afreeka

afreeka
Africa (orthographic projection).svg
kshetrafal 3,02,21,532 kimi2 (11,668,598.7 varg meal)
janasankhya 92,20,11,000[1]
janasankhya ghanatv 30.51/kimi2 (lagbhag 80/varg meal)
desh 54 (deshon ki soochi)
adheenasth kshetr
bhaasha (eain) bhaashaaon ki soochi
samay kshetr UTC-1 se UTC+4

afreeka va kaaladveep, Asia ke baad vishv ka sabse bada mahaadveep hai. yeh 37014' uttari akshaansh se 34050' dakshini akshaansh evam 17033' pashchimi deshaantar se 51023' poorvi deshaantar ke madhya sthit hai.[2] Africa ke uttar mein bhoomadhyasaagar evam Europe mahaadveep, pashchim mein andh mahaasaagar, dakshin mein dakshin mahaasaagar tatha poorv mein arab saagar evam hind mahaasaagar hain. poorv mein svej bhoodamaroomadhya ise Asia se jodta hai tatha svej nahar ise Asia se alag karti hai. jibraaltar jaladamaroomadhya ise uttar mein Europe mahaadveep se alag karta hai. is mahaadveep mein vishaal marusthal, atyant ghane van, vistrut ghaas ke maidaan, badi-badi nadiyaaain va jheelein tatha vichitr jangali jaanavar hain. mukhya madhyaahn rekha (00) Africa mahaadveep ke Ghana desh ki rajdhani akra shahar se hokar gujarati hai. yahaaain serenageti aur krujar raash‍aatreeya udyaan hai to jalaprapaat aur varshaavan bhi hain. ek or sahaara marus‍aathal hai to doosari or kilimanjaaro parvat bhi hai aur sushup‍aat jvaalaamukhi bhi hai. yugaanda, tanjaaniya aur kenya ki seema par sthit Victoria jheel Africa ki sabse badi tatha sampoorn pruthvi par meethe paani ki doosari sabse badi jheelahai. yeh jheel duniya ki sabse lambi nadi neel ke paani ka srot bhi hai.

kuchh itihaasakaaron ka maanana hai ki isi mahaadveep mein sabse pehle maanav ka janm va vikaas hua aur yaheen se jaakar ve doosare mahaadveepon mein base, isliye ise maanav sabh‍aayata ki jan‍aamabhoomi maana jaata hai. yahaaain vishv ki do praacheen sabhyataaon (misr evam kaarthej) ka bhi vikaas hua tha. Africa ke bahut se desh dviteeya vishv yuddh ke baad svatantr hue hain evam sabhi apne aarthik vikaas mein lage hue hain. afreeka apni bahurangi sanskruti aur jameen se jude saahitya ke kaaran bhi vishv mein jaana jaata hai.

anukram

itihaas

mukhya lekh : afreeka ka itihaas
Africa ki svatantrata ka itihaas

Africa mahaadveep ke naam ke peechhe kai kahaaniyaaain evam dhaaranaaeain hain. 1981 mein prakaashit ek shodh ke anusaar Africa shabd ki utpatti barabar bhaasha ke shabd ifri ya ifraan se hui hai jiska arth gufa hota hai jo gufa mein rahane waali jaatiyon ke liye prayog kiya jaata tha.[3].ek aur dhaarana ke anusaar afri un logon ko kaha jaata tha jo uttari Africa mein praacheen nagar kaarthej ke nikat raha karte the. kaarthej mein prachalit fonesiyn bhaasha ke anusaar afri shabd ka arth hai dhool. kaalaantar mein kaarthej roman saamraajya ke adheen ho gaya aur lokapriya roman pratyaya -ka (-ca jo kisi nagar ya desh ko jataane ke liye upayog mein liya jaata hai) ko afri ke saath jod kar Africa shabd ki utpatti hui.[4]

Africa ke itihaas ko maanav vikaas ka itihaas bhi kaha ja sakta hai. afreeka mein 17 lakh 50 hajaar varsh pehle paae jaane vaale aadi maanav ka naamakaran homo irektas arthaat urdhv meroodandi maanav hua hai.[5] homo sepiyeins ya pratham aadhunik maanav ka aavirbhaav lagbhag 30 se 40 hajaar varsh pehle hua.[6] likhit itihaas mein sabse pehle varnan misr ki sabhyata ka milta hai jo neel nadi ki ghaati mein isa se 4000 varsh poorv praarambh hui. is sabhyata ke baad vibhinn sabhyataaeain neel nadi ki ghaati ke nikat aarambh hui aur sabhi dishaaon mein faili. aarambhik kaal se hi in sabhyataaon ne uttar evam poorv ki Europeeya evam Asiaee sabhyataaon evam jaatiyon se paraspar sambandh banaane aarambh kiye jiske falasvaroop mahaadveep nayi sanskruti aur dharm se avagat hua. isa se ek shataabdi poorv tak roman saamraajya ne uttari Africa mein apne upanivesh bana liye the. isaai dharm baad mein isi raaste se hokar Africa pahuaincha. isa se 7 shataabdi pashchaat islaam dharm ne Africa mein vyaapak roop se failana shuroo kiya aur nayi sanskrutiyon jaise poorvi Africa ki svaahili aur up-sahaara kshetr ke songhaai saamraajya ko janm diya. islaam aur isaai dharm ke prachaar-prasaar se dakshini afreeka ke kuchh saamraajya jaise Ghana, oyo aur benin achhoote rahe evam unhonne apni ek vishisht pehchaan banaayi. islaam ke prachaar ke saath hi 'arab das vyaapaar' ki bhi shuruaat hui jisne Europeeya deshon ko Africa ki taraf aakarshit kiya aur Africa ko ek Europeeya upanivesh banaane ka maarg prashast kiya. 19 veen shataabdi se shuroo hua yeh aupaniveshik kaal 1951 mein Libya ke svatantrata praapti ke baad se khtm hone laga aur 1993 tak adhiktar afreeki desh upaniveshavaad se mukt ho gaye. pichhli shataabdi mein afreeki raashtron ka itihaas sainik kraanti, yuddh, jaateeya hinsa, narasanhaar aur bade paimaane par hue maanav adhikaar hanan ki ghatnaaon se bhara hua hai.

