ameriki gruhayuddh
ameriki gruhayuddh (angreji: American Civil War, amairikn civil vaur) san 1861 se 1865 ke kaal mein sanyukt raajya America ke uttari raajyon aur dakshini raajyon ke beech mein lada jaane wala ek gruhayuddh tha jismein uttari raajya vijayi hue. is yuddh mein uttari raajya America ki sangheeya ekta banaae rakhana chaahate the aur poore desh se das pratha hataana chaahate the. ameriki itihaas mein is paksh ko aupachaarik roop se 'union' (Union yaani sangheeya) kaha jaata hai aur anaupachaarik roop se 'yainki' (Yankee) kaha jaata hai. dakshini raajya America se alag hokar 'parisangheeya raajya America' (Confederate States of America, kanfedaret states of amairika) naam ka ek naya raashtra banaana chaahate the jismein Europeeya mool ke shvet varneeya (gore) logon ko afreeki mool ke Krishna varneeya (kaale) logon ko gulaam banaakar khreedane-bechne ka adhikaar ho. dakshini paksh ko aupachaarik roop se 'kanfedaresi' (Confederacy yaani parisangheeya) aur anaupachaarik roop se 'rebel' (Rebel, raibail, yaani vidrohi) ya 'diksi' (Dixie) kaha jaata hai.[1] is yuddh mein 6 lakh se adhik ameriki sainik maare gaye (sahi sankhya 6,20,000) anumaanit ki gayi hai.[2] tulana ke liye sabhi Bhaarat-Pakistan yuddhon ko aur 1962 ke Bhaarat-cheen yuddh ko milaakar dekha jaae to in sabhi yuddhon mein 15,000 se kam bhaarateeya sainik maare gaye hain.
anukram
parichay
yeh kehna sarvatha uchit na hoga ki yeh yuddh keval das pratha ko lekar hua. vaastav mein is sangharsh ka beej bahut pehle boya ja chuka tha aur yeh vibhinn vichaaradhaaraaon mein paarasparik virodh ka parinaam tha. uttar ke nivaasi bhaugolik paristhiti, yaataayaat ke saadhan tatha audyogik safalta ke falasvaroop adhik santusht tatha sampann the. krushi-pradhaan dakshini raajyon mein 17veen aur 18veen shataabdiyon mein afreeka se bahut se afreeki das yahaaain laae gaye the aur ve hi krushi mein majdoori karte the. isliye dakshini raajya in habashi daason ko mukt naheen karna chaahate the. America ke sabhi uttari raajyon ne 1804 tak daasapratha ko dheere-dheere khtm kar dene ke liye kaanoon bana liye the. machine yug ke aane ne uttar aur dakshin ke beech ki khaai badha di. uttari nivaasi machine ke prayog se aarthik kshetr mein pragati karne lagi. unka koyale aur lohe ka utpaadan badha aur vahaaain bahut se kaarkhaane kaam karne lage. vahaaain ki janasankhya bhi teji se badhne lagi. dakshini raajyon ke log abhi keval krushi par aadhaarit the aur unhonne yug ke saath pragati naheen ki. yahaaain ki janasankhya bhi adhik teji se naheen badhi. America ki vyaapaarik neeti uttari raajyon ke liye laabhadaayak thi par dakshinvaale usase laabh naheen utha sakte the. vyaapaarik neeti ka dakshin mein virodh hua aur dakshini ise avaidh thaharaane lage. ve svatantr vyaapaar ke anuyaayi the, jisse ve apna kachcha maal bina niyantran ke videsh bhej sakein aur apne aavashyakataanusaar bani hui cheejein khareedein. dakshin kairolaaina ne jaan koolhan ke mataanusaar pratyek raajya ko sanyukt raajya ki kisi bhi neeti ko maanane ya na maanane ka poorn adhikaar tha. sangharsh badha. samvidhaan ki aad mein uttar aur dakshin ke raajya apne-apne mat ki pushti ka poornataya prayaas karne lage.[3]
Texas ki samasya
vyaapaarik niyantran ke atirikt daasapratha ko lekar yeh virodh aur badha. aindrayoo Jackson ke samay daasapratha ke virodh mein kiya gaya uttari raajyon mein pradarshan aur dakshini raajyon mein isko kaayam rakhane ka prayaas gruhayuddh ka doosra mool kaaran hua. dakshini kehne lage ki Texas par adhikaar aur Mexico se yuddh karna anivaarya hai. ve senet mein baraabari ki sankhya kaayam rakhana chaahate the. 1844 E. mein masaachyoosets ki dhaaraasabha ne yeh prastaav paarit kiya ki sanyukt raashtra ka samvidhaan aparavirtaneeya hai aur Texas par adhikaar amaanya hai. dakshiniyon ne aur jor se kaha ki yadi daasapratha band ki gayi to ve sanyukt raajya se alag ho jaaeainge. daasapratha ka prashn raajaneetik kshetr ke atirikt ab dhaarmik kshetr mein bhi ghus aaya. isko lekar methadist church mein bhi uttari aur dakshini do dal ho gaye. donon ne dhaarmik sansthaaon ko apni or kheencha. yadyapi vig aur demokrait dalon ne 1848 E. ke raashtrapati ke chunaav mein is samasya ko alag rakhana chaaha, tathaapi is chunaav ne janta ko do bhaagon mein baaaint diya jo moolat: bhaugolik aadhaar par bainti thi.
