hi ande sene ka kaarya ek thoda karta hai to doosra adhik. kabhi kabhi din mein maada ande seti hai aur raatri mein nar. kuchh jaatiyon mein keval maada hi ande seti hain, kintu aisi avastha mein nar uske liye bhojan jutaata hai. kisi kisi jaati mein nar aur maada baari baari sein aate jaate rahate hain.

anda-sevan-kaal mein maada ka dhyaan ande sene mein kuchh aisa lag jaata hai aur usamein aisi ekaagrata utpann ho jaati hai ki yadi koi uske ande ko hataakar anya koi vastu, jaise patthar ke tukade, rode ityaadi, bhi rakh de to vah bina dekhe sune unapar baithakar unhein seti rahegi. bahudha aisa dekha gaya hai ki andon ke kharaab ya nirjeev ho jaane par bhi maada ek lambi avadhi tak unhein seti rahati hai.

kabootaron mein nar bade chaav se anda seta hai hai. yahi naheen, balki maada ko hataakar swayam andon par baithata hai. nar swayam naheen de sakta, kintu santaanaprem ki abhilaasha se vah kisi tarah maada ko rijhaakar joda baaaindh leta hai, maada se ande dilva leta hai aur fir uske baad unke sene tatha shishupaalan ki saari kriya swayam bade chaav se sampann karta hai. laipalaind aur auk (auk) jaati ke pakshiyon mein nar ki sankhya adhik hai, maada ki kam. at: sabhi nar joda baaaindhane mein safal naheen ho paate, par unki anda sene tatha santaan paalan ka abhilaasha dil se naheen jaati.

isse theek vipreet kuchh pakshi aise bhi hain, jo andon ko swayam na sekar doosaron se sevaate hain. koyal, papeeha aadi inmein mukhya hain, jo chori se apne ande kauve, charkhi athva satabhaie (seven sisters) aadi ke ghonsalon mein rakh aate hain aur unhein moorkh banaakar unase dhaatri ka kaam lete hain.

kuchh aise pakshi hain, jo andon ko na to swayam sete hain aur na auron se sevaate hain, balki unhein dhoop ke taap se pakaakar unki raksha karte hain. shuturamurg naamak pakshi apni chhaati ki ragad se gaddha taiyaar karta hai aur uske chaaron or chonch se baaloo rakhakar deevaar si khadi kar leta hai. fir isi mein maadaaeain, praaya: 20 se 30 tak, ande dete hain. shaturamurg ki ek hi maada naheen hoti, ek nar ki kai patniyaaain hoti hain aur ye sabhi baari se ismein ande paarati jaati hain. ande dene ka kaam poora ho jaane par, inapar ek halki si baaloo ki parat bichha di jaati hai. din bhar soorya ki kirnon se ye ande garam rahate hain. raatrikaal mein ye pakshi inapar baithapar inhein ushnata pradaan karte hain.

kai pakshi aise hain, jo kisi ushn jal ke jharane ke sameep gadhe banaakar unamein ande dete hain, fir unhein dhakakar anyatr chale jaate hain. jharane ke ushn jal se ye ande garam rahate hain. samay poora hone ke din ye lautakar aate hain aur oopar ki mitti ko hata dete hain, fir bachche ande fodkar baahar chale aate hain.

jahaaain atyadhik garmi padti hain, vahaaain ke pakshi andon ko thandha rakhane ki vyavastha karte hain, garam rakhane ki naheen. iske liye ve jal mein apni chonch bhigo bhigokar unase andon ko bhigote rahate hain, taaki atyadhik taap ke kaaran unhein kshati na pahuainche.

sevanakaal bhi, chidiyon mein vibhinn hota hai. badi chidiyon mein athva un chidiyon mein jinke bachche bhali bhaaainti viksit hokar utpann hote hain, sevanakaal lamba hota hai. kisi kisi mein sevanakaal ek maheene ka aur kisi kisi mein do saptaah se bhi kam ka hota hai. kisi kisi pakshi ko maheene ande sete beetate hain. murgi ko anda sene mein teen saptaah lagte hain, teetar ko chaar, hans ko paaainch tatha kaindar naamak pakshi ko poore do maheene.