bhoo-prakruti

mukhya lekh : afreeka ki bhoo-prakruti
drekensabarg parvat

Africa ooainche pathaaron ka mahaadveep hai,[7] iska nirmaan atyant praacheen evam kathor chattaanon se hua hai. Germany ke prasiddh jalavaayuvetta tatha bhooshaastravetta alfred veganar ne poorv jalavaayu shaastr, poorv vanaspati shaastr, bhooshaastr tatha bhoogarbhashaastr ke pramaanon ke aadhaar par yeh pramaanit kiya ki ek arab varsh pahalein samast sthal bhaag ek sthal bhaag ke roop mein sanlagn tha evam is sthalapind ka naamakaran painjiya kiya.[8] kaarban yug mein painjiya ke do tukade ho gaye jinmein se ek uttar tatha doosra dakshin mein chala gaya. painjiya ka uttari bhaag laareshiya tatha dakshini bhaag gondavaana land ko pradarshit karta tha.[9] Africa mahaadesh ka dharaatal praacheen gondavaana land ka hi ek bhaag hai. bade pathaaron ke beech anek chhote-chhote pathaar vibhinn dhaal vaale hain. iske uttar mein vishv ka bruhattam shushk marusthal sahaara sthit hai.[10] iske nadi besinon ka maanav sabhyata ke vikaas mein ullekhaneeya yogadaan raha hai, jismein neel nadi besin ka vishesh sthaan hai. samudratateeya maidaanon ko chhodkar kisi bhi bhaag ki ooainchaai 325 meter se kam naheen hai. Africa ke uttar-pashchim mein etalas parvat ki shreniyaaain hain, jo Europe ke moddaar parvat aalps parvatamaala ki hi ek shaakha hai. ye parvat dakshin-pashchim se uttar-poorv disha mein faile hue hain aur uttar ki apeksha dakshin mein adhik ooainche hain. iski sabse ooainchi choti jebel toobakal hai jiski ooainchaai 4,167 meter hai. yahaaain khaare paani ki kai jheelein hain jinhein shot kehte hain. madhya ka nimn pathaar bhoomadhya rekha ke uttar pashchim mein andh mahaasaagar tat se poorv mein neel nadi ki ghaati tak faila hua hai. iski ooainchaai 300 se 600 meter hai. yeh ek pathaar keval marusthal hai jo sahaara tatha Libya ke naam se prasiddh hai. yeh praacheen pathaar naaijar, kaango (jaayare), bahar L gajal tatha chaad nadiyon ki ghaatiyon dvaara kat-fat gaya hai. is pathaar ke madhya bhaag mein ahagar evam tibesti ke uchch bhaag hain jabki poorvi bhaag mein Cameroon, nimba evam foota jaalaun ke uchch bhaag hain. Cameroon ke pathaar par sthit Cameroon (4,069 meter) pashchimi Africa ki sabse ooaincha choti hai. Cameroon gini khaadi ke samaanaantar sthit ek shaant jvaalaamukhi hai. pathaar ke poorvi kinaare par drekensabarg parvat hai jo samudra tat ki or ek deevaar ki bhaaainti khada hai. dakshini-pashchimi bhaag mein kaalaahaari ka maroosthal hai.

poorv evam dakshin ka uchch pathaar bhoomadhya rekha ke poorv tatha dakshin mein sthit hai tatha apekshaakrut adhik ooaincha hai. praacheen samay mein yeh pathaar dakshin Bhaarat ke pathaar se mila tha. baad mein beech ki bhoomi ke dhainsane ke kaaran yeh hind mahaasaagar dvaara alag ho gaya. is pathaar ka ek bhaag abeesiniya mein laal saagar ke tateeya bhaag se hokar misr desh tak pahuainchata hai. ismein ithopiya, poorvi Africa evam dakshini Africa ke pathaar sammilit hain. Africa ke uttar-pashchim mein ithopiya ka pathaar hai. 2,400 meter ooainche is pathaar ka nirmaan praacheenakaaleen jvaalaamukhi ke udgaar se nikle hue laava hua hai.[11] neel nadi ki kai sahaayak nadiyon ne is pathaar ko kaat kar ghaatiyaaain bana di hain. ithopiya ki parvateeya gaaainth se kai uchch shreniyaaain nikalkar poorvi Africa ke jheel pradesh se hoti hui dakshin ki or jaati hain. ithopiya ki uchch bhoomi ke dakshin mein poorvi Africa ki uchch bhoomi hai. is pathaar ka nirmaan bhi jvaalaamukhi ki kriya dvaara hua hai. is shreni mein kilimaanjaaro (5,895 meter), robenajaaro (5,180 meter) aur keniya (5,490 meter) ki barfeeli chotiyaaain bhoomadhyarekha ke sameep paayi jaati hain. ye teenon jvaalaamukhi parvat hain. kilimanjaaro Africa ki sabse ooaincha parvat evam choti hai.

dakshin Africa ke tat ka upagrah se kheencha gaya chitr

Africa mahaadveep ki ek mukhya bhautik visheshata pruthvi ki aantarik halchalon ke kaaran Africa ke pathaar ke poorvi bhaag mein bhransh ghaatiyon ki upasthiti hai. yeh daraar ghaati poorvi Africa ki mahaan daraar ghaati ke naam se prasiddh hai tatha uttar se dakshin faili hai. yeh vishv ki sabse lambi daraar ghaati hai tatha 4,800 kilometer lambi hai. Africa ki mahaan daraar ghaati ki do shaakhaaeain hain- poorvi evam pashchimi. poorvi shaakha dakshin mein malaavi jheel se roodaalf jheel tatha laal saagar hoti hui sahaara tak faili hui hai tatha pashchimi shaakha malaavi jheel se nyaasa jheel evam taangaanika jheel hoti hui elabart jheel tak chali gayi hai. bhransh ghaatiyon mein anek gahari jheelein hain. rukava, kiyoo, Edward, alabart, taana va nyaasa jheelein bhransh ghaati mein sthit hain. Africa mahaadveep ke chaaro or sankare tateeya maidaan hain jinki ooainchaai 180 meter se bhi kam hai. bhoomadhya saagar evam andh mahaasaagar ke taton ke sameep apekshaakrut chaude maidaan hain. Africa mahaadveep mein tatavarti pradesh seemit evam anupayogi hain kyonki adhikaansh bhaagon mein pathaari kagaar tat tak aa gaye hain aur shesh mein tat mein daladali evam pravaal bhitti se prabhaavit hain. maureetaaniya aur senegal ka tatavarti pradesh kaafi vistrut hai, gini ki khaadi ka tat daladali evam anoop jheelon se prabhaavit hai. jagah-jagah par reteele teele hain tatha achhe potaashrayon ka abhaav hai. pashchimi Africa ka tat ki saamaanyat: gini tat ke samaan hai jismein laigoon evam daladalon ki adhikta hai. dakshini Africa mein pathaar evam tat mein bahut hi kam antar hai. poorvi Africa mein pravaalabhittiyon ki adhikta hai. Africa mein nimn maidaanon ka abhaav hai. keval kaango, jembeji, oreinj, naaijar tatha neel nadiyon ke sainkare besin hain.

jal apavaah pranaali

mukhya lekh : afreeka ki jal apavaah pranaali

afreeka ki adhikaansh nadiyaaain madhya afreeka ke uchch pathaari bhaag se niklati hain yahaaain khoob varsha hoti hai. afreeka ke uchch pathaar is mahaadveep mein jal vibhaajak ka kaarya karte hain. neel, naaijar, jembeji, kaango, limpopo evam oranj is mahaadveep ki badi nadiyaaain hain. mahaadveep ke aadhe se adhik bhaag inheen nadiyon ke pravaah kshetr ke antargat hain. shesh ka adhikaansh aantarik pravaah-kshetr mein padta hai; jaise- chaad jheel ka kshetr, uttari sahaara-kshetr, kaalaahaari-kshetr ityaadi. pathaari bhaag se maidaani bhaag mein utarate samay ye nadiyaaain jalaprapaat evam kshiprika (drutavaah) banaati hain at: inmein apaar sambhaavit jalashakti hai. sansaar ki sambhaavit jalashakti ka ek-tihaai bhaag afreeka mein hi aaainka gaya hai. in nadiyon ke ullekhaneeya jalaprapaat Victoria (jaambeji mein), stainali (kaango mein) aur livingston (kaango mein) hain. neel, naaijar, kaango aur jambeji ko chhodkar adhikaansh nadiyaaain naav chalaane yogya (naugamya) naheen hain. bhoomadhyasaagareeya jal apavaah pranaali afreeka ke uttari bhaag mein vistrut hai. neel is kshetr ki pramukh nadi hai jo Africa ki sabse badi jheel Victoria se nikalkar vistrut sahaara marusthal ke poorvi bhaag ko paar karti hui uttar mein bhoomadhyasaagar mein utar padti hai. safed neel aur neeli neel do pramukh dhaaraaon se neel nadi nirmit hoti hai. safed aur neeli neel soodaan ke khaaratoom ke paas milti hai.[12] iska srot varshaabahul bhoomadhyarekheeya kshetr hai, at: ismein jal ka abhaav naheen hota. is nadi ne soodaan aur misr ki marubhoomi ko apne sheetal jal se seenchakar hara-bhara bana diya hai. iseeliye misr ko neel nadi ka baradaan kaha jaata hai.[13] neeli neel, asabaas aur sobaat iski sahaayak nadiyaan hain.