sangharsh aur bhi ghana hota gaya. meksikon se yuddh mein praapt bhoomi mein daasapratha ko rakhane athva hataane ka prashn jatil tha. dakshinvaale ise rakhana chaahate the. kyonki yeh unke kshetr mein tha, par uttar ke nivaasi siddhaant roop se daasapratha ke poorn virodhi the aur nae sthaan mein ise rakhane ko taiyaar na the. uttari raajyon ki dhaaraasabhaon ne iska virodh kiya, par iske vipreet dakshin mein daasapratha ke samarthan mein saarvajanik sabhaaeain hui. varjiniya ki dhaaraasabha ne uttari raajyon ki sabha mein paarit kiye gaye prastaav ka kada virodh kiya aur vahaaain ki janta ne sanyukt raajya se loha lene ka drudh nishchaya kar liya. 1850 E. mein ek samjhauta hua jiske antargat California svantatr raajya ke roop mein sanyukt raajya mein shaamil ho gaya aur Columbia mein daasapratha hata di gayi. Texas ko ek karod dollar diye gaye aur bhaage hue daason ko vaapas karne ka ek naya kaanoon paarit hua. iska paalan naheen hua. uttar ke raajya bhaage hue badmaashon ko unke maalikon ke paas naheen lautaate the. isse paristhiti gambhir ho gayi. prasiddh dredaskaat vaad mein nyaayaadheesh taani ne bahumat se nirnaya kiya ki vidhaan ke antargat na to raashtreeya sansad (senet) aur na kisi raajya ki dhaaraasabha kisi kshetr se daasapratha ko hata sakti hai. iske theek vipreet Lincoln ne kaha ki koi bhi raajya apni seema ke andar daasapratha ko hata sakta hain. in prashnon ko lekar raajaneetik dalon mein aantarik virodh ho gaya. 1860 E. mein Lincoln raashtrapati chun liye gaye. Lincoln ka kehna tha ki yadi kisi ghar mein foot hai to vah ghar adhik din naheen chal sakta. is sanyukt raajya ko aadhe svatantr aur aadhe daason mein naheen baaainta ja sakta. raashtrapati ke chunaav ki ghoshana ke baad dakshin kairolaaina ne ek sammelan bulaaya jismein sanyukt raajya se alag hone ka prastaav sarvasammati se paarit hua. 1861i. ke February tak jaarjiya, florida, alaabaama, miseesipi, looisiyaana aur Texas ne is neeti ka paalan kiya. is prakaar November, 1860 E. se March, 1861i. tak, Washington mein keindreeya shaasan shithil ho gaya. 1861i. ke February maas mein vaashintan mein shaantisanmelan hua, kintu thode samay baad, 12 April 1861 E. ko anusangheeya raajyon ki topon ne chaalrstan bandargaah ki shaanti bhang kar di. yahaaain pradarshit fort sumatar par golaabaari karke "kaanafedareta" ne gruhayuddh chhed diya.
gruhayuddh
yuddh ke morche mukhyat: teen the - samudra, misisippi ghaati aur poorv samudratat ke raajya. yuddh ke aarambh mein praaya: samagr jalasena sanyukt raajya ke haath mein thi, kintu vah bikhri hui aur nirbal thi. dakshini tat ki gheraabandi se Europe ko rui ka niryaat aur vahaaain se baarood, vastr aur aushadhi aadi dakshin ke liye atyant aavashyak aayaat ki cheejein poornataya ruk gayi. sanyukt raajya ke bede ne dakshin ke sabse bade nagar new orliyans se aatmasamarpan kara liya. misisippi ki ghaati mein bhi sanyukt raajya ki sena ki anek jeetein hui. varjiniya kaanafedareton ko baraabar safalataaeain mileen. 1863i. mein yuddh ka aarambh uttar ke liye achha naheen hua, par July mein yuddh ki baaji palat gayi. 1864i. mein yuddh ka ant spasht deekhane laga. 17 fravari ko kaanafedareton ne dakshin kairolaaina ki rajdhani Columbia ko khaali kar diya. chaalrstan sanyukt raajya ke haath aa gaya. dakshin ke nirvivaad neta raabart E. li dvaara aatmasamarpan kiye jaane par 13 April ko vaashintan mein utsav manaaya gaya. gruhayuddh ki samaapti ke baad dakshini raajyon ke prati kathorata ki neeti naheen apnaai gayi, varan Congress ne samvidhaan mein 13vaaain sanshodhan prastut karke daason ki svatantrata par kaanooni chhaap laga di.
inhein bhi dekhein
sandarbh
- ↑ And the war came: the slavery quarrel and the American Civil War, Donald J. Meyers, Algora Publishing, 2005, ISBN 978-0-87586-358-0
- ↑ Interpreting America's Civil War: organizing and interpreting information in outlines, graphs, timelines, maps, and charts, Therese Shea, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 978-1-4042-0415-7, ... resulted in the joy of freedom for former slaves. About 620000 Americans were killed during the four years of the Civil War ...
- ↑ The American Civil War and the British press, Alfred Grant, McFarland, 2000, ISBN 978-0-7864-0630-2, ... the wish of the South for low duties and unfettered trade. Of course we are anxious that the prosperity of the States which produce so much raw material and need so many manufactured goods should suffer no interruption or reverse ...