pakshiyon ke ande baahar diye jaate hain aur bhroon ka vikaas baahar ho ande ke andar hota hai. bhroon ke poorn viksit ho jaane par vihang shishu ande roopi kaidakhaane se baahar aane ke liye apni chonch se baar baar prahaar karta hai aur ande ke beechon beech, athva anya kisi chaude sthal par jaatibhed ke anusaar, ek daraar ho jaati hai aur shishu baahar nikal aata hai. us samay vah ek taral padaarth se bheega hua sa rahata hai, jo hava lagne se sheegra hi sookh jaata hai. murgi, teetar, shuturamurg aadi ke bachche to nikalte hi daudna shuru kar dete hain, par tote, faakhte aur kaue aadi ke shishu kai dinon tak aaainkh naheen khol paate,. ve ek nireeh si avastha mein pade rahate hai tatha hafton tak dhonsale mein hi apne shaishav ke din bitaate hain.

ande se baahar aane par shishu chidiya ke pratham kuchh saptaah kuchh vishesh kathinaaiyon evam khataron ke hote hain. in dinon vah na keval chhoti aur kamjor hoti hain, balki praaya: swayam bhojan chugane mein asamarth tatha udne se bhi laachaar hoti hai. bhinn jaati ke pakshiyon ke shishu bhinn avastha mein utpann hote hain aur is aadhaar par unka vargeekaran nimnalikhit do pramukh shreniyon mein kiya ja sakta hai :

• ve shishu jo utpann hone ke saath hi ghonsala chhod dete aur idhar udhar daudne lagte hain, needtyaagi (nidifugous ya nestquitting) kahalaate hain aur

• un shishuon ko, jo utpann hone ke pashchaat need mein hi pade rahate hain, needvaasi (nidicolous) kehte hain. kabhi kabhi needtyaagi ke liye chooja (click) shabd ka prayog aur needvaasi ke liye needsth (nestlings) ka prayog kiya jaata hai.

needtyaagi shishu ki aaainkhein janm se hi khuli hoti hain aur inka shareer mulaayam paron se dhaka hota hai. ye aarambh se hi satark tatha chanchal hote hain aur daud ya tair sakte hain. haaain, yadi inhein chheda na jaaya to janm ke pashchaat kuchh ghanton tak ye shaant pade rahana pasand kareinge. ye praarambh se hi apna daana swayam chugana shuru kar dete hain. batakh aur murgi ke shishu iske achhe udaaharan hai. jangali chidiyon mein tittibh, jalakukkuti (rail), batakh aur shikaar ki anya chidiyon ke shishu bhi aisa hi karte hain. shikaar ki chidiyon mein ek aur visheshata yeh hoti hai ki ye sheegra hi udne bhi lagti hain.

needvaasi shishu janm ke pashchaat bade hone tak ghonsale mein hi pade rahate hain aur inhein aahaar ke liye apne maaain baap par hi poornat: nirbhar rahana padta hain. ye janm ke samay andhe aur asahaaya hote hain tatha adhikaansh avasthaaon mein kam ya adhik nange; arthaat paraheen evam anaakarshak hote hain. bataakhi, kilkila (Kingfisher); aur harit kaashthakoot (green woodpecker) ke shishu bilkul nange utpann hote hain. jalakaag tatha bak aise pakshiyon ka samooh hai jinke bachche janmakaal mein bilkul nange hote hain, arthaat unke shareer par bahut kam par rahate hain.

pakshi jis tatparata ke saath ande sete hain, usi tatparata se apni santaan ka paalan poshan evam rakshan bhi karte hain. santaanaraksha mein bahudha dekha gaya hai ki pakshi apne praan ki bhi chinta naheen karte. santaanaraksha mein tarah-tarah ki bahaanebaajiyaaain karke ye pakshi aagantuk ko achanbhe mein bhi daale dete hain. bahudha ye use dekhkar is prakaar laingadaane lagte hain, maano kisi shikaari dvaara ghaayal kar diye gaye hon. dushman shikaari, badhik, shvaan, shrugaalaadi inhein pakadne ki aasha lekar jab inka peechha karte hain, to ye door tak chakama dete hue nikal jaate hain aur tab ekaaek teji se udkar kaheen chal dete hain. is tarah dushman ko ghonsale se door le jaakar use pathabhrasht kar dete hain, jisse vah kisi aur disha mein chal de tatha need ke shishuon par I vipda is tarah tal jaae. chidiyaaain doosaron ki aaainkh mein dhool jhonkana bhi khoob jaanti hain. jab ve kabhi ghir jaati hain to mrutat hokar jameen par let rahati hain, jise dekhanevaala unhein mrut samajhakar aage ki or badh jaata hai. fir ye sheegra jameen chhodkar aage bhaag khadi hoti hai. kabhi-kabhi pakadi jaane par bhi ye mrutak hone ka svaaaing bharati hain, taaki ham inhein mrut samajhakar chhod de.

• pakshivijnyaaan
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• pakshiyon ka pravrajan

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