atalaantik mahaasaagareeya jal apavaah pranaali

kaango, naaijar, senegal, kinaane aur oreinj atalaantik mahaasaagareeya jal apavaah pranaali ki pramukh nadiyaan hain. kaango afreeka ki doosari sabse badi nadi hai. ise jaayare nadi bhi kaha jaata hai. yeh nadi taigaanik jheel se niklati hai. 4376 kilometer ki doori tay karne ke baad yeh atalaantik mahaasaagar mein girti hai. naaijar gini tat ki pahaadiyon se nikalkar 4100 kilometer ki yaatra karne ke baad atalaantik mahaasaagar mein apni yaatra samaapt karti hai. ismein paani ki kami rahati hai kyonki yeh shushk kshetr se niklati hai tatha shushk kshetr se hi bahti hai. iska pravaah maarg dhanushaakaar hai. naaijar afreeka ki teesari sabse badi nadi hai. oreinj drekinsavarg parvat se nikalkar pashchim ki or bahti hai. yeh garmiyon mein sookh jaati hai. hind mahaasaagareeya jal apavaah pranaali afreeka ke poorvi bhaag mein vistrut hai. is kshetr ki pramukh nadiyaaain hain- jaimbeji, joona, rubama, limpopo tatha shibeli. jaimbeji (2,655 kilometer) is kshetr ki sabse pramukh nadi hai. yeh dakshini afreeka ke madhya pathaari bhaag se nikalkar poorv ki or bahate hue hind mahaasaagar mein girti hai. jaimbeji afreeka ki chauthi sabse lambi nadi hai. is nadi par anek jal-prapaat hain at: is nadi ka kuchh bhaag hi naugamya hai. vishvaprasiddh Victoria jal-prapaat isi nadi par hai. limpopo nadi bhi dakshin afreeka mein pashchim se poorv bahti hui hind mahaasaagar mein girti hai. ise ghadiyaal nadi bhi kehte hain. chaad jheel ke paas ka kshetr aantarik jal apavaah ka kshetr maana jaata hai kyonki is kshetr ki nadiyaaain jheelon mein girti hain. yeh kshetr sahaara ke marusthal mein sthit hone ke baad bhi shushk naheen hai.

jalavaayu

N30-60, W0-30 N30-60, E0-30 N30-60, E30-60
N0-60, W0-30 N0-60, E0-30 N0-60, E30-60
S0-30, W0-30 S0-30, E0-30 S0-30, E30-60
S30-60, W0-30 S30-60, E0-30 S30-60, E30-60
30 ansh, 1800x1800
Africa ka koppen maanachitr

bhoomadhya rekha afreeka mahaadveep ke lagbhag madhya se hokar gujarati hai. iske uttar mein kark rekha tatha dakshin mein makar rekha hain. is prakaar afreeka mahaadveep ka adhikaansh bhaag ushn katibndh mein padta hai. uttar evam dakshin ke bahut kam bhaag samasheetoshn katibndh mein padte hain. at: yahaaain varsh bhar ooaincha taapakram rahata hai. afreeka mein ooainche pathaar evam parvateeya bhaagon mein saadhaaran taapakram rahata hai. afreeka ek vishaal mahaadveep hai at: is mahaadveep ke madhyavarti bhaag mein jalavaayu kuchh visham hai. afreeka mahaadveep ka adhikaansh bhaag poorvi ya vyaapaarik havaaon ke prabhaav mein rahata hai jinse mahaadveep ke poorvi bhaag mein to varsha hoti hai parantu pashchimi bhaag mein aate aate ye havaaeain shushk ho jaati hain aur unase vahaaain varsha naheen hoti. afreeka mahaadveep ke pashchimi tat par uttar mein kaineri ki sheetal dhaara tatha dakshin mein beingula ki sheetal dhaara bahti hai jinke prabhaav se afreeka ke pashchimi bhaagon ka taapakram kam rahata hai. in dhaaraaon ke oopar bahne waali pavanein adhik nami naheen grahan kar paateen tatha vahaaain varsha naheen hone se marusthal milte hain. iske vipreet poorvi tat par uttar mein monsoon ki ushn dhaara tatha dakshin mein mojambik ki ushn dhaara ke kaaran poorvi bhaag ki jalavaayu apekshaakrut garm evam nam hoti hai.[14]

bhoomadhya rekha ke sameep uske donon or 50 uttari evam 50 dakshini akshaanshon ke madhya mukhyat: kaango nadi (jaayar) ke besin evam gini tat mein bhoomadhyarekheeya jalavaayu pai jaati hai. bhoomadhya rekha ki sameepata ke kaaran yahaaain varsh bhar garm va nam jalavaayu pai jaati hai. varsh bhar pratidin din ke teesare pahar baadalon ki garaj evam bijli ki chamak ke saath moosalaadhaar sanvahaneeya varsha hoti hai. ise chaar baje waali varsha bhi kehte hain. vaarshik varsha ka ausat 200 se 250 seinteemeetar hai. savaana ya soodaan tulya jalavaayu pradesh bhoomadhyarekheeya pradesh ke donon or ushn marusthaleeya pradeshon ke beech 50 se 30 akshaanshon ke beech mahaadveep ke madhya evam pashchimi bhaag mein pai jaati hai. is bhaag mein garmi ki ritu lambi evam nam hoti hai parantu jaade mein saadhaaran thand padti hai. varsha keval greeshm ritu mein hoti hai. varsha saadhaaran (lagbhag 75 seinteemeetar) hi hoti hai. jaade ki ritu shushk hoti hai. afreeka ke uttar evam dakshin donon or vistrut ushn marusthaleeya jalavaayu pradesh paae jaate hain. yahaaain varsh bhar varsha hoti hi naheen hai. yadi kabhi hoti bhi hai to naam maatr ki hi hoti hai. uttari marusthal ka naam sahaara marusthal hai jo sansaar ka sabse bada marusthal hai. dakshin ke marusthal ka naam kaalaahaari hai. garmi mein kadaake ki garmi padti hai parantu jaade mein saadhaaran thand padti hai. vishv ke sabse ooainche taapakram inheen marusthalon mein ankit kiye gaye hain. vaarshik evam dainik taapaantar adhik hote hain. vaarshik varsha ka ausat 25 seinteemeetar ya usase bhi kam hai. madhya afreeka ke poorvi bhaag mein monsoon jalavaayu pai jaati hai jahaaain keval garmi mein varsha hoti hai aur jaade ki ritu shushk hoti hai. yahaaain garmi mein adhik garmi tatha jaade mein saadhaaran jaada padta hai. afreeka ke uttar evam dakshini-pashchimi tateeya bhaagon mein bhoomadhyasaagareeya jalavaayu pai jaati hai. is jalavaayu ki sabse mukhya visheshata yeh hai ki yahaaain pachhuaa havaaon se keval jaade mein varsha hoti hai aur garmi ki ritu shushk rahati hai. is pradesh mein na to garmi mein adhik garmi padti hai aur na to jaade mein adhik jaada heen. varsh bhar-mukhyat: garmi mein chamakeeli dhoop milti hai. dakshin afreeka ke pathaari bhaag mein ushn sheetoshn mahaadveepeeya jalavaayu pai jaati hai. samudra se door hone se yahaaain ki jalavaayu visham tatha atyant shushk hai. afreeka ke dakshini evam poorvi uchch bhaagon mein adhik ooainchaai ke kaaran parvateeya jalavaayu pai jaati hai. yahaaain taapakram kaafi kam rahata hai tatha varsha atyant kam hoti hai.

praakrutik vanaspati evam vanya jeev

mukhya lekh : afreeka ki praakrutik vanaspati evam vanya jeev
afreeka ka sher

praakrutik vanaspati jalavaayu ka anusaran karti hai. afreeka mein jalavaayu ki vibhinnata ke aadhaar par vibhinn prakaar ki praakrutik vanaspati paayi jaati hai. bhoomamadhya-rekheeya kshetr mein adhik garmi evam varsha ke kaaran ghane van paaye jaate hain. bade-bade vrukshon ke beech chhote vruksh, lataaeain tatha jhaadiyaaain paayi jaati hain. vruksh paas-paas ugate hain. vrukshon ki oopari tahaniyaan is prakaar fail jaati hain ki soorya ka prakaash bhi chhanakar bhoomi par naheen pahuainch paata aur andhakaar chhaaya rahata hai. varsh bhar varsha hone ke kaaran vruksh kisi khaas samay mein apni pattiyaaain naheen giraate hain. in vrukshon ki pattiyaaain chaudi hoti hain, at: in vanon ko chaudi patti vaale sadaabahaar van kaha jaata hai. in vanon ke pramukh vrukshon mein mahogani, rabad, taad, aabanoos, gataapaarcha, baans, sinkona aur rojavud hain. in ghane jangalon mein vibhinn prakaar ke bandar, haathi, dariyaai ghoda (hippo), chimpainji, gorilla, cheeta, bhainsa, saaainp, ajagar aadi jangali jaanavar paae jaate hain. yahaaain CC (TseTse) naamak makkhi pai jaati hai. nadiyon mein magar paaye jaate hain. yahaaain par chamakeele rang ki vibhinn prakar ki chidiyaan paayi jaati hain. bhoomadhyarekheeya vanon ke donon or, jahaaain varsha kaafi kam hoti hai, ped naheen ug sakte. vahaaain mukhyat: lambi-lambi (2 se 4 meter ooainchi) ghaas ugati hai. in ushn katibndheeya ghaas ke maidaanon ko savaana kehte hain. beech-beech mein kaheen-kaheen patton se rahit kuchh ped bhi paae jaate hain. yeh pradesh vibhinn prakaar ke trunabhakshi pashuon ka ghar hai. in pashuon mein hiran, baarahasinga, jebra, jiraaf tatha haathi mukhya hain. jirraaf vishv ka sabse ooaincha jaanavar maana jaata hai. yeh pashu 24 ghante mein ausatan do ghante se bhi kam samay sota hai.[15] yahaaain kuchh hinsak pashu bhi rahate hain jo in trunabhakshi pashuon ka shikaar karte hain. inmein sher, cheeta evam geedad mukhya hain. dakshini afreeka ke sher bahut lambe hote hain.

savaana, ghaas ka maidaan

savaana ghaas ke maidaan ke donon or jahaaain ki jalavaayu atyant garm va shushk hai, vahaaain ushn marusthaleeya vanaspati pai jaati hai. yahaaain keval kainteeli jhaadiyaaain heen ugati hain. marudyaanon mein khajoor ke ped paae jaate hain. yahaaain ka mukhya pashu ooaint hai jise marusthal ka jahaaj kehte hain. yahaaain bade aakaar tatha ghode ke samaan tej daudne vaale shuturamurg naamak pakshi paae jaate hain. afreeka ke uttari evam dakshini-pashchimi tateeya bhoomadhyasaagareeya kshetron mein jaade mein varsha hoti hai evam yahaaain chaudi patti vaale sadaabahaar vruksh paae jaate hain. yahaaain jaitoon, kaark, laarel evam ok ke vruksh paae jaate hain. yahaaain ki jalavaayu falon ki kheti ke liye kaafi upayukt hai. yahaaain neenboo, santara, angoor, sev, anjeer aadi ras vaale falon ki kheti ki jaati hai. yahaaain jangali pashuon ka abhaav hai. praay: paalatoo pashu hi paae jaate hain. afreeka ke dakshini-poorvi bhaagon mein bhi varsha ki kami ke kaaran shushk ghaas ke maidaan paae jaate hain. yahaaain par ugane waali ghaasein chhoti-chhoti mulaayam tatha guchhedaar hoti hain, in ghaas ke maidaanon ko veld kehte hain. ghaas ke in maidaanon mein vrukshon ka ekdam abhaav hota hai evam yahaaain pashuchaaran ka kaarya kiya jaata hai. afreeka ke dakshini evam poorvi bhaagon mein, jahaaain adhik ooainchaai ke kaaran himpaat hota hai, nukeeli patti vaale sadaabahaar van paae jaate hain. is konadhaari van ke pramukh vruksh seedar, paain, hemalaak tatha saaipras hain. is prakaar ke van keniya, ithopiya evam tanjaaniya ke uchch parvateeya bhaagon mein paaye jaate hain. medaagaaskar dweep par bobaab naamak ek vichitr vruksh paaya jaata hai jo jameen ke neeche se nami kheenchakar apne andar jal ka sanchaya karta hai.[16] patajhad ke van afreeka ke dakshin poorv mein uttari mojambik, tanjaaniya tatha dakshini keniya mein paayi jaati hai. varsha ki vibhinnata ke kaaran vibhinn prakaar ke bikhre van is kshetr mein milte hain. in vanon ke pramukh vruksh saagaun, baans, kveebraako evam saal jaati ke hain.

arthavyavastha

mukhya lekh : Africa ki arthavyavastha
afreeki aarthik samudaaya (A.E.si) maanachitr █a█ CEN-SAD █a█ COMESA █a█ EAC █a█ ECCAS █a█ ECOWAS █a█ IGAD █a█ SADC █a█ UMA

praakrutik sansaadhanon se paripoorn hote hue bhi Africa vishv ka sabse daridr aur sabse aviksit bhoo-bhaag hai. yaataayaat evam takaneeki ka vikaas na hone ke kaaran in sansaadhanon ka samuchit upayog naheen ho paaya hai. mahaadveep ki adhikaansh janasankhya aaj bhi ashikshit hai, isi se is mahaadveep ko andh mahaadesh bhi kehte hain. audyogik kraanti ke kaaran Europe vaalon ko kachcha maal praapt karne tatha nirmit maal bechne ke liye afreeka ki khoj karne ki aavashyakta padi. sheegra hi pata chala ki yeh heera, sona, taaainba, evam Uranium ka bhandaar-gruh hai at: iske sansaadhanon ka dohan aarambh hua. praay: sabhi afreeki desh Europeeya shaktiyon dvaara apne adheen kar liye gaye. paaramparik udyogon ko apaar kshati hui evam afreeka ki arth vyavastha Europe kendrit ho gayi. kisaanon ko Europeeya udyogon ke liye kachcha maal ugaane ke liye baadhya kar diya gaya. ghareloo udyogon ki avanati hoti gayi. jalavaayu evam mitti ki bhinnata ke kaaran Africa mein bhinn-bhinn prakaar ki fasalon ki kheti ki jaati hai. jvaar-baajara, gehooain, kaisaava, kapaas, mooaingafali, koko, vibhinn prakaar ke fal tatha kuchh masaale jaise- laung aadi Africa ki mukhya fasalein hain. ushnakatibandh ke nimn bhaag ki mukhya upaj chaaval hai. Africa ka itihaas bhayankar mahaamaariyon jaise maleriya, H. I. vi, sainik vidroh, jaateeya hinsa aadi ghatnaaon se bhara hua hai ye bhi iski vartamaan sthiti ke liye jimmedaar hain.[17]

san 2008 ke tathya[18]
janasankhya 98.7 karod
kshetrafal 2.93 karod varg kilometer
janasankhya ghanatv 85
sakal ghareloo utpaad
(PPP vailyueshan, million Amreeki dollar) 		26,75,993

sanyukt raashtra dvaara san 2003 mein prakaashit maanav vikaas report mein Africa ne 25 deshon ki soochi mein sabse nichla sthaan praapt kiya hai.[19] san 1995 se 2005 tak Africa ki arthavyavastha mein sudhaar aaya aur varsh 2005 ke liye yeh ausatan 5 pratishat rahi. kuchh desh jaise angola, soodaan aur ikveetoriyl gini jinhonne apne petrolium bhandaaron athva petrolium vitran pranaali ka vistaar kiya ne ausat se adhik vikaas dar darj ki. vigat kuchh varshon mein cheen ne afreeki deshon mein kaafi nivesh kiya hai. san 2007 mein cheeni upakramon ne afreeki deshon mein kul 1 billion dollar ka nivesh kiya.[20] dakshin afreeka Bhaarat ki tarah teji se badhti arthavyavasthaaon mein gina jaata hai par yahaaain bhi greebi, shiksha ka abhaav aur echaaaivi eds jaisi samasyaaeain hain.[21] is sabke baavajood Africa apni amoolya praakrutik sanpada, pashu-pakshiyon ki vividhta aur viksit hote nae nagaron ke kaaran paryatan ka pramukh aakarshan bana hua hai.[22] fotograafi tatha jangali pashuon ke shaukeenon ka yeh svarg hai.[23] poori duniya se dakshin Africa jaane vaale paryatakon mein 20 pratishat se adhik Bhaarat se aate hain. yahaaain se Bhaarat jaane vaalon ki sankhya bhi lagbhag baraabar hi hai. Bollywood ke nirmaataaon ko bhi johaansabarg, Cape Town aur daraban ka saundarya kaafi raas aa raha hai. Gandhi aur cricket aise do bindu hain, jo donon deshon ko aapas mein jodte hain.[24]

raajyakshetr evam bhaugolik kshetr

mukhya lekh : Africa ke kshetr aur afreeki deshon ki soochi
Africa ka vargeekaran

afreeka ko sanyukt raashtra dvaara prayog ki ja rahi bhaugolik upakshetron ki yojana ke anusaar vargeekrut kiya gaya hai.

uttari Africa mein saat pramukh desh hain ismein Algeria ki rajdhani aljeeyars, misr ki kaahira, Libya ki tripoli, morakko ki rabaat, soodaan ki khaartoom, Tunisia ki tyoonis aur pashchimi sahaara ki rajdhani L aaiun hai.

poorvi Africa sabse bada bhaag hai aur usamein 19 desh hain. ismein burundi ki rajdhani bujumbura, komoros ki moroni, jibooti ki jibooti, ireetriya ki asmaara, ithiyopiya ki adis abaaba, kenya ki nairobi, maidaagaaskar ki entaanaanaarivo, maalaavi ki lilongavel, Mauritius ki port Louis, maayott ki maamodjou, mosaambeek ki maaputo, reeyooniyn ki seint-denis, reeyooniyn, ravaanda ki kigaali, seshaails ki Victoria, somaaliya ki mogaadishu, tanjaaniya ki dodoma, yugaanda ki kampaala, jaanbiya ki lusaaka tatha Zimbabwe ki haraare hai.

madhya Africa mein nau desh mein hain jinmein angola ki rajdhani luaanda, kaimeroon ki yaaooonde, madhya afreekan ganaraajya ki baangui, chaad ki N jamena, kaango ki braajivile, kaango janataantrik ganaraajya ki kinshasa, ikvetoriyl gini ki maalaabo, gaibon ki librevile tatha saao tome evam pinsipe ki saao tome hai.

dakshini Africa paaainch deshon se milkar gathit hai ismein botsvaana ki rajdhani gaiboron, lesotho ki maseroo, naameebiya ki vindahoek, svaajeelaind ki mabaibne tatha dakshin Africa ki bloyamfonten, Cape Town evam pritoriya hai.

pashchimi Africa mein satrah desh hain ismein benin ki rajdhani porto-novo, burkeena faaso ki oogaadogo, kep verde ki preiya, kote di aaivor ki abeedajan, gaimbiya ki baanjul, Ghana ki akra, geeniya ki konaikri, geeniya-bisaau ki bisaau, laaiberiya ki monaroviya, maali ki bamaako, maurishiyaana ki nauaakchott, naaijar ki niyaame, Nigeria ki abuja, seint helena ki jemsataaun, senegal ki dakaar, siyra Leon ki freetaaun tatha togo ki lome hai.

janasaankhyiki

Africa ke janasankhya ghanatv ko darshaata ek chitr

Africa ki janasankhya mein pichhle 40 varsho mein kaafi vruddhi hui hai jis kaaran se janasankhya ka bada pratishat 25 varsh se kam aayu ka hai.[25] afreeka mein sabse adhik janasankhya neel nadi ki ghaati, bhoomadhyasaagareeya tat, keeniya evam abeeseeniya ke pathaar, pashchimi soodaan, gini tat par evam sudoor dakshin mein dakshini afreeka sangh ke poorvi va dakshini poorv tateeya bhaag mein milti hai. sabse adhik ghanatv neel ki nichli ghaati va delta evam dakshini Nigeria mein 500 vyakti prati varg kilometer se bhi adhik milta hai. shesh ghane aabaad uparyukt pradeshon ka ghanatv 50 se 150 vyakti prati varg kilometer ke madhya paaya jaata hai.[26] dakshini, madhya evam poorvi Africa mein baantoo bhaasha bolne vaalon ki adhikta hai. inke alaava in bhoo-bhaag mein kai bhaashaai alpasankhyak log bhi rahate hai jaise poorvi Africa ke nilot janajaati evam dakshini evam madhya Africa ke sthaaneeya khoisaan (jinhein sen ya bushmain bhi kaha jaata hai) aur pigmi jaati ke log. sen log anya afreeki jaatiyon se shaareerik roop se bhinn hote hai aur dakshini Africa ke sarvapratham nivaasi hain. pigmi log madhya Africa mein baantoo logon se pehle se nivaas kar rahe hain. kaango pradesh ke mool nivaasi in pigmi logon ka kad chhota, naak chipti tatha kesh ghuaingharaale hote hain.[27]

dakshin Africa ka janasankhya piraamid jo yeh darshaata hai ki adhikaansh mahila evam purush 30 varsh se kam aayu ke hai

uttari Africa ke logon ko do vargon mein baanta ja sakta hai : barabar aur arabi bolne vaale pashchimi bhaag ke log aur poorv mein ithopiyn bolne vaale. arab log 7vi shataabdi mein Africa pahuainche aur islaam evam arabi bhaasha ka prachaar-prasaar kiya. in ke aalaava fonesiyn, Irani alan aur Europeeya vandaal, yoonaani aur roman log bhi uttari Africa mein aa kar bas gaye. uttari Africa ke androoni sahaara kshetr mein mukhya roop se tuareg aur doosari khaanaabadosh jaatiyaaain nivaas karti hai. Europeeya upaniveshavaad ke daur mein bhaarateeya upamahaadveep se bhi kaafi log Africa aaye. yeh log mukhyataya dakshin Africa aur kenya mein bas gaye. upaniveshavaad daur ke ant ke poorv Africa ke sabhi praanton mein shvet log bahutaayat the jo dviteeya vishv yudgh ke uparaant dheere-dheere apne desho ko laut gaye. aaj shvet samudaaya ke log dakshin Africa, naameebiya, jimbaabave aadi deshon mein alpasankhyakon mein gine jaate hai. dakshin Africa ki kul aabaadi ka 11 pratishat log shvet hain jo ki kisi bhi afreeki desh se adhik hai.[28]

bhaasha

bhaashaai vibhinnata ko darshaata Africa ka ek maanachitr

yunesko ke anusaar Africa mein 2000 se bhi jyaada bhaashaaeain boli jaati hai.[29] adhiktar bhaashaaen afreeki mool ki hai parantu Europeeya evam Asiaee prabhaav bhi dekha ja sakta hai. afreeki bhaashaaoain ko nimnalikhit samoohon mein baanta ja sakta hai.

upaniveshavaad ke ant hote-hote adhiktar afreeki deshon ne Europeeya bhaashaaon ko apna liya aur unhein sthaaneeya bhaashaaon ke saath raashtreeya bhaasha ka darja diya. angreji evam French bhaasha Africa mein pramukhata se boli jaati hai. inke alaava arabi,purtagaali, afreekaan aur malaagaasi aisi bhaashaaeain hai jo Africa mein baahar se aakar kaafi prachalit hui. agar ham bhaashaaon ki gatisheelata dekhein to Africa adhiktam bhaashaai vividhta ka mahaadveep maana ja sakta hai, kyonki yahaaain par visthaapan prakriya ki sabse kam pratishat pai jaati hai (sansaar ke 50 pratishat ke mukaabale lagbhag 20 pratishat). ek aur khaas baat yeh hai ki jabki vishv ke baaki hisson mein lupt hoti hui bhaashaaon ki jagah Europeeya bhaashaaon dvaara li ja rahi hai Africa mein doosari afreeki bhaashaaeain (svaahili, volof, haausa, ful, chichona) hi kamzor bhaashaaon ki jagah le rahi hain.[30]

saahitya

Nobel puraskaar se sammaanit vole shoyinka

praacheen misr saahityik parampara waali sabse pehli afreeki sabhyataaon mein se ek hai. iska kuchh praacheen chitralipeeya saahitya aaj bhi vidyamaan hain. vidvaan praacheen misri dhaarmik maanyataaon aur samaarohon ke vishay mein jaanane ke liye praathamik sandarbh ke roop mein saamaanyat: misri mrut vyakti ki pustak (book of the ded) jaise saahitya ka prayog karte hain. nyoobeeya saahitya, yadyapi sveekaara gaya hai, lekin abhi tak use theek se padha naheen ja saka hai. iska praarambhik saahitya chitralipi mein aur uske baad 23 aksharon ki ek varnamaala lipi mein likha gaya tha aur ise samajhna aasaan naheen hai. Africa mein vaachik athva maukhik saahitya ki praacheen parampara rahi hai. yeh saahitya gadya athva padya mein donon vidhaaon mein milta hai. gadya praaya: pauraanik athva aitihaasik hai aur ismein chatur charitron ki kahaaniyaaain sammilit hain. afreeka mein kathaavaachak apni kahaaniyaaain sunaane ke liye prashnottar takaneekon ka prayog karte hain. padya praaya: gaaya jaane wala hai. inhein kai bhaagon mein baaainta ja sakta hai. vistrut varnanavaale mahaakaavya, vyaavasaayik padya, paaramparik padya tatha shaasakon aur doosare pramukh logon ki prashansa mein likhi gayi kavitaaeain. prashansa mein gaayak ya bhaat jo kabhi-kabhi "griots" ke roop mein jaane jaate hain, apni kahaaniyaaain sangeet ke saath sunaate hai. gaae jaane vaale kaavyon mein pramukh hain: prem geet, kaarya geet, shishuon ke geet, sooktiyon, kahaavatein aur paheliyaaain.

upanivesh-poorv afreeki saahitya dekhein to pashchim afreeka ke maukhik saahitya mein madhyakaaleen maali mein rachit sunadiaata ka mahaakaavya aur puraane Ghana saamraajya mein viksit dinga ka puraana mahaakaavya pramukh hain. ithopiya mein, maulik roop se gay'is lipi mein likha hua kebra negaast athva raajaaon ki pustak mahattvapoorn saahityik granth hai. paaramparik afreeki lokakatha ka ek lokapriya roop "chatur charitra" kathaaeain hai, jahaaain ek chhota jaanavar apni samajh ka prayog bade jantuon ke saath muthabhed mein bachane ke liye karta hai. Ghana ki ashaanti jaati ki ek lokakatha mein anaansi naamak ek makadi, Nigeria ki yoruba lokakatha mein ijaapa naam ka ek kachhuaa tatha kendreeya-poorvi afreeki lokakatha mein sungura naam ka ek kharagosh is prakaar ki kathaaon ke naayak hain. likhit saahitya mein uttar afreeka, pashchim afreeka ke saahel kshetr aur svaahili samudratat par prachur saahitya milta hai. keval timbakatoo mein hi, 300,000 se bhi adhik paandulipiyaaain vibhinn pustakaalayon aur niji sankalanon mein sangraheet hain, jinmein se adhikaansh arabi mein hain, parantu kuchh mool bhaashaaon piyool aur songhaai mein bhi likhi gayi hain. inmein se adhiktar prasiddh timbakatoo vishvavidyaalaya mein likhi gayi theen. inki vishay vastu mein vibhinnata hain. pramukh vishyon mein khagolashaastr, kavita, vidhi, itihaas, vishvaas, raajaneeti aur darshan hai. svaahili saahitya saamaanya roop se, islaami shiksha se prerit parantu sthaaneeya paristhiyon ke antargat viksit kiya gaya tha. svaahili saahitya ke sabse khyaatipraapt aur aaranbhik lekhanon mein se ek utendi va tambooka athva "tambooka ki kahaani" ka naam liya ja sakta hai. islaami kaal mein, uttar afreekiyon ke pratinidhi saahityakaar ibn khaldoon ne arabi saahitya mein bahut prasiddhi arjit ki thi. madhyakaaleen uttar afreeka mein vishvavidyaalaya fej aur kaahira mein, saahitya ki vipul maatraaeain hone ke pramaan milte hain. Africa ke aupaniveshik saahitya ki or drushtipaat karein to adhiktar saahitya is baat ka prateek hai ki kis tarah paraadheenata ke shoshan se baahar nikalne ke liye vahaaain ke rachanaakaaron ne vidroh kiya.[31] ashvet Africa ki parampara, sanskruti aur dhaarmik vishvaas mein yugon-yugon se rache-base mithkon ki kaavyaatmakata aur unki nai rachanaatmak sambhaavanaaon ko prakat karne vaale aadhunik kaviyon mein vole shoyinka ka naam ullekhaneeya hai.[32]

sanskruti

afreeki mahila paaramparik veshabhoosha mein

afreeki sanskruti vishv ki sabse praacheen aur sabse adhik vividhta waali sanskruti hai. afreeka ke bhojan aur peya mein apni sthaaneeya pehchaan ke saath saath upanivesheeya khaadya paranparaaon ki jhalak dekhi ja sakti hai. kaaleemirch, mooaingafali aur makke jaise khaadya utpaadon ka prayog yahaaain khoob kiya jaata hai. afreeki bhojan paaramparik falon aur tarakaariyon, doodh aur maaains utpaadon ka sundar sanyojan hai. afreeki gaaainvon ka aahaar praaya: doodh, dahi aur chhaachh hai. shikaar aur machhaliyaaain bhi yahaaain ke lokapriya bhojan mein shaamil hain.

afreeki kala aur vaastukala afreeki sanskrutiyon ki vividhta pratibinbit karte hain. iske sabse puraane udaaharan, naasaariys seepiyon se bane 82,000-varsh-puraani manake (maala ke daane) hain jo aaj bhi dekhe ja sakte hain. misr mein geeja ka piraamid 4,000 varshon tak, varsh 1300 ke aaspaas Lincoln church ke poora hone tak, vishv ka sabse ooaincha maanav nirmit dhaaaincha tha. bade jimbaabve ke pattharon ke khandahar apni vaastukala ke liye aur laaleebela, ithopiya ke ekal-shila-nirmit church, apni jatilta ke liye aaj bhi sabka dhyaan aakarshit karte hain. misr lambe arase tak arab duniya ke liye sanskruti ka kendra bindu raha hai, jabki up-sahaara afreeka, visheshakar pashchim afreeka ke sangeet ki lokapriyta apni damadaar taal ke kaaran, andh mahaasaagar (etalaantik) se hone vaale gulaamon ke vyaapaar ke maadhyam se aadhunik saamba, blyooj, jauj, rege, raip aur rock end rol tak pahuainch gayi. 1950 ke dashak se 1970 ke dashak ne efrobeet aur haailaaif sangeet aur iski vibhinn shailiyon ke anek roopon ko lokapriya hote dekha. is mahaadveep ke aadhunik sangeet mein dakshini afreeka ke ati kathin samajhe jaanevaale samooh-gaan, kaungo lokataantrik ganaraajya ka sangeet aur saukaus sangeet shaili ke nrutya taal sammilit hain. afreeka ki desi sangeet aur nrutya paranparaaeain vaachik-paranparaaon dvaara viksit hui hain. ye uttari afreeka aur dakshini afreeka ki sangeet aur nrutya shailiyon se bhinn hain. uttari afreeki sangeet aur nrutya par arabi prabhaav dikhaai padte hain aur, dakshini afreeka mein, upanivesheekaran ke kaaran pashchimi prabhaav.

misr mein geeja ka mahaan piraamid

khel afreeki sanskruti ka pramukh ang hai. futabaul parisangh (kanafedareshan) mein 53 afreeki deshon ki futabaul (saukar) teemein hain, jab ki kemeroon, Nigeria, senegal aur Ghana feefa (FIFA) vishv kapon mein knock-out sthiti tak aage badh chuke hain. dakshin afreeka 2010 vishv cup pratiyogita ki mejabaani karanevaala hai aur aisa karne wala pehla afreeki desh hoga. kuchh afreeki deshon mein cricket lokapriya hai. dakshin afreeka aur jimbaabave test match khelne ki avastha pa chuke hain, jabki kenya ek-divseeya antarraashtreeya cricket mein agrani gair-test team hai aur sthaayi ek-divseeya antarraashtreeya star ko praapt kar chuki hai. in teen deshon ne sanyukt roop se 2003 cricket vishv cup ki mejabaani ki thi. naameebiya ek aur afreeki desh hai jisne kisi vishv cup mein khela hai. uttari afreeka mein morakko “a2002 morakko cup” ka aayojak rah chuka hai, parantu iski raashtreeya team kabhi kisi pramukh pratiyogita ke liye naheen chuni gayi hai.

dharm

mukhya lekh : afreeka mein dharm
  • afreeka mein vibhinn dharm
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  • Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum 6.jpg
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afreeki log vibhinn prakaar ki dhaarmik maanyataaon ko sveekaar karte hain[33] aur inke dhaarmik aastha ke aaainkade ekatr kar paana bahut hi mushkil hai, kyonki ye kai aasthaaon waali mishrit janasankhya ki sarkaaron ke liye bahut hi samvedansheel vishay hota hai.[34] world book vishvakosh ke anusaar afreeka ka sabse bada maanya dharm islaam hai. iske baad yahaaain isaai aate hain. britainika vishvakosh ke anusaar yahaaain ki kul janasankhya ka 45% bhaag muslim aur 40% isaai log hain. 15% se kam log ya to naastik hain, ya afreeki dharmon ko maanane vaale hain.[35] ek bahut hi chhota pratishat hinduon, bahaai logon aur yahoodiyon ko jaata hai. yahoodiyon ke kshetr yahaaain beeta ijraail, lemba log aur poorvi yugaanda ke abayudaya hain.

afreeki mahaadveep mein islaam ke anuyaayi poore mahaadveep mein faile hue hain. is dharm ki jadein paigambar muhammad ke samay tak jaati hain, jab unke sambandhi evam anuyaayi ebesiniya mein paigan arab logon se apni jaan bachaane aaye the. islaam dharm afreeka mein sinaai praayadveep evam misr ke raaste aaya. iska poorn sahayog islaamik arab evam faarasi vyaapaariyon evam naavikon ne kiya. islaam uttari afreeka evam afreeka ke seeng mein pradhaan dharm hai. pashchimi afreeka ke aantarik bhaagon evam tateeya kshetron mein aur poorvi afreeka ke tateeya kshetron mein bhi yeh aitihaasik evam pradhaan dharm hai. yahaan bahut se muslim saamraajya rahe hain. islaam ki drut-pragati beesaveen evam ikkeesaveen shataabdiyon tak hoti aayi hai. isaai dharm yahaan ek videshi dharm hi raha hai. doosare sthaan par isaai dharm ko maanane vaale hain. isaai dharm yahaan raaja ejaana ke ekjm raajya ka shaahi dharm 330 E mein ghoshit hua tha. ithiyopiya mein pratham shataabdi mein aaya. yooropiyaai selar, frumentiys 430 E mein ithiyopiya aaya, tab usaka svaagat vahaan ke shaasakon ne kiya, jo isaai naheen the. uske anusaar das varsh baad raaja sahit poori praja ne isaai dharm grahan kiya va raajadharm ghoshit hua. iske atirikt yahoodi aur hindu dharmon ke anuyaayi bhi yahaaain nivaas karte hain. yahoodi dharm ka yahaaain praacheen evam samruddh itihaas hai. pramukh roop se ithiyopiya ke beeta ijraayal, yugaanda ke abyudaya, Ghana ke house of ijraail, Nigeria ke igabo yahoodi evam dakshini afreeka ke lemba log yahoodi dharm ka paalan karte hain. hindu dharm ka itihaas yahaan atyant apekshaakrut naya hai. haalaaainki iske anuyaaiyon ki upasthiti yahaan saamraajyavaad-kaal se bahut pehle, madhyakaal se hi rahi hai. dakshin afreeka evam poorv afreeki tateeya deshon mein hindu janasankhya adhik sankhya mein nivaas karti hai.

chitr deergha

  • misr ke piraamid

  • aadivaasi bachche

  • SFEC EGYPT ABUSIMBEL 2006-003.JPG

  • Africa ka bhautik maanachitr

  • afreeki geinde

  • etalas ki ghaati

  • praakrutik parivesh mein jiraaf

baahari kadiyaaain

Portal.svg
 afreeka praveshadvaar
vikimeediya kaumans par afreeka se sambandhit media hai.

sandarbh

  1. ↑ "world paupuleshan praspekts: the 2006 riveejn" sanyukt raashtra (aarthik evam saamaajik maamale vibhaag, janaganaana prabhaag)
  2. ↑ tivaari, vijay shankar (July 2004). aalok bhoo-darshan. Calcutta: nirmal prakaashan. pa॰ 67.
  3. ↑ The Berbers, by Geo. Babington Michell,p 161, 1903, Journal of Royal African people book on ligne
  4. ↑ "Consultos.com etymology". http://www.consultsos.com/pandora/africa.htm.
  5. ↑ Bhattacharya, svapan (July 2002). itihaas (praacheen). Kolkata: pashchimbang madhyashiksha parshad. pa॰ 247-248.
  6. ↑ rai, raamadatt (July 2002). praacheen sabhyata ka itihaas. haavada: janta pustak bhandaar. pa॰ 247-248.
  7. ↑ paande, raamanaaraayan (January 1981). bhoogol parichay, bhaag-2. Kolkata: bhaarati sadan. pa॰ 162-177.
  8. ↑ sihan, savindr (July 2002). bhautik bhoogol. Gorakhpur: vasundhara prakaashan. pa॰ 47.
  9. ↑ maamoriya, chaturbhuj (July 2008). Asia ka bhoogol. Agra: saahitya bhavan. pa॰ 18.
  10. ↑ paandeya, daaktar shyaam Narayan (July 1996). maadhyamik bhoogol shaastr, bhaag-2. Kolkata: kamala pustak bhavan. pa॰ 124.
  11. ↑ prasaad, suresh (July 1981). bhautik aur praadeshik bhoogol. Kolkata: bhaarati sadan. pa॰ 107-120.
  12. ↑ Singh, vikramaaditya (July 1984). bh-darshika (bhaag-5). Kolkata: bhaarati sadan. pa॰ 185-190.
  13. ↑ Singh, vikramaaditya (July 2004). bhoo-darshika, bhaag-4. Kolkata: bhaarati pustak mandir. pa॰ 210.
  14. ↑ tivaari, archana (July 2004). bhoogol parichay. Kolkata: bhaarati sadan. pa॰ 32-57.
  15. ↑ "Science & Nature - Human Body and Mind - What is sleep". BBC. 2004-11-01. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/sleep/articles/whatissleep.shtml. abhigman tithi: 2009-03-08.
  16. ↑ "The Baobab tree in Senegal". http://www.senegal-online.com/anglais/parcs-faune-flore/baobab.htm. abhigman tithi: 2008-10-01.
  17. ↑ Richard Sandbrook, The Politics of Africa's Economic Stagnation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985 passim
  18. ↑ afreeki arthavyavastha outlook
  19. ↑ [1], sanyukt raashtra
  20. ↑ China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration, By Malia Politzer, Migration Information Source, August 2008
  21. ↑ "sone ke shahar johaanesabarg mein...". BBC (hindi). http://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/news/story/2008/06/080609_south_africa_diary.shtml. abhigman tithi: 2009.
  22. ↑ "Africa guide". tikshik.com. http://hi.tixik.com/c/africa-1/?pg=1. abhigman tithi: 2009.
  23. ↑ "tasveeron mein rachata Africa ka tilism". hindi.business-standard.com. http://hindi.business-standard.com/hin/storypage.php?autono=20701. abhigman tithi: 2009.
  24. ↑ "jahaaain har paaainchavaaain paryatak bhaarateeya hai". sandeaanand. http://www.amarujala.com/sundayAnand/detail.asp?id=357&sectionid=2&dt=8/31/2008. abhigman tithi: 2009.
  25. ↑ "Africa Population Dynamics". http://www.overpopulation.org/Africa.html.
  26. ↑ rai, shailesh Kumar (July 2005). uchch maadhyamik bhoogol. Kolkata: Sushma prakaashan mandir. pa॰ 189.
  27. ↑ chaudhari, jayachandr (July 2004). manohar bhoogol praveshika. Calcutta: manohar prakaashan. pa॰ 129.
  28. ↑ South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  29. ↑ "Africa". UNESCO. 2005. http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=8048&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. abhigman tithi: 1 March 2009.
  30. ↑ "Africa ki bhaashaaeain". bhaasha bhavan. http://www10.gencat.cat/casa_llengues/AppJava/hi/diversitat/diversitat/llenguesafrica.jsp. abhigman tithi: 2009.
  31. ↑ "saahitya aur raajaneeti" (peeechapi). madhumati. http://www.lakesparadise.com/madhumati/show_artical.php?id=1376. abhigman tithi: 2009.
  32. ↑ "vole shoyinka ki kavitaayein" (peeechapi). bhaarateeya saahitya sangrah. http://pustak.org/bs/home.php?bookid=5760. abhigman tithi: 2009.
  33. ↑ "Internet par afreeki dharm ", stainaford vishvavidyaalaya
  34. ↑ onishi, noramitsu (1 November 2001). "raaijing muslim power in afreeka kaujej anarest in Nigeria end elsvheyar". the new yaurk times company. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00EEDC1030F932A35752C1A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1. abhigman tithi: 1 March 2009.
  35. ↑ the asosiyeshan of rileejiys data aarkeevs, soshiyolauji vibhaag, pennisilveniya vishvavidyaalaya. 2006 kshetreeya aankade ye dharm san.raashtra ke maanak naheen hain. udaa0 poorvi afreeka mein poorvi Africa ke adhikaansh raashtra hain, saath hi jimbaabve, [[maidaagaaskar, mojaambeek aur jaambiya bhi hain. angola ko madhya afreeka mein daala hua hai aur yahaan dakshini afreeka, sanra. ke dakshini afreeka se bahut chhota hai. janasankhya ke aankade dhaarmik aastha ka pratishat hain, evam vibhinn sroton se lekar A.aar.di.A. dvaara ekasaath milaae gaye hain.

dekhein